MINNESOTA  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Central See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America . It is bounded on the S. by See also:

• IOWA

Iowa, on the W. by See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South and North Dakota—the Red See also:

• RIVER

River (commonly called the Red River of the North) separating it from the latter state—on the N. by the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian provinces of See also:

• MANITOBA

Manitoba and See also:

• ONTARIO
• ONTARIO, LAKE

Ontario, being separated from the latter by the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake of the See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

Woods, See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

Rainy River and Rainy Lake, and certain of their tributaries and outlets, and on the E. by Lake See also:

• SUPERIOR

Superior and by See also:

• WISCONSIN (known as " the Badger' state ")
• WISCONSIN, UNIVERSITY OF

Wisconsin, from which it is separated for the greater See also:

• PART

part of the distance by the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi and St Croix See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . It is the tenth state in See also:

• SIZE

size in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, with a See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 84,682 sq. m., of which 3824 sq. m. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface ? From north to south it is about 400 M. in length, extending from 430 30' to 490 23' 55" N. See also:

• LAT

lat., and from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west its width is about 354 m., lying between See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . 89° 29' and 97° 15' W . The north-east part of the state is included in the See also:

• GREAT

Great Lakes See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

Province, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern and western parts are in the See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

Prairie Plains Province . The whole area of the state was formerly a complexly folded mountainous region of strong See also:

• RELIEF

relief, which was 8 In addition the state contains approximately 2514 sq. m. of Lake Superior . afterwards worn down to a more nearly level surface, except in the extreme north-east corner, where ridges of harder See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock resisted erosion . Marine deposits were laid down over the south ofethe state after a submergence of the region; an uplift afterwards made of these deposits a coastal See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain . The rather level surface of the " worn down mountains " of the north of the state and the coastal plain beds of the southern and western parts are now dissected by rivers, which make most of the state a See also:

• ROLLING

rolling or hilly See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, without strong relief . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation is about 1275 ft. above See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-level or 600 ft. above the surface of Lake Superior . An extensive water-parting in the north central part of the state, an elevation whose inclination is almost imperceptible, determines the course of three great See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental river systems .

From this central elevation the See also:

• LAND

land slopes off in all directions, rising again in the extreme north-east corner, where the rugged See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite uplift in See also:

• COOK
• COOK, ALBERT STANBURROUGH (1853– )
• COOK, EDWARD DUTTON (1829–1883)
• COOK, ELIZA (1818–1889)
• COOK, JAMES (1728-1779)
• COOK, THOMAS (1808-1892)

Cook See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, known as the Misquah Hills, reaches an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 2230 ft., the highest point in the state; and in the south-west corner, where an altitude of 1800 ft. is reached in the Coteau See also:

• DES

des Prairies . Only in the valleys of the Red, Minnesota and Mississippi rivers does the elevation fall below 800 ft . In the southern and central portions of the state open rolling prairies interspersed with groves and belts of See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and other See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous hard-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood See also:

• TIMBER

timber predominate . A little north of the centre the state is traversed from north-west to south-east by the extensive See also:

• FOREST

forest known as the " Big Woods," in which also oak occurs most frequently . In the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern part of the state the great See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt stretches from the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of Lake Superior westward to the confines of the Red River Valley, while along the north border and in the north-east the forest growth is almost exclusively tamarack and See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf pine . More than three-fourths of the area of the state is arable, the small percentage of non-arable land lying principally in the north-eastern regions, which afford See also:

• COMPENSATION (from Lat. compensare, to weigh one thing against another)

compensation in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• MINERAL

mineral deposits . Of the three great continental river systems above mentioned, the Red River and its tributaries drain the western and west central slope northward through Lake See also:

• WINNIPEG

Winnipeg into See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• BAY

Bay; the other two being the St See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence See also:

