See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

MINT (See also:

• LAT

Lat. moneta; See also:

• MID

Mid. Eng. mynt)  , a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place where coins are manufactured with the authority of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . Coins are pieces of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, of See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition fixed by See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, with a See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design upon them, also fixed by law, by which they are identified, their value made known and their genuineness certified . The origin of the word " See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint " is ascribed to the manufacture of See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• COIN
• COIN (older forms of the word are coyne, quoin and coign, all derived through the O. Fr. coing, and cuigne from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

coin at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome in 269 B.C. at the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of See also:

• JUNO

Juno Moneta.' This goddess became the personification of See also:

• MONEY

money, and her name was applied both to money and to its place of manufacture . Metals were used for money at an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization, and are well suited to the purpose, owing to their See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• INTRINSIC (through Fr. intrinsique, from Lat. intrinsecus, inwardly; inter, within, secus, following, from root of sequi, to follow)

intrinsic value and their durability, indestructibility, divisibility and rarity . The best metals for coinage are See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, silver, See also:

• PLATINUM [symbol Pt, atomic weight 145.0 (0=16)]

platinum, See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper, See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel, See also:

• ALUMINIUM (symbol Al; atomic weight 27.0)

aluminium, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, and their See also:

• ALLOYS (through the Fr. aloyer, from Lat. alligare, to combine)

alloys; certain alloys of gold, silver, copper and nickel have the best See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of the required qualities . See also:

• HISTORY

History of Minting.—The earliest metallic money did not consist of coins, but of unminted metal in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of rings and other ornaments or of weapons, which were used for thousands of years by the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, Chaldean and See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian Empires (see See also:

• NUMISMATICS
• NUMISMATICS (Lat. numisma, nomisma, a coin; from the Greek, derived from voj4 u', to use according to law)

NUMISMATICS) . According to See also:

• HERODOTUS (c. 484-425 B.C.)

Herodotus, the first mint was probably that established by See also:

• GYGES

Gyges in See also:

• LYDIA

Lydia towards the end of the 8th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century B.C. for the coining of gold, silver and See also:

• ELECTRUM, ELECTRON (Gr. ijXei rpov, amber)

electrum, an 1 See also:

• LENORMANT, FRANCOIS (1837–1883)

Lenormant, La Mon, zie clans l'antiquite, i . 82 . alloy of gold and silver found in a natural state.' Silver was coined in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina soon afterwards . The See also:

• ART

art of coining was introduced by the Greeks into See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and other countries bordering on the Mediterranean and into See also:

• PERSIA

Persia and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Subsequently the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans laid the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of See also:

• MODERN

modern minting . Coining originated independently in See also:

• CHINA

China at a later date than in the western See also:

• WORLD

world, and spread from China to See also:

• JAPAN

Japan and See also:

• KOREA
• KOREA, or COREA (CH'AO HSIEN, DAI HAN)

Korea .

Coins may be made by casting in moulds or by striking between engraved See also:

• DIES, CHRISTOPH ALBERT (1755-1822)

dies . The Romans See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast their larger copper coins, in See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay moulds carrying distinctive markings, not because they knew nothing of striking, but because it was not suitable for such large masses of metal . Casting is now used only by counterfeiters . The most See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient coins were cast in See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

bullet-shaped or conical moulds and marked on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by means of a See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die which was struck with a See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer . The " See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank " or unmarked piece of metal was placed on a small See also:

• ANVIL (from Anglo-Saxon anfilt or onfilti, either that on which something is " welded " or " folded," cf. German falzen, to fold, or connected with other Teutonic forms of the word, cf. German amboss, in which case the final syllable is from " beat," and

anvil (ambos), and the die was held in position with See also:

• TONGS (O. Eng. Lange, M. Eng. tonge, cf. Du. tang, Ger. Zange, from base tang, to bite, cf. Gr. SaKVeiv)

tongs . The See also:

• REVERSE

reverse or See also:

• LOWER

lower side of the coin received a rectangular See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark made by the See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp edges of the little anvil . Subsequently the, anvil was marked in various ways, and decorated with letters and figures of beasts, and later still the ambos was replaced by a reverse die . The spherical blanks soon gave place to lenticular-shaped ones . The blank was made red-hot and struck between See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold dies . One See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow was usually insufficient, and the method was similar to that still used in striking medals in high See also:

• RELIEF

relief, except that the blank is now allowed to cool before being struck . With the substitution of iron for See also:

• BRONZE

bronze as the material for dies, about A.D . 300, the practice of striking the blanks while they were hot was gradually discarded ?

