FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y See also:

• FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y MINA (1781-1836)

MINA (1781-1836)  See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish guerrillero See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Ydozin in See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre on the 17th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1781 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, Juan Esteban Espoz y See also:

• MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781-1836)

Mina, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother Maria Teresa Hundain y Ardaiz, belonged to the -class of yeomen . Mina remained working on the small See also:

• FAMILY

family See also:

• INHERITANCE

inheritance till 18o8 . When See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon endeavoured to seize See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain in that See also:

• YEAR

year he enlisted in the See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment of See also:

• DOYLE, JOHN ANDREW (1844-1907)
• DOYLE, RICHARD (1824-1883)
• DOYLE, SIR ARTHUR CONAN (1859- )
• DOYLE, SIR FRANCIS HASTINGS CHARLES

Doyle, and then passed to the See also:

• GUERRILLA (erroneously written " guerilla," being the diminutive of the Span. guerra, war)

guerrilla See also:

• BAND

band commanded by his See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew See also:

• XAVIER, FRANCISCO DE (1506-1552)

Xavier Mina . When Xavier was captured by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French on the 21st of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March ,8,o, seven men of the band elected to follow Francisco; and on the 1st of See also:

• APRIL

April of the same year the See also:

• JUNTA (from juntar, to join)

Junta of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon gave him the command of the guerrilleros of Navarre . His first See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act was to See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest and shoot at See also:

• ESTELLA

Estella, one Echevarria, who, under pretence of being a patriotic guerrillero, was in fact a brigand . The See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government at See also:

• CADIZ
• CADIZ (Cadiz)
• CADIZ (in Lat. Gades, and formerly called Cales by the English)

Cadiz gave him See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank, and by the 7th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1812, he had been promoted to be See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-inchief in Upper Aragon, and on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• EBRO (anc. Iberus or Hiberus)

Ebro . In the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval he claimed that he had fought 143 actions big and little, had been repeatedly wounded with See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet, See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword and See also:

• LANCE

lance, had taken 13 fortified posts, and 14,000 prisoners, and had never been b See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

Branch and leaves of the sensitive plant (See also:

• MIMOSA (so named from the movements of the leaves in many species which " mimic " animal sensibility)

Mimosa pudica), showing the petiole in its erect See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, a, and in its depressed state, b; also the leaflets closed (c), and the leaflets See also:

• EXPANDED

expanded (d); p, pulvinus . surprised by the French . Though some maintain that he was not at his best as a leader in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, as a strategist he was very successful, and he displayed See also:

• GREAT

great organizing capacity . The French authorities were compelled to allow him to See also:

• LEVY (Fr. levee, from lever, Lat. levare, to lift, raise)
• LEVY, AMY (1861–1889)
• LEVY, AUGUSTE MICHEL (1844– )

levy customs dues on all goods imported into Spain, except See also:

• CONTRABAND (Fr. contrebande, from contra, against, and bannum, Low Lat. for " proclamation ")

contraband of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, which he would not allow to pass without fighting . The See also:

• MONEY

money thus obtained was used to pay his bands a See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• SALARY

salary .

He was able to avoid levying excessive contributions on the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and to maintain discipline among his men, whom he had brought to a respectable state of efficiency in 1812 . Mina claimed that he immobilized 26,000 French troops which would but for him have served with See also:

• MARMONT, AUGUSTE FREDERIC LOUIS VIESSE DE, DUKE OF RAGUSA (1774–1852)

Marmont in the See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign . In the campaign of 1813 and 1814 he served with distinction under the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington . After the restoration of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into disfavour . On the 25th and 26th of September he attempted to bring about a rising at See also:

• PAMPLONA, or PAMPELUNA

Pamplona in favour of the Liberal party, but failed, and went into See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile . His See also:

• POLITICAL

political opinions were democratic and See also:

• RADICAL (Lat. radix, a root)

radical, and as a See also:

• YEOMAN

yeoman he disliked the hidalgos (nobles) . The revolution of 182o brought him back, and he served the Liberal party in See also:

• GALICIA (Ger. Galizien; Pol. Halicz)
• GALICIA (the ancient Gallaecia or Callaecia, KaMauci,a or KaXau da)

Galicia, See also:

• LEON
• LEON, LUIS PONCE DE (1527-1591)
• LEON, MOSES BEN SI
• LEON, or LEON DE LAS ALDAMAS

Leon and See also:

• CATALONIA (Cataluna)

Catalonia . In the last See also:

• DISTRICT

district he made the only vigorous resistance to the French intervention in favour of Ferdinand VII . On the 1st 'of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1823 he was compelled to capitulate, and the French allowed him to See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England by See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . In 183o he took See also:

• PART

part in an unsuccessful rising against Ferdinand . On the See also:

• DEATH

death of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king he was recalled to Spain, and the government of the See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina gave him the command against the Carlists in 1835, though they feared his Radicalism . By this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, years, exposure and wounds had undermined his See also:

• HEALTH

health .

He was also opposed to See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• ZUMALACARREGUI, THOMAS (1788–1835)

Zumalacarregui (q.v.), an old officer of his in the War of See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence, and an even greater See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of irregular See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain warfare . His health compelled him to resign in April 1835, and his later command in Catalonia was only memorable for the part he took in forcing the regent to See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant a constitution in See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1836 . He died at See also:

• BARCELONA

Barcelona on the 24th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1836 . Mina was a brave and honest See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, who would have conducted the war against the French in 1810–12 with humanity if they had allowed him, but as they made a practice of See also:

• SHOOTING

shooting those of his men whom they took, he was compelled to retaliate . He finally forced the French to agree to an See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange of prisoners . AuTHoRITIEs.—In 1825 Mina published A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

Short See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

Extract from the See also:

• LIFE

Life of General Mina, in Spanish and See also:

• ENGLISH

English, in See also:

• LONDON

London . Mention is made of him in all histories of the affairs of Spain during the first third of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . His full See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs were published by his widow at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid in 1851-1852 . (D .