• SYSTEM

system, to which the St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis River and its branches and several smaller streams flowing into Lake Superior See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• TRIBUTE (Lat. tributurn, a stated payment, contribution)

tribute their See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters by way of the Great Lakes and the Mississippi, which with its tributaries drains about two-thirds of the state into the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico . A few rivers in the south drain into the Mississippi through Iowa, while a smaller area in the extreme north is drained through the Lake of the Woods and Rainy Lake into Hudson Bay . These river systems serve the threefold purpose of drainage, providing water communications (there being about 3000 M. of navigable waters in the state), and, by falls and rapids caused by glacial displacement of rivers, furnishing a magnificent See also:

• VOLUME

volume of water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . The Mississippi river, which flows for about 800 m. within or along the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the state, has its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal See also:

• SOURCES

sources in and near Lake Itasca . It affords facilities for the transport of logs by means of booms above Minneapolis, and is navigable below St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul; being See also:

• HALF

half a mile broad where it reaches the border of the state at See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings . At the Falls of St See also:

• ANTHONY, SAINT
• ANTHONY, SUSAN BROWNELL (1820-1906)

Anthony, St See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

Cloud, Little Falls and other places, it provides ample water-power for manufacturing purposes .

Its two principal tributaries are the St Croix and the Minnesota . The first, after having for about 135 M . (about 50 being navigable) formed the boundary between Wisconsin and Minnesota, enters the Mississippi at Hastings; the second, rising in Big See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone Lake on the western border, but 1 in. from Lake See also:

• TRAVERSE

Traverse, the source of the Red River, enters the Mississippi from the south-west between St Paul and Minneapolis after a course of about 450 m., about 240 of which are navigable at high water . Both furnish valuable water-power, which is true also of the See also:

• CANNON (a word common to Romance languages, from the Lat. canna, a reed, tube, with the addition of the augmentative termination -on, -one)

Cannon and Zumbro rivers flowing into the Mississippi below Hastings . The Red River, which forms the western boundary of the state for more than half its distance, has its source in Lake Traverse . Its most important See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch is the Red Lake River, and both are navigable for vessels of See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught at high water . In the south the western See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

fork of the Des Moines River, flowing for 125 M. through the state,is navigable for 20 M . Glacial See also:

• ACTION

action determined the direction and See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the rivers, made numerous swamps, and, by scouring out rock basins, damming rivers and leaving morainal hollows, determined the character and formation of the lakes, of which Minnesota has upwards of ro,000, a number probably exceeding that of any other state in the Union . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general characteristics of the lakes in the north differ from those of the south, the former being generally deep, with ragged rocky shores formed by glacial scouring which caused rock basins, the latter being mostly shallow . The most interesting feature of the glacial See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch is the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct Lake See also:

• AGASSIZ, ALEXANDER EMANUEL (1835-191o)
• AGASSIZ, JEAN LOUIS RODOLPHE (1807-1893)

Agassiz, which the receding See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice of the later glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period See also:

• LEFT

left in the Red River Valley of Minnesota, North Dakota and Manitoba . This lake drained southward into the Gulf of Mexico via the Minnesota and Mississippi rivers, until the ice See also:

• SHEET

sheet which had prevented its natural drainage to the north had melted sufficiently to allow it to be drained off into Hudson Bay by way of the See also:

• NELSON
• NELSON, HORATIO NELSON, VISCOUNT (1758-1805)
• NELSON, ROBERT (s656-1715)

Nelson River . The remarkably level character of the Red River See also:

• DISTRICT

district is due to See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal deposits in the bottom of this lake, which have been little dissected by river erosion .

The largest of the See also:

• PRESENT

present lakes, Red Lake, in Beltrami county, has an area of 342 sq. m . Other large lakes are Mille Lacs (198 sq. m.) in Mille Lacs and Aitkin counties; See also:

• LEECH
• LEECH, JOHN (1817-1864)

Leech Lake (184 sq. m.) in See also:

• CASS, LEWIS (1782–1866)

Cass county; Lake Winnibigashish (82 sq. m.) in Itasca county; and See also:

• VERMILION

Vermilion Lake (66 sq. m.) in St Louis county . On the northern boundary are the Lake of the Woods (612 sq. m.) and Rainy Lake (148 sq. m.), draining northwards into Hudson Bay . The beautiful "See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park Region," centring in Ottertail county, contains several thousand lakes . Several large lakes such as Pepin, Traverse and Big Stone are river expansions . The state supports three parks—Itasca state park (22,000 acres, established in 1891), about the sources of the Mississippi, in Clearwater, See also:

• BECKER, HEINRICH (1770-1822)
• BECKER, WILHELM ADOLF (1796—1846)

Becker and Hubbard counties; the St Croix (established in 1895), in See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago county, across the St Croix from the Wisconsin state park of the same name, and including the beautiful Dalles of the St Croix; and the Minneopa state park (established in 1905), containing Minneopa Falls, near See also:

• MANKATO

Mankato . See also:

• FLORA

Flora and See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The flora and fauna are similar to those of the other states of the same See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude . The rapid settling of the state drove its native fauna, which comprised See also:

• BUFFALO

buffalo, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer, See also:

• MOOSE

moose, See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx and wolves, in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers into the northern sections, westward into Dakota, or across the Canadian border . Deer and moose are still found in the state . The preservation of See also:

• GAME

game is now enforced by stringent game See also:

• LAWS

laws, administered by an efficient state Game and See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

Fish See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission . The See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, which are of great value, are care-fully supervised and systematically replenished from the State Fish Hatchery at St Paul, and the Federal Fish Hatchery maintained at See also:

• DULUTH

Duluth, in which particular See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention is devoted to the fish of Lake Superior . Minnesota ranked third among the states of the Union in 1900 in the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of See also:

• LUMBER

lumber, but in 1905 was fifth, the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply having diminished and the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry having been See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the states of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington and See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana .

The danger of loss from forest fires, such as that of 1894, emphasized the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of forest preservation, and resulted (1895) in the creation of a See also:

• SPECIAL

special state See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department with a forest' See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner and five wardens with power to enforce upon corporations and individuals a strict observance of the forestry laws, the See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good effects of the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law being evidenced by the fact that the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire losses in forest lands for the first twelve years of its operation averaged only $31,000 a See also:

• YEAR

year . Furthermore, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to encourage the growth and preservation of the forests, and to create systematically forest reserves, the legislature established in 1899 a State Forestry See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board . There are two See also:

• NATIONAL

national forest reserves, with an aggregate area of 1882 sq. m . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Minnesota has the characteristic climate of the North Central See also:

• GROUP

group of states, with a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature, a notably rarefied See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere that results in an almost See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of See also:

• DAMP

damp foggy See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and an unusual dryness which during the rather long winters considerably neutralizes the excessive See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold . The cold increases not only from south to north, but to some extent from east to west . The mean annual temperature, according to the reports of the U.S . Weather See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau, varies from 45° F. at St Paul and points in the south of the state to 370 F., at points in the north-east and as far south-west as See also:

• MOORHEAD

Moorhead, See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay county . In the south the See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season is usually without killing See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost from See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in May to See also:

• LATE

late in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, but in the north it is not uncommon late in May or early in September . The amount of See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain decreases from east to west, the mean annual rainfall being 32.7 in. at See also:

• GRAND

Grand Meadow in the south-east and 33.3 in. at See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron in the north-east, but less than 25 in. at several points of observation in the western half of the state . In all sections about as much, or even more, rain falls in summer as in both autumn and See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, and the summer rains, together with the long summer days, are very favourable to a rapid growth and early maturity of crops . Nearly the whole state is usually covered with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow during the greater part of winter, and the mean annual fall of snow varies from about 52 in. at points in the north-east to less than 25 in. in the south-west . In most localities the prevailing winds are north-west in winter and southerly in summer, but at Duluth, on the See also:

• SHORE

shore of Lake Superior, they are south-west during See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November, See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December and See also:

• JANUARY

January and north-east during all other months .