In the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages bars of metal were cast and hammered out on an anvil . Portions of the flattened sheets were then cut out with See also:

• SHEARS

shears, struck between dies and again trimmed with shears . A similar method had been used in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt under the See also:

• PTOLEMIES

Ptolemies (c . 300 B.C.) but had been forgotten . Square pieces of metal were also cut from cast bars, converted into See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round disks by hammering and then struck between dies . In striking, the lower die was fixed into a See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and the blank piece of metal laid upon it by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand . The upper die was then placed on the blank, and kept in position by means of a holder round which was placed a See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead to protect the hand of the operator while heavy blows were struck with a hammer . An early improvement was the introduction of a See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool resembling a pair of tongs, the two dies being placed one at the extremity of each See also:

• LEG
• LEG (a word of Scandinavian origin, from the Old Norwegian leggr, cf. Swed. lagg, Dan. laeg; the O. Eng. word was sceanca, shank)

leg . This avoided the See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity of readjusting the dies between blows, and ensured greater accuracy in the impression . Minting by means of a falling weight (See also:

• MONKEY

monkey tress) intervened between the hand hammers and the See also:

• SCREW (O.E. scrue, from O. Fr. escroue, mod. ecrou; ultimate origin uncertain; the word, or a similar one, appears in Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Schraube, Dan. skrue, but Skeat, following Diaz, finds the origin in Lat. scrobs, a ditch, hole, particularl

screw See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press in many places . In See also:

• BIRMINGHAM

Birmingham in particular this See also:

• SYSTEM

system became highly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long in use . A .

See also:

• OLIVIER, JUSTE DANIEL (1807-1876)

Olivier introduced screw presses for striking coins, together with rolls for reducing the cast bars and See also:

• MACHINES

machines for punching-out round disks from flattened sheets of metal, in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris in 1553 . After being discarded in 1585, except for making medals, they were reintroduced by J . Varin in 164o and the practice of hammering was forbidden in 1645.3 In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the new machinery was tried in See also:

• LONDON

London in 1561, but abandoned soon afterwards; it was finally adopted in 1662, although the old pieces continued in circulation until 1696 . At first the rolls were driven by workmen by means of cranks, but later they were worked by horses, mules or See also:

• WATER

water-See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power . See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

Steam-power was applied to them by See also:

• MATTHEW, GOSPEL OF ST
• MATTHEW, ST (MaOOaior or MarOaIos, probably a shortened form of the Hebrew equivalent to Theodorus)
• MATTHEW, TOBIAS

Matthew See also:

• BOULTON, MATTHEW (1728-1809)

Boulton and See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt in Birmingham in 1788, and was adopted by the Royal Mint, London, in 181o . Recently the practice of See also:

• DRIVING (from " to drive," i.e. generally to propel, force along or in, a word common in various forms to the Teutonic languages)

driving rolls by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity has been growing, the See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage being that each pair of rolls can be driven independently without the intervention of cumbrous shafting . Boulton and Watt's screw press, invented in 1788 and used at the Royal Mint until 1881, was worked by atmospheric pressure applied to a See also:

• PISTON (through Fr. from Ital. pistone or pestone, a great pestle, from Late Lat. pistare, to pound, a frequentative form of classical Lat. pinsere)

piston . The piston was in communication with a vacuum See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel from which the See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air had been pumped by steam power . History of See also:

• BRITISH

British Mints.—In See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain there are evidences of 1 Op. cit. i . 136 . Herodotus i . 94 .