See also:

• SOIL

Soil and Minerals.—The surface drifts of the greater part of the state, which are almost wholly of glacial origin, have provided Minnesota with a remarkably fertile soil . It consists largely of a dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black sandy See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam, finely comminuted, the richness of which in organic See also:

• MATTER

matter and mineral salts induces rapidity of growth, and the strength and durability of which render it capable of a long See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession of crops . This soil prevails throughout the southern counties and the Minnesota and Red River valleys, in which sections cereal crops predominate . Toward the east central part of the state there is a somewhat less fertile sandy soil, which is devoted more largely to potatoes and similar crops . The non-arable north-east portion of the state is covered with a coarse granite See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift . Underneath the surface are beds of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel and See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, the last affording material for the manufacture of See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, tiles and pottery . The rock formations of the state furnish See also:

• BUILDING

building stones of great value . Minnesota ranked first among the states in 1902 in the production of iron ore . Although the iron ranges in the north-east had been explored about 186o and were known to contain a great See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of ore, it was not until 1884 that See also:

• MINING

mining was actually begun on the Vermilion Range . Since that date the development of iron mining in Minnesota has been remarkable, and the increase both in volume and value of the output has been practically uninterrupted . Eight years later (1892) the much richer Mesabi Range, the most productive iron range in the See also:

• WORLD

world, was opened up; it soon surpassed the Vermilion in its output, and by 1902 the product was nearly ten times greater . The ore, which in many places is found in an almost pure state, is at or near the surface and the See also:

• PROCESS

process of mining is one of great simplicity and ease .

The quality of ore in the two ranges differs somewhat, that See also:

• MINED

mined from the Vermilion Range being a hard specular or red See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite, while that taken from the Mesabi Range, largely red haematite, is much softer and in many localities quite finely comminuted . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The principal industry of Minnesota is agriculture . Large areas of swamp lands in the central and north central parts of the state once counted non-arable have been drained and re-claimed . There were in 1900 154,659 farms aggregating 26,248,498 acres, of which 70.3 % was improved land; the total value of See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• PROPERTY

property was $788,684,642, an increase in value of $373,983,016, or more than 90%, for the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade 189o-1900 . The value of domestic animals on farms and ranges was $86,620,643 . The total value of farm products for the year 1899 (See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1900) was $161,217,304 . Geographically the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat-raising area extends across the entire south of the state—the Minnesota Valley and the Red River Valley—the rich glacial loam of which renders it one of the most productive wheat regions in the world . Other important crops in the order of their value are oats, See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage, See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, See also:

• FLAX

flax-See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed, potatoes, See also:

• RYE

rye, grass seeds, See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild grass, See also:

• CLOVER

clover, beans, peas, and See also:

• MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous vegetables and See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard products . Both See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit-raising and dairying interests are centred principally in the southern half of the state . Manufactures and See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

Commerce.—The extraordinary numbers of utilizable water-See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, the unusual transport facilities affording ample means of reaching the great markets, and finally the proximity to the raw materials of manufacture, have made Minnesota of great importance as a manufacturing state . The federal census showed for the decades 188o-1890 and 189o-1900 an increase in the number of manufacturing establishments from 3493 in 188o to 7505 in 189o, and 11,114 in 1900 . During the same period the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital invested increased from $31,004,811 in 188o to $127,686,618 in 1890 and $165,832,246 in 1900, and the value of the manufactured products increased from $76,065,198 in 188o to $192,033,478 in 1890 and $262,655,881 in 1900 .

The wonderful development of Minnesota as a See also:

• FLOUR

flour-producing state began with the introduction of improved See also:

• ROLLER

roller processes after 187o . Minneapolis is the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief flour-making centre of the world, and the cities at the " Head of the Lakes " (Duluth, Minnesota, and Superior, Wisconsin, considered industrially as one See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place) constitute the second largest centre . The towns of the Red River Valley, which are nearer to the great wheat belt, give promise of developing into great flouring cities . Next to flour, lumber and timber products See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank in importance . Other manufactures of importance are See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter, See also:

• CHEESE (Lat. caseus)

cheese and condensed See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

milk, packed meats and other slaughter-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house products, See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam railway cars, foundry and See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine-See also:

• SHOP

shop products, See also:

• LINSEED

linseed oil, See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors, planing-See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products, See also:

• SASH

sash, doors and blinds, boots and shoes, and agricultural implements . As compared with other states of the Union Minnesota ranked third in 1900 and fifth in 1905 in lumber; See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in 1900 and fifth in 1905 in cheese, butter and condensed milk; eighth in 1900 and in 1905 in agricultural implements; and fourteenth in 1900 and eighth in 1905 in planing-mill products . For an inland state Minnesota is exceptionally well situated to See also:

• PLAY

play a chief part in the commercial See also:

• LIFE

life of the country, and various causes combine to make it important in respect to its interstate and See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade . It is the natural terminal of three great northern transcontinental railway lines—the Northern Pacific, the Great Noathern, and the Chicago, See also:

• MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee & See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound (the See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St Paul system); and the Chicago, See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington & See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy and the connecting lines of the Canadian Pacific form lines of communication with the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle Northwest and the Pacific provinces of See also:

• CANADA

Canada . Seven navigable rivers within or on the borders of the state—the Red River of the north, the Red Lake River, Rainy River, the Minnesota, the Mississippi, the St Croix and the St Louis'—give facilities for transport by water that exert an important competing See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight charges; and at the " Head of the Lakes " (Duluth-Superior) many lines of steamships on the Great Lakes, providing See also:

• DIRECT

direct or indirect connexion with the Eastern and Southern states, make that See also:

• PORT

port in respect to See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage the first in the United States . This See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of natural and artificial highways of commerce derives an additional importance from the character of the regions thus provided with transport facilities, which renders its cities the principal distributing centres both for the entire Northwest for See also:

• COAL

coal shipped via the Great Lakes, and also for the eastern and middle Western states for the great staples, wheat and lumber, derived either from Minnesota itself or by means of its great transcontinental See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways from the neighbouring North-western states and Canadian provinces . Iron shipments from the Mesabi and Vermilion ranges, cereals from the Northwest, fruits and vegetables from the Pacific See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast, and See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental products obtained via the great northern railways, are also elements of great importance in the state's commerce., There were on the 31st of December 1908 8438.73 m. of railway within the state . St Paul and Duluth are ports of entry .

See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—The population of Minnesota at the first Federal census (186o) after its See also:

• ADMISSION

admission into the Union was 172,023, and by the succeeding Federal enumerations it was: (1870), 439,706; (188o), 780,773; (189o), 1,301,826, excluding See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians (10,096); (1900), 1,751,394; (1910) 2,075,708.2 Of the total population in 1900, 932,490, or 53.2 %, were See also:

• MALES

males, and 818,904, or 46.8 %, See also:

• FEMALES

females; 1,246,076 were native-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born; 505,318, or 28.9 %, were foreign-born, and 1,312,019 were of foreign parentage (i.e. having either one or both parents foreign-born) . Of the 14,358 coloured inhabitants, 4959 were negroes and 9182 Indians, 8457 of whom lived on reserva- tions . The See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban population (i.e. inhabitants of cities of 8000 or over) was 26.8 % of the total population, as compared with 28.2 % in 189o . By the state census of 1905 the population of the principal cities was as follows: Minneapolis, 261,954; St Paul, 197,023; Duluth, 64,942; See also:

• WINONA

Winona, 20,334; Stillwater, 12,435; and Mankato, 10,996; by the same census four other cities, all in the mining region in the north-east, had passed the 5000 limit, viz . Hibbing, 6566; See also:

• CLOQUET

Cloquet, 6117; See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, 5o56; and See also:

• EVELETH

Eveleth, 5332 . The See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density of population increased from 16.5 per sq. m. in 1890 to 22.1 in 'goo . The largest religious See also:

• DENOMINATION (Lat. denominare, to give a specific name to)

denomination in the state in 1906 was the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, with 378,288 communicants out of a total of 834,442 members of all religious denominations; there were 267,322 See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans, 47,637 Methodists, 27,569 Presbyterians, 24,309 See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists, 22,264 Congregationalists, and 18,763 See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopalians . See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