2 E . See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas, L'Emission See also:

• DES

des monnaies decimales de bronze, p . 14 . 3 Ibid. p . 19.the existence of mints before the arrival of the Romans . The Romans at first imported their coins, and no See also:

• ROMAN

Roman mints were established until about the end of the 3rd century, when coins were being struck at London and See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester.' In Anglo-Saxon times See also:

• ATHELSTAN (c. 894-940)

Athelstan appears to have been the first monarch who enacted regulations for the mints.' He promulgated See also:

• LAWS

laws about. the See also:

• YEAR

year 928, appointing a large number of "moneyers" or " mynteres," London being assigned eight, See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury seven, other important towns various See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers and all smaller boroughs one moneyer each . The necessity for so many mints See also:

• LAY

lay in the imperfect means of communication . At an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, probably about A.D . 1000, the dies were made in London and issued to the other mints . The moneyers, who were elected by the burgesses, were responsible for the manufacture of the coin, and according to Madox were,liable at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. to be summoned to See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster to take See also:

• PART

part in the trials of the See also:

• PYX (Gr. iruVir, a box or chest)

pyx.6 If there was any deficiency in the weight of the fineness of the coin the moneyers were punished as traitors . These moneyers appear to have been abolished about 118o,' when See also:

• OFFICERS

officers were appointed to supervise the coinage on behalf of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and the name "moneyer " was applied to contractors who manufactured the coin under superintendence and were not responsible to the king for its weight and fineness . The moneyers continued to manufacture the coin of the See also:

• REALM

realm until the year 185o, when the See also:

• WORK

work was entrusted to See also:

• CIVIL

civil servants .

In the reign of Henry III. the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal officers of the Mint were the See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, who manufactured the coin under a See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract, the See also:

• WARDEN

warden or paymaster who acted on behalf of the See also:

• CROWN

Crown, the assay master (also a king's officer) who was responsible for the fineness of the coin, the cuneator or. See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of the engravers of the dies, and the moneyer . One of the most important duties of the warden was the collection from the contractor of the See also:

• SEIGNIORAGE

seigniorage which was claimed by the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign by virtue of his See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative as a source of See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue to the Crown . In 1718 See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton was made master of the Mint, and in that capacity as contractor for the coinage he amassed a considerable See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune ? As the work of the Mint became more extensive and more complicated other officers were added and their duties were varied from time to time . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English Mint is based on arrangements made in 1870, when the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment was re-organized . The See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of master of the Mint is held by the See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of the See also:

• EXCHEQUER

exchequer for the time being, without See also:

• SALARY

salary, but the actual administrative work of the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department is entrusted to the See also:

• DEPUTY (through the Fr. from a Late Lat. use of deputare, to cut off, allot; putare having the original sense of to trim, prune)

deputy master and See also:

• COMPTROLLER

comptroller . The See also:

• RECEIPT (M.E. receite, derived through Fr. from Lat. recepta, participle of recipere, to receive)

receipt of See also:

• BULLION

bullion and the delivery of coin from the Mint is under the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief clerk, the manufacture of coin is in the hands of the superintendent of the operative department, and the valuation of the bullion by assay, and matters See also:

• RELATING

relating to the fineness of the coin are entrusted to the chemist and assayer . The date of the establishment of the Mint in the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of London is unknown . There is a reference to it dated 1229 and a clear reference dated 1329.9 According to Ruding, there were over fifty mints in the reign of See also:

• EDWARD

Edward the See also:

• CONFESSOR

Confessor . After the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman See also:

• CONQUEST

Conquest the mints increased to about seventy, a greater number , than now exists in the world, but they were gradually reduced and in the reign of Edward I. there were only twelve . Ruding enumerates 128 mints operated at various times in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom, including some established by usurpation, as in the reign of See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen by certain barons, and also mints established by grants to ecclesiastics to be worked for their own profit . The provincial mints were all closed just before the reign of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, who coined in London only .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles I. set up small mints in various towns, and for the great re-coinage in the reign of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William III. mints were established at See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester, See also:

• EXETER
• EXETER, EARL, MARQUESS AND DUKE OF

Exeter, See also:

• BRISTOL
• BRISTOL, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• BRISTOL, GEORGE DIGBY, 2ND EARL OF1 (1612-1677)
• BRISTOL, JOHN DIGBY, 1ST EARL OF 6 (1580-1653)

Bristol and See also:

• NORWICH
• NORWICH, GEORGE GORING, EARL OF (1583?-1663)

Norwich, but were soon abandoned . Wood's copper money for See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland and See also:

• AMERICA

America was coined at See also:

• WOLVERHAMPTON
• WOLVERHAMPTON, HENRY HARTLEY FOWLER

Wolverhampton (1700-1722), and the tradesmen's tokens were struck at various towns . Copper coins were struck by Boulton at Soho, Birmingham, H . A . Grueber, Coins of Great Britain and Ireland, p. viii . ' See also:

• ROGERS, HENRY DARWIN (18o8—1866)
• ROGERS, JAMES EDWIN THOROLD (1823-1890)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1627–c. 1665)
• ROGERS, JOHN (1829-1904)
• ROGERS, JOHN (c. 1500-1555)
• ROGERS, ROBERT (1727-1784?)
• ROGERS, S
• ROGERS, SAMUEL (1763-1855)
• ROGERS, WILLIAM (1819-1896)

Rogers Ruding, See also:

• ANNALS (Annales, from annus, a year)

Annals of the Coinage, 3rd ed. ii . 135 . ' Grueber, op. cit. p. See also:

• XXV

xxv . 3 Ruding, op. cit. i . 35 . 2 Ibid. p. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . ' Ibid. ii .

192, 194 . in 1788, and a colonial bronze coinage was executed at this establishment as recently as the year 1875 . There is another mint in Birmingham worked by a private See also:

• COMPANY

company (" The Mint, Birmingham, Limited "), where coinages for See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign governments are executed and in addition silver and bronze colonial coins are occasionally manufactured under the supervision of the London Mint . The existing London Mint was erected on Tower See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill in 1810 . Minting in See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland began in the reign of See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David I . (1124-1153) and ceased in 1709, two years after the See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act of See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, in which it had been expressly stipulated that a mint should be continued in Scotland.' Coinage in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin began in Anglo-Saxon times and came to an end in the reign of William III.2 The other Irish mints were of little importance . British Dominions.—Turning to mints in British Dominions beyond the Seas, Ruding enumerates twenty-six mints in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders used by British monarchs between 1186 and 1513, and Anglo-Hanoverian coins were struck at See also:

• CLAUSTHAL, or KLAUSTIIAL

Clausthal, Zellerfeld and See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover in the period 1714-1837 . In India' the earliest English mint was that at See also:

• MADRAS

Madras which was bought by the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India Company in 1620, reorganized more than once and finally closed in 1869 . The See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta mint was established by the East India Company in 1757, but other mints in See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal continued to be used till about 1835, when the Calcutta mint was rebuilt . The Bombay mint was set up about the year 1671, but the coins were made by hammer and anvil until 1800 . The Calcutta and Bombay mints are still in operation . A mint was opened in Hong-See also:

• KONG

Kong in 1866 but was closed in 1868 and the machinery sold to Japan .

In See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia there are three mints, See also:

• SYDNEY

Sydney, opened in 1855, See also:

• MELBOURNE
• MELBOURNE, WILLIAM LAMB, 2ND VISCOUNT (1779-1848)

Melbourne, opened in 1872, and See also:

• PERTH
• PERTH, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Perth, opened in' 1899 . Up to 1909 only sovereigns and See also:

• HALF

half-sovereigns were struck at these establishments, but in 1910 arrangements were made for a See also:

• COMMONWEALTH

Commonwealth silver coinage . A mint at See also:

• OTTAWA

Ottawa was opened in 1908 for the manufacture of all See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian coins as well as English sovereigns . Other Countries.—In the United States the See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia mint was opened in 1792, but only See also:

• MANUAL

manual or See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse power was used until 1836, when steam was introduced . Other mints are now in operation at New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans, See also:

• SAN

San Francisco and See also:

• DENVER

Denver . In most See also:

• EUROPEAN

European countries a single mint situated at the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital is found to be sufficient, but there are six mints in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire and two in See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary . In China 26 mints were at work in 1906 . There are also mints at See also:

• OSAKA

Osaka, See also:

• BANGKOK

Bangkok and See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran, and the See also:

• SEOUL (Han-yang)

Seoul mint was at work in 1904 . In See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico 1 r mints formerly existed, but one only, in the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of Mexico, remained open in 1907 . In See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South America there are mints at See also:

• LIMA

Lima, See also:

• SANTIAGO, or SANTIAGO DE CHILE

Santiago, Buenos Ayres and See also:

• TEGUCIGALPA

Tegucigalpa . No mints are in operation in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In all there are nearly 70 mints in the world .

The See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

Supply of Bullion to Mints.—In England, in the middle ages, the king was accustomed to send in to the mint the produce of his own silver mines, and claimed the exclusive See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of purchasing the See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals . The right of levying seigniorage, however, was sometimes waived by the king to encourage his subjects to bring gold and silver to the mint, and several instances are recorded in which the aid of alchemists was called in to effect the transmutation of baser metals into gold . Seigniorage was abolished for both gold and silver in 1666, when it was provided that no charge should be made at the Mint for coining and See also:

• ASSAYING

assaying . Finally in 1816 the See also:

• FREE

free coinage of silver was brought to an end . At present all gold bullion brought to the Mint is weighed and portions are cut off for assay . The amount of gold in See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard ounces (916.6 See also:

• FINE

fine) corresponding to the " imported " bullion is thus ascertained, and on the application of the importer the gold is coined and delivered to him in the form of sovereigns and half-sovereigns at the See also:

• RATE

rate of £3, 17s. iozd. per standard See also:

• OUNCE

ounce See also:

• TROY
• TROY, JEAN FRANCOIS DE (1679–1752)

troy, no See also:

• DEDUCTION (from Lat. deducere, to take or lead from or out of, derive)

deduction being made for wastage, seigniorage, the See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase of alloy metal, or the expense of manufacture . As a considerable time elapses between the receipt of bullion by the Mint and the delivery of the coin, it is generally ' Grueber, op. cit. p. liv . 2 Ruding, op. cit. ii . 245 . ' W . J . Hocking, See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

Catalogue of Coins in the Royal Mint, i .

272, 275 and 279.more profitable for the holder of gold bullion to sell it to the See also:

• BANK

Bank of England or dispose of it in some other way . The result is that the gold presented for coinage is almost always sent from the Bank of England, which suffers no loss of See also:

• INTEREST

interest during the coinage of the bullion, because bank-notes have already been issued against it . Silver bullion, and the copper, tin and zinc required to make up bronze, are bought by the Mint and manufactured into coin, which is kept in stock and issued as it may be required . One ounce of standard silver, which contains 925 parts of silver and 75 of copper per 1000, is converted into 5s . 6d. in silver coin, whatever may be the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price of silver bullion . This seldom exceeded Sod. per ounce in the years 1893-1907 . Coinage bronze consists of copper 95 parts, tin 4 parts and zinc r part, and a ton yields £448 in pence or £373, 6s . 8d. in halfpence or farthings . The difference between the nominal value of silver and bronze coin and its intrinsic value is retained by the state to See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover the expenses of manufacture and as a source of profit . It corresponds to the seigniorage levied by the king on all coinages down to the reign of Charles II . In return, the Mint receives at its nominal value for recoinage the worn gold and silver coin which is withdrawn from circulation by the Bank of England and some other See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks . In spite of the cost of this recoinage, however, the profit on the issue of new silver and bronze usually exceeds in each year the See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• EXPENDITURE

expenditure of the Mint .

Gold and silver are delivered in a refined state suitable for immediate See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion into coin . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, only old coin, ingots resulting from the melting of coin, and " fine " ingots are received . Fine gold ingots (the " See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar gold " of See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce) are usually about 400 OZ. troy in weight, and contain from 990 to 999.5 parts of gold per r000, the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder being chiefly silver . Fine silver ingots usually weigh from r000 to 1200 oz. troy and contain from 995 to 999 parts of silver per r000 . The ingots are valued by weighing and assaying, and a calculation is made as to the amount of copper required for melting with them to produce the standard alloy . The two standard alloys consist respectively of gold 916.6, copper 83.3 and of silver 925, copper 75 . All gold coins received at the Bank are weighed on automatic balances (see below) and those below the lowest legal current weight are separated . The lowest current weight is 122.5 grains for sovereigns and 61.125 grains for half-sovereigns corresponding to losses by See also:

• WEAR

wear of about o.6% and o.8% respectively . The See also:

• AVERAGE

average See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age on withdrawal is about 24 years for sovereigns and 15 years for half-sovereigns . Silver coins are not weighed but are selected for withdrawal when they present a worn See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . The average deficiency in weight of worn silver coin received at the Mint is from 8 to 1o%, and the mean age somewhat less than 50 years . In European mints generally little difficulty is experienced in procuring refined gold and silver for coinage .

In Australia, the United States, Japan and some other countries, the Mints receive unrefined gold from the mines and refine it before it is coined . A charge for refining is made in all cases . A refinery was attached to the London Mint from 1816 to 1851, but was then let on See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease and See also:

• LEFT

left to private enter-prise . The operations employed in the manufacture of gold and silver coin are as follow: (i) Melting the metal and casting it into bars . (2) See also:

• ROLLING

Rolling the bars into strips or " fillets." (3) Cutting out disks or blanks from the fillets . (4) Adjusting the weight of the blanks (this is omitted in some mints) . (5) " Marking " or edge-rolling the blanks to produce a raised rim or to impress a design on the edge . (6) See also:

• ANNEALING, HARDENING AND

Annealing the blanks and (in some mints) cleaning them in See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . (7) Striking the blanks between dies surrounded by a See also:

• COLLAR

collar . (8) Weighing each coin . Among the incidental operations are (a) the valuation of the bullion by weighing and assaying it; (b) " rating " the bullion, or calculating the amount of copper to be added to make up the standard alloy; (c) recovering the values from ground-up crucibles, ashes and See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor sweepings (the Mint " sweep "); (d) assaying the melted bars; (e) " pyxing " the finished coin or selecting specimens to be weighed and assayed; (f) " telling " or counting the coin . Melting.—Formerly bullion was melted in crucibles made of refractory clay, but they are liable to crack and require careful handling These were succeeded by iron crucibles, especially for melting silver, and these have now been generally replaced by See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite (See also:

• PLUMBAGO (from Lat. plum-bum, lead)

plumbago) crucibles made of a mixture of clay and graphite: See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

Good graphite crucibles can be used many times in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession if they are heated gradually each time, but they are usually discarded after about fifteen or twenty meltings .

At the Royal Mint gold is melted in crucibles about to in. in height and 82 in. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter at the widest part . The charge is from 1200 to 1300 oz . (37.3 to 40.5 kilograms) of metal . The See also:

• FURNACE

furnace is 12 in. square and 2 ft. deep from the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-bars to the cover . An old crucible is cut off about 2 in. from the bottom and the bottom piece is inverted and placed on the fire-bars as a support for the crucible . The " muffle," a graphite See also:

• CYLINDER (Gr. KvAwSpos, from KvXivaety, to roll)

cylinder 6 in. in height, is placed on the crucible to allow See also:

• ROOM

room for long bars to be melted in the crucible and to prevent the surrounding and C is the flue, See also:

• COMMON

common to two furnaces and leading to the stack . The handle D, acting through the See also:

• GEAR (connected with " garb," properly elegance, fashion, especially of dress, and with " gar," to cause to do, only found in Scottish and northern dialects; the root of the word is seen in the Old Tent. garwjan, to make ready)

gear wheels E, F, G and H, turns the cogwheel K, which moves the curved See also:

• RACK

rack of the See also:

• CRADLE (of uncertain etymology, possibly connected with " crate " and " creel," i.e. basket; the derivation from a Celtic word, with a sense of rocking, is scouted by the New English Dictionary)

cradle and tips the crucible M . The molten metal is poured into the moulds N, which are carried on wheels See also:

• RUNNING

running on rails Q . The parts of the range of moulds are brought tightly together and held in position by the bars 0 and the screw P, and when one See also:

• MOULD

mould is filled the See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

carrier is moved forward on its rails by wheels worked by a handle also shown in the figure . In some other mints still larger crucibles are used, containing various amounts up to about moo kilograms or over 30,000 oz . In foreign mints the molten metal is generally transferred from the crucible to the moulds by dipping crucibles or iron ladles covered with clay . See also:

• GAS

Gas is used as See also:

• FUEL (O. Fr. feuaile, popular Lat. focalia, from focus, hearth, fire)

fuel for the melting furnaces at Philadelphia .

It is cleaner than See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

coke and is said to coke from falling into it . The flue, of about 5 in. square, communicates with a stack 6o ft. high . In many mints the flues pass into condensing See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers where volatilized gold and silver are recovered . The crucible is at a red See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat when the gold is charged in, the copper being added last, and a graphite lid put on the crucible to check loss by volatilization . The charge is completely melted in about half an See also:

• HOUR

hour, and it is then thoroughly mixed by stirring with a graphite See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod . The crucible is then lifted out by circular tongs suspended in such a way that two men can take part in the' operation . The contents are poured by hand into moulds which are contained side by side in an iron See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage running on wheels, fig . 1, OP . The molten gold, which is of a See also:

• PALE (through Fr. pal, from Lat. palms, a stake, for paglus, from the stem pag- of pangere, to fix; " pole " is from the same original source)

pale See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, solidifies at once in the iron moulds, and the bars can be taken out immediately . Bars from which sovereigns are to be coined are 22 in. long, II in. wide and 1 in. thick, and about seven such bars are cast from one pot . The rough edges of the bars are removed by a circular revolving See also:

• FILE

file, and the hollow ends are cut off . Pieces are cut out for assay, and the bars are then ready for rolling .

The amount of gold melted in an See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day's work is two tons to two and a half tons, of the value of £250,000 to £300,000 . For silver larger crucibles are used, containing'about 5000 oz. troy (155 kilograms) . They are heated in circular furnaces 21 in. in diameter and lifted out with circular tongs suspended from a travelling See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

crane which is worked by electricity . The crucible is placed in the pouring cradle, which has been in use since 1816, and is shown in fig . 1 . Here A is the iron cover surrounding the furnaces, B is the revolving lid of a furnace, See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save time and to reduce the loss of the precious metals . At Denver and Ottawa the fuel used is " first distillate " oil, which is found to he cheaper than either See also:

• NAPHTHA

naphtha or gas . The oil is pumped from buried tanks and warmed to about 900 F. before it reaches the burners at the furnaces . At the Denver mint the crucibles are used for from twelve to fifteen meltings with oil fuel, whereas they were soon destroyed when gas was employed . A charge of 6000 oz. of gold is melted in about an hour . The melting losses amount to about 0.2 per moo of gold and o•6 per l000 of silver in the Royal Mint . The losses are caused by volatilization, by the absorption of metal by the crucible, stirring rod, &c., and by occasional See also:

• PROJECTION

projection of particles from the pot into the furnace .

The ash-See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit is lined with iron plates to facilitate the recovery of metal accidentally spilt . All crucibles and other materials which might contain precious metal are ground up and washed in a See also:

• PAN (" pasturer ")
• PAN (common in various forms to many Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Pfanne; it is generally taken to be an early adaptation in a shortened form of Lat. patina, shallow bowl or dish, from patere, to lie open)

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