Government.—The state is governed under the constitution adopted on the 13th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1857 and frequently amended . By an See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment of 1898 an amendment may be suggested by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of both houses of the legislature and comes into effect if approved by a majority of all See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors voting at the general See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election at which the amendment is voted upon; if two or more amendments are submitted at the same election voters shall See also:

• VOTE

vote for or against each amendment separately . For the re-See also:

• VISION (from Lat. videre, to see), or SIGHT

vision of the constitution it is necessary that two-thirds of the members elected to each house of the legislature vote for the See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call of a constitutional See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention, that a majority of all electors voting at the next general election approve the call for the convention, and that the convention consist of as many members as the house of representatives, who shall be chosen in the same manner, and shall meet within three months after the general 1 At See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

International Falls on Rainy River and at Duluth on the St Louis immense water-power is utilized for manufacturing . 2 By the state census of 1905 the total population was 1,979,912 (1,060,412 males and 909,275 females—excluding Indians from the See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification), of whom 537,041 were foreign-born, 10,929 were Indians, 5113 were negroes, 171 were See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese, and 5o were See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese . election at which it is voted .

The executive department consists of a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, treasurer and See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general, elected biennially in November of the even-numbered years, and an auditor elected at the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time every four years . The See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto power of the governor (since 1876) extends to See also:

• SEPARATE

separate sections of See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation bills . The judicial department comprises a supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court consisting of a chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and (since 1881) four See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate justices elected for terms of six years, and See also:

• LOWER

lower courts consisting of district courts with See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction in See also:

• CIVIL

civil cases in law and See also:

• EQUITY (Lat. aequitas)

equity, and in criminal cases upon indictments by grand juries; justices' courts, in which the. amount in litigation cannot exceed $See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo, or the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment cannot exceed three months' imprisonment or a See also:

• FINE

fine of $loo; and of municipal and See also:

• PROBATE

probate courts with the usual jurisdictions . The legislative department consists of a See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate of sixty-three members elected for four years, and a house, of representatives of one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and nineteen members, elected for two years, the remuneration being mileage and $500 a year . The reapportionment of congressional, senatorial and representative districts is made in the first legislative session after the state census, which has been taken in every tenth year since 1865 . The legislature meets biennially in See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd-numbered years, the session being limited to ninety days by a constitutional amendment of 1888 . A majority of all the members elected to each house is required for the passage of a See also:

• BILL

bill, and a two-thirds majority is necessary to pass a bill over the governor's veto . All bills for raising See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue must originate in the House of Representatives, but the senate may propose and concur with amendments as on other bills . Expenditures from the fund known as " The See also:

• INTERNAL

Internal Improvement Land Fund," derived from the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of state lands, can be made only after the enactment for that purpose has been approved by the voters of the state; in 1881 the legislature, and in 1884 the popular vote, pledged the proceeds of this fund to the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of Minnesota state railway See also:

• ADJUSTMENT (from late Lat. ad juxtare, derived from juxta, near, but early confounded with a supposed derivation from justus, right)

adjustment bonds . See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

Taxation must be See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform only within classes of property prescribed by the legislature . An Australian See also:

• BALLOT (from Ital. ballotta, dim. of balla, a ball)

ballot law was enacted in 1891; the qualifications for electors (adopted in 1896) require that the voter be at least twenty-one years old, that he shall have been a full See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen of the United States for three months See also:

• PRIOR (from Lat. prior—former, and hence superior, through O. Fr. priour)
• PRIOR, MATTHEW (1664-1721)

prior to the election, and shall have lived in the state six months and in the election district See also:

• THIRTY

thirty days . See also:

• WOMEN

Women (since 1898) may vote for school See also:

• OFFICERS

officers and members of library boards, and are eligible for election to any See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office pertaining to the management of See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools or See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries .

A constitutional amendment in regard to See also:

• LOCAL

local government adopted in 1898 provides that any See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city or See also:

• VILLAGE

village, by a four-sevenths vote of its electors, may adopt a See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter See also: