MINUSCULES  .—Very few of these are of real importance . The most valuable are the following: I . The See also:

• FERRAR, NICHOLAS (1592-1637)
• FERRAR, ROBERT (d. 1555)

Ferrar See also:

• GROUP

Group; a group of eight See also:

• MSS

MSS. known in See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory's notation as 13, 69, 124, 346, 543, 788, 826, 828, or in von See also:

• SODEN
• SODEN, HERMANN, FREIHERR VON (1852- )

Soden's as a 368, S 505, a I211, a 226, e 257, e 1033, a 218, e 219, all which, except 69, in spite of the dating implied by von Soden's notation were probably written in the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century in See also:

• CALABRIA

Calabria . They have a most See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text of a mainly " Western " type, with some See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• AFFINITIES

affinities to the Old See also:

• SYRIAC

Syriac and perhaps to the Diatessaron . They are known as the Ferrar group in memory of the See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar who first published their text, and are sometimes quoted as <h (which, however, properly is the See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol for Codex Beratinus of the Gospels), and sometimes as fam.13 . 2 . See also:

• COD

Cod. i and its See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

Allies; a group of four MSS. known in Gregory's notation as I, 118, 131, 209, and in von Soden's as S 50, e 346, S 467 and S 457 . The dating implied by the latter notation is wrong, as I certainly belongs to the 12th, not to the loth century, and 118 is probably later than 209 . It is sometimes quoted as fam.' See also:

• FAIN, AGATHON JEAN FRANCOIS (1778–1837)

Fain.' and fam.13 probably have a See also:

• COMMON

common archetype in See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark which is also represented by codd . 28 (e 168), 565 (e 93, quoted by See also:

• TISCHENDORF, LOBEGOTT FRIEDRICH KONSTANTIN VON (1815-1874)

Tischendorf and others as 2P') and 700 (e 133, quoted by Scrivener and others as 604) . It seems to have had many points of agreement with the Old Syriac, but it is impossible to identify the locality to which it belonged . Other minuscules of importance are cod .

33 (S 48) at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, which often agrees with x BL and is the best minuscule representative of the " Neutral " and " Alexandrian " types of text in the gospels; cod . 137 (a 364) at See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan, a valuable ' Western" text of the Acts; a 78 (not in Gregory) in the Laura on Mt . See also:

• ATHOS (Gr. "Aytov "Opos; Turk. Aineros; Ital. Monte Santo)

Athos, a MS. of the Acts and epistles, with an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early (mixed) type of text and . textual comments and notes from See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen . [The text of the Ferrar group was published after Ferrar's See also:

• DEATH

death by T . K . See also:

• ABBOTT
• ABBOTT, EMMA (1849-1891)
• ABBOTT, JACOB (1803-1879)
• ABBOTT, JOHN STEVENS CABOT (1805-1877)
• ABBOTT, LYMAN (1835- )

Abbott, A See also:

• COLLATION (Lat. collatio, from conferre, to bring together or compare)

Collation of Four Important MSS. of the Gospels (See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, 1877) . It is best discussed by Rendel See also:

• HARRIS, GEORGE, 1ST BARON (1746–1829)
• HARRIS, JAMES (1709-1780)
• HARRIS, JOEL CHANDLER (1848-1908)
• HARRIS, JOHN (c. 1666-1719)
• HARRIS, SIR WILLIAM SNOW
• HARRIS, THOMAS LAKE (1823-1906)
• HARRIS, WILLIAM TORREY (1835-1909)

Harris's books, The Origin of the See also:

• LEICESTER
• LEICESTER, EARLS OF
• LEICESTER, ROBERT DUDLEY, EARL
• LEICESTER, ROBERT SIDNEY, EARL OF (1563-1626)
• LEICESTER, THOMAS WILLIAM COKE, EARL OF (1754-1842)

Leicester Codex (1887), The Origin of the Ferrar Group (1893), and The Ferrar Group (1900), all published at See also:

• CAM (CAO), DIOGO (fl. 1480-1486)

Cam-See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge; the text of fam.1 with a discussion of its textual relations is given in K . See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake's " Codex 1 and its Allies " (Texts and Studies, vii . 3, 1902) ; 565 was edited by J . Belsheim in See also:

• DES

Des Evang. des See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus nach d. griech . Cod . Theodorae, &c .

(See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania, 1885), many corrections to which are published in the appendix to H . S . Cronin's " Codex Purpureus," Texts and Studies, v . 4; 700 was published by H . C . Hoskier in his collation of cod . Evan . 604, See also:

• LONDON

London, 189o; a 78 is edited by E. von der See also:

• GOLTZ, BOGUMIL (18o1-1870)
• GOLTZ, COLMAR, FREIHERR VON DER (1843- )

Goltz in Texte and Untersuchungen, N.F. ii . 4.] (B) The Versions.—These are generally divided into (a) See also:

• PRIMARY

primary and (0) secondary; the former being those which represent See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation made at an early See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period directly from See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek originals, and the latter being those which were made either from other versions or from See also:

• LATE

late and unimportant Greek texts . (a) The primary versions are three—Latin, Syriac and See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian . Latin Versions.—1 . The Old Latin .

According to See also:

• JEROME, JEROME KLAPKA (1859– )
• JEROME, ST (HIERONYMUS, in full EUSEBIUS SOPHRONIUS HIERONYMUS) (c. 340–420)

Jerome's See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter to See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• DAMASUS

Damasus in A.D . 384, there was in the 4th century Old Latin. a See also:

• GREAT

great variety of text in the Latin version, " Tot enim exemplaria gene quot codices." This See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict is confirmed by examination of the MSS. which have pre-Hierorymian texts . It is customary to quote these by small letters of the Latin See also:

• ALPHABET (see also WRITING)

alphabet, but there is a regrettable See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of unanimity in the details of the notation . We can distinguish two See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main types, See also:

• AFRICAN

African and See also:

• EUROPEAN

European . The African version is best represented in the gospels by cod . Bobiensis (k) of the 5th (some say 6th) century at See also:

• TURIN

Turin, and cod . Palatinus (e) of the 5th century at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, both of which are imperfect, especially k, which, however, is far the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior in quality; in the Acts and See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic epistles by cod . Floriacensis (f, h. or reg.) of the 6th century, a See also:

• PALIMPSEST

palimpsest which once belonged to the monks of See also:

• FLEURY [ABRAHAM JOSEPH BENARD] (1750-.1822)
• FLEURY, ANDRE HERCULE DE (1653-1743)
• FLEURY, CLAUDE (1640-1723)

Fleury, and by the so-called See also:

• SPECULUM

speculum (m) or collection of quotations formerly attributed to See also:

• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (354-430)
• AUGUSTINE, SAINT (d. c.613)

Augustine but probably connected with See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . This scanty See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is dated and localized as African by the quotations of See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian, of Augustine (not from the gospels), and of Primasius, See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of See also:

• HADRUMETUM

Hadrumetum (d. c . 56o), from the See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . It is still a disputed point whether See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian's quotations may be regarded as evidence for a Latin version or as See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations from the Greek, nor is it certain that this version is African in an exclusive sense; it was undoubtedly used in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and there is no evidence that it was known elsewhere originally, but on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand there is no See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that it was not . The European version is best represented in the gospels by cod .

Vercellensis (a) of the 5th century and cod . Veronensis (b) of the same date (the latter being the better), and by others of less importance . It is possible that a later variety of it is found in cod . Ivlonacensis (q) of the 7th century, and cod . Brixianus (f) of the 6th century, and this used to be called the See also:

• ITALIC

Italic version, owing (as F . C . Burkitt has shown) to a misunderstanding of a remark of Augustine about the " Itala " which really refers to the See also:

• VULGATE (from Lat. vulgus, the common people)

Vulgate . In the Acts the European text is found in cod . Gigas (g or See also:

• GIG

gig) of the 13th century at See also:

• STOCKHOLM

Stockholm, in a See also:

• PERPIGNAN

Perpignan MS. of the 12th century (p), published by S . Berger, and probably in cod . Laudianus (e) of the 7th century at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford . In the Catholic epistles it is found in cod .

Corbeiensis (f or ff) of the loth century at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . In the Pauline epistles it is doubtful whether it is extant at all, though some have found it in the cod . Claromontanus (d) and its allies . In the Apocalypse it is found in cod . Gigas . The main problem in connexion with the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the African and European versions is whether they were originally one or two . As they stand at See also:

• PRESENT

present they are undoubtedly two, and can be distinguished both by the readings which they imply in the under-lying Greek, and by the renderings which they have adopted . But there is also a greater degree of similarity between them than can be explained by accidental coincidence, and there is thus an a priori See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case for the theory that one of the two is a revision of the other, or that there was an older version, now lost, which was the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original of both . If one of the two is the original it is probably the African, for which there is older evidence, and of which the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style both in See also:

• READING

reading and rendering seems purer . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument against this is that it seems paradoxical to think of Africa rather than See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome as the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home of the first Latin version; but it must be remembered that See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity was originally Greek, and that the beginnings of a Latin See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Rome seem to be surprisingly late . [See also:

• EDITIONS

Editions of Old Latin MSS. are to be found in Old Latin Biblical Texts, i.-iv . (Oxford) ; in See also:

• MIGNE, JACQUES PAUL (1800-1875)

Migne's Patrologia See also:

• LATINA, VIA

Latina, tom. xii.; and their history is treated especially in F .

C . Burkitt's " Old Latin and the Itala " (Texts and Studies, iv . 3), as well as in all books dealing with Textual See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

Criticism generally; other important books are Ronsch's Itala and Vulgata (1875) ; See also:

• CORSSEN, WILHELM PAUL (1820–1875)

Corssen's Der cyprianische Text der Acta Apostolorum (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1892); See also:

• WORDSWORTH, CHARLES (1806–1892)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1774–1846)
• WORDSWORTH, CHRISTOPHER (1807–1885)
• WORDSWORTH, DOROTHY (1771-1855)
• WORDSWORTH, WILLIAM (1770-185o)

Wordsworth and Sanday on the " Corbey S . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James " in Studia Biblica, i . (1885) ; the articleon the " Old Latin Version," in See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings' See also:

• DICTIONARY

Dictionary of the See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible . For the textual See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and importance of these versions see the See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section Textual Criticism below.] 2 . The Vulgate or Hieronymian version . To remedy the See also:

• CON

con-See also:

• FUSION

fusion produced by the See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of the Latin text Pope Damasus asked Jerome to undertake a revision, and the latter Vulgate. published a new text of the New Testament in A.D . 384 and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Bible probably within two years . This version gradually became accepted as the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard text, and after a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time was called the " Vulgata," the first to use this name as a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title being, it is said, See also:

• ROGER (d. 1139)
• ROGER (d. 1181)

Roger See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon . In the Old Testament Jerome made a new translation directly from the See also:

• HEBREW

Hebrew, as the Old Latin was based on the LXX., but in the New Testament he revised the existing version . He did this fully and carefully in the gospels, but some-what superficially in the epistles .

He seems to have taken as the basis of his See also:

• WORK

work the European version as it existed in his time, perhaps best represented by cod . Monacensis (q) of the 7th century, and by the quotations in See also:

• AMBROSIASTER

Ambrosiaster, to which cod . Brixianus (f) of the 6th century would be added if it were not probable that it is merely a Vulgate MS. with intrusive elements . This type of text he revised with the help of Greek MSS. of a type which does not seem to correspond exactly to any now extant, but to resemble B more closely than any others . Of Jerome's revision we possess at least 800o MSS., of which the earliest may be divided (in the gospels at all events) into See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups connected with various countries; the most important are the Northumbrian, Irish, Anglo-Irish and See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish, but the first named might also be called the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, as it represents the text of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good MSS. brought from See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the 7th century and copied in the great See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of Wearmouth and See also:

• JARROW

Jarrow . One of the most important, cod . Amiatinus, was copied in this way in the time of Ceolfrid, See also:

• BENEDICT (BENEDICTUS)
• BENEDICT, SIR JULIUS (1804-1885)

Benedict Biscop's successor, as a present for Pope Gregory in 716 . From these MSS. the original Hieronymian text may be reconstructed with considerable certainty . The later history of the version is complicated, but fairly well known . The text soon began to deteriorate by admixture with the Old Latin, as well from the See also:

• PROCESS

process of transcription, and several attempts at a revision were made before the invention of See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing . Of these the earliest of See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note were under-taken in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France in the 9th century by See also:

• ALCUIN (Marmara)

Alcuin in 8o,, and almost at the same time by See also:

• THEODULF

Theodulf, bishop of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans (787–821) . In the See also:

• LATH (0. Eng. laett, Mid. Eng. lappe, a form possibly due to the Welsh llath; the word appears in many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch lat, Ger. Latte, and has passed into Romanic, cf. Ital. latta, Fr. latte)

lath century a similar task was undertaken by See also:

• LANFRANC (d. 1089)

Lanfranc, See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-bishop of See also:

• CANTERBURY
• CANTERBURY, CHARLES

Canterbury (1069–1089); in the 12th century by See also:

• STEPHEN
• STEPHEN (1097?-1154)
• STEPHEN (ISTVAN) BATHORY (1533-1586)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES (1789-1859)
• STEPHEN, SIR JAMES FITZJAMES, BART
• STEPHEN, SIR LESLIE (1832-1904)

Stephen See also:

• HARDING, CHESTER (1792-1866)
• HARDING, JAMES DUFFIELD (1798-1863)

Harding (1109), third See also:

• ABBOT (from the Hebrew ab, a father, through the Syriac abba, Lat. abbas, gen. abbatis, O.E. abbad, fr. late Lat. form abbad-em changed in 13th century under influence of the Lat. form to abbat, used alternatively till the end of the 17th century; Ger. Ab
• ABBOT, EZRA (1819-1884)
• ABBOT, GEORGE (1603-1648)
• ABBOT, ROBERT (1588?–1662?)
• ABBOT, WILLIAM (1798-1843)

abbot of Citeaux, and by See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

Cardinal Nicolaus Maniacoria (115o), whose corrected Bible is preserved in the public library at See also:

• DIJON

Dijon .

But these were not successful, and in the 13th century, instead of revisions, attempts were made to See also:

• FIX, THEODORE (180o-1846)

fix the text by providing correctoria, or lists of correct readings, which were the See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent of See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical editions; of these the chief are the Parisian, the Dominican (prepared under See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo de S . See also:

• CARO, ANNIBALE (1507-1566)
• CARO, ELME MARIE (1826-1887)

Caro about 1240), and the Vatican . In the 15th century the history of the printed Vulgates begins . The earliest is the Mentz edition of 1452–1456 (the See also:

• MAZARIN, JULES (1602-1661)

Mazarin or " 42-See also:

• LINE

line;' Bible), but the earliest of a critical nature were those of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne in 1528 and 1538–1540 . In 1546 the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent decided that the Vulgate should be held as authentica, and in 1590 Pope See also:

• SIXTUS

Sixtus V. published a new and authoritative edition, which was, probably at the instigation of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, recalled by Pope See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VIII. in 1592 . In the same See also:

• YEAR

year, however, the same pope published another edition under the name of Sixtus . This is, according to the See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull of 1592, the authoritative edition, and has since then been accepted as such in the Latin Church . The critical edition by J . Wordsworth (bishop of See also:

• SALISBURY
• SALISBURY, EARLS OF
• SALISBURY, ROBERT ARTHUR TALBOT GASCOYNECECIL, 3RD MARQUESS OF (1830-1903)
• SALISBURY, ROBERT CECIL, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1565-1612)
• SALISBURY, THOMAS DE MONTACUTE, 4TH EARL OF (1388-1428)
• SALISBURY, WILLIAM LONGSWORD (or LONGESPEE), EARL OF (d. 1226)

Salisbury) and H . J . See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White probably restores the text almost to the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in which Jerome See also:

• LEFT

left it . [The text of the Vulgate may be studied in Wordsworth and White, Novum Testamentum Latine; Corssen, Epistula ad Galatas .

Its history is best given in S . Berger's Histoire de la Vulgate (Paris, 1893), in which a good bibliography is given on pp. xxxii.-xxxiv . The section in See also:

• KENYON, LLOYD KENYON, 1ST BARON (1732-1802)

Kenyon's handbook to the Textual Criticism of the New Testament is particularly clear and full.] Syriac Versions.—, . The Old Syriac . This is only known to us at present through two MSS. of the gospels, containing the Evangelion da-Mepharreshe, or separated See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

gospel, probably Old so called in distinction to See also:

• TATIAN (2nd cent. A.D.)

Tatian's Diatessaron . These MSS. are known as the Curetonian and Sinaitic . The ' Syriac . Curetonian is a MS. of the 5th century . The fragments of it which we possess are MS . Brit . See also:

• MUS

Mus. addit . 14,451, which was brought in 1842 from the monastery of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary in the Nitrian See also:

• DESERT

desert, and was edited by See also:

• CURETON, WILLIAM (1808-1864)

Cureton in 1858; and three leaves in Berlin (MS .

Orient . Quart . 528) which were bought in See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt by H . See also:

• BRUGSCH, HEINRICH KARL (1827-1894)

Brugsch and published by A . Roediger in 1872 . It was given to the monastery of St Mary in the loth century, but its earlier history is unknown . It contained originally the four gospels in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order Mt., Mk., Jo., Lc . It is generally quoted as Syr°"r or Syr C . The Sinaitic was discovered in 1892 by Mrs See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis and Mrs See also:

• GIBSON, CHARLES DANA (1867- )
• GIBSON, EDMUND (1669-1748)
• GIBSON, JOHN (1790-1866)
• GIBSON, THOMAS MILNER (1806-1884)
• GIBSON, WILLIAM HAMILTON (1850-1896)

Gibson in the library of St See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine's monastery on Mt . See also:

• SINAI

Sinai, where it still remains, and was published in 1894 by R . L . Bensly, J .

Rendel Harris and F . C . Burkitt, with an introduction by Mrs Lewis . It is a palimpsest MS., and the upper See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing (lives of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints), dated A.D . 778. is the work of " See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John, the anchorite of Beth Mari Qanon, a monastery of Ma'arrath Meven See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• ANTIOCH

Antioch." This See also:

• TOWN

town is between Antioch and See also:

• ALEPPO (native Haleb)

Aleppo; though the monastery is otherwise unknown, it seems probable that it was the source of many of the MSS.. now at Sinai . The under writing seems to be a little earlier than that of the Curetonian; it contains the gospels in the order Mt., Mc., Lc., Jo. with a few lacunae . There is no evidence that this version was ever used in the Church services: the Diatessaron was always the normal Syriac text of the gospels until the introduction of the Peshito . But the quotations and references in See also:

• APHRAATES (a Greek form of the Persian name Aphraha>: or Pharhadh)

Aphraates, Ephraem and the Acts of Judas See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas show that it was known, even if not often used . It seems certain that the Old Syriac version also contained the Acts and Pauline epistles, as Aphraates and Ephraem agree in quoting a text which differs from the Peshito, but no MSS. containing this text are at present known to exist . - [The text of this version is best given, with a literal See also:

• ENGLISH

English translation, in F.C . Burkitt's Evangelion da Mepharreshe (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, 1904).] 2 . The Peshito (See also:

• SIMPLE

Simple) Version .

This is represented by many MSS. dating from the 5th century . It has been proved almost to F shito. demonstration by F . C . Burkitt that the portion contain- See also:

• ING

ing the gospels was made by See also:

• RABBULA

Rabbula, bishop of See also:

• EDESSA
• EDESSA (mod. , Vodena)

Edessa (411), to take the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of the Diatessaron, and was based on the Greek text which was at that time in current use at Antioch . The Old Testament Peshifo is a much older and quite See also:

• SEPARATE

separate version . The exact limits of Rabbula's work are difficult to define . It seems probable that the Old Syriac version did not contain the Catholic epistles, and as these are found in the Peshito they were presumably added by Rabbula . But he never added 2 See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter, See also:

• JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF

Jude, 2 and 3 John, or the Apocalypse, and the text of these books, which is sometimes See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound up with the Peshito, really is that of the Philoxenian or of the Harklean version . A comparison of the Peshito with quotations in Aphraates and Ephraem shows that Rabbula revised the text of the Acts and Pauline epistles, but in the absence of MSS. of the Old Syriac for these hooks, it is difficult to define the extent or character of his work . The Peshito is quoted as Syr P, Pesh., and Syrsch (because Tischendorf followed the edition of Schaaf) . [The best text of the Peshito is by G . H .

Gwilliam, Tetraevangelium Sanctum (Oxford, 1901); its relations to Rabbula's revision are shown by F . C . Burkitt, S . See also:

• EPHRAIM

Ephraim's quotations from the Gospel " (Texts and Studies, vii . 2, Cambridge, 1901), which renders out of date F . H . See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

Woods's See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article on the same subject in Studia Biblica, iii. pp . 105-138.] 3 . The Philoxenian Version . This is known, from a note extant in MSS. of the Harklean version, to have been made in A.D . 508 Philox- for See also:

• PHILOXENUS
• PHILOXENUS (Syriac, Aksenaya)

Philoxenus, bishop of See also:

• HIERAPOLIS

Hierapolis, by Polycarpus, a enJan. chorepiscopus . No MSS. of it have survived except in 2 Peter, Jude, 2 and 3 John and the Apocalypse .

The four former are found in some MSS. of the Peshito, as the Philoxenian was used to See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply these epistles which were not in the older version, and the Apocalypse was published in 1892 by Dr Gwynn from a MS. belonging to See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford . [This version may be studied in See also:

• ISAAC (Hebrew for " he laughs," on explanatory references to the name, see ABRAHAM)

Isaac H . See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall's See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams MS . (See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, 1886) ; in the European editions of the Syriac Bible so far as the See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor Catholic epistles are concerned; in Hermathena, vol. vii . (1890), pp . 281-314 (article by Gwynn) ; in Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Assyriologie, xii. and xiii . (See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of articles by Merx) ; in Gwynn's The Apocalypse of St John in a Syriac Version (Dublin, 1897).1 4 . The Harklean Version . This is a revision of the Philoxenian made in 616 by Thomas of Harkel (See also:

• HERACLEA

Heraclea), bishop of Hierapolis . Harklean . It was apparently an See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to replace the See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• FREE

free- dom of the Philoxenian by an extreme literalness . It represents in the main the text of the later Greek MSS., but it has important textual notes, and has adopted a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of asterisks and obeli from the Hexaplar LXX .

The source of these notes seems to have been old MSS. from the library of the Enaton near See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria . The marginal readings are therefore valuable evidence for the Old Alexandrian text . This version is quoted as Syr H (and when necessary Syr Hc* or Syr H'°6) and by Tischendorf as Syrp (=See also:

• SYRA, or SYROS (anc. E6pos, perhaps Homeric lapin}, a Greek island in the middle of the Cyclades, which in the 19th century became the commercial centre of the Archipelago, and is also the residence of the nomarch of the Cyclades and the seat of the centr

Syra posterior) . It should be noted that when Tischendorf speaks of Syr°tr he means the Peshito and the Harklean . [There is no satisfactory critical edition of this version, nor have the Philoxenian and the Harklean been disentangled from each other . The printed text is that published in 1778-1803 by J . White at Oxford under the title Versio Philoxenia; for the marginal notes see esp . See also:

• WESTCOTT, BROOKE FOSS (1825-1901)

Westcott and See also:

• HORT, FENTON JOHN ANTHONY (1828–1892)

Hort, Introduction, and for Acts, See also:

• POTT, AUGUST FRIEDRICH (1802–1887)
• POTT, PERCIVALL (1714–1788)

Pott's Abendlandische Text der Apostelgesch . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1900).] 5 . The Palestinian or See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem Version . This is a lectionary which was once thought to have come from the neighbourhood of See also:

• PALES

Pales- Jerusalem, but has been shown by Burkitt to come from See also:

• DAMN, OLOF VON (1708-1763)

damn. that of Antioch . It was probably made in the 6th century in connexion with the attempts of Justinian to abolish Judaism .

Usually quoted as SyrPa and by Tischendorf as SyrL1Q1 [The text may be found in Lewis and Gibson's The Palestinian Syriac Lectionary (London, 1899), (Gospels), and in Studia Sinaitica, See also:

• PART

part vi . (Acts and Epistles) ; its origin is discussed best by F . C . Burkitt in the See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal of Theological Studies, vol. ii . (1901), pp . 174183.] 6 . The Karkaphensian . This is not a version, but a Syriac Massorah " of the New Testament, i.e. a collection of notes on the texts . Probably emanates from the monastery of the See also:

• SKULL

Skull . Little is known of it and it is unimportant . [See Gwilliam's " Materials for the Criticism of the Peshito N.T." in Studia Biblica, iii. esp. pp . 60-63.] 7 .

Tatian's Diatessaron . This is something more than a version . It was originally a See also:

• HARMONY (Gr. dpµovia, a concord of musical sounds, dpA'ew to join; &plan midi (sc. TeXvil)

harmony of the four gospels made by Tatian, the See also:

• PUPIL (Lat. pupillus, orphan, minor, dim. of pupus, boy, allied to puer, from root pm- or peu-, to beget, cf. "pupa," Lat. for " doll," the name given to the stage intervening between the larval and imaginal stages in certain insects)

pupil of See also:

• JUSTIN (JUNIANUS JUSTINUS)

Justin See also:

• MARTYR (Gr. pimp or µaprvs)

Martyr, towards the end of the 2nd cen- See also:

• TITIAN
• TITIAN (c. 1477-1576)

Titian's tury . In its original See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form it is no longer extant, but it „Diatesexists in Arabic (published by Ciasca) and Latin (cod. saron.” Fuldensis) translations, in both of which the text has unfortunately been almost entirely conformed to the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary type . These authorities are, therefore, only available for the reconstruction of the order of the selections from the gospels, not for textual criticism properly so called . For the latter purpose, however, we can use an Armenian translation of a commentary on the Diatessaron by Ephraem, and the quotations in Aphraates . The Diatessaron appears to have been the usual form in which the gospels were read until the beginning of the 5th century, when the Peshito was put in its place, and a systematic destruction of copies of the Diatessaron was undertaken . [The Diatessaron may be studied in Zahn, " Evangelienharmonie," article in the Protestantische Realencyklopadie (1898) ; J . H . See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, The Earliest See also:

• LIFE

Life of See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, 1893); J . Rendel Harris, Fragments of the Commentary of Ephraim the Syrian (London, 1895) ; F . C .

Burkitt, Evangelion da Mepharreshe (Cambridge, 1904, vol. ii.).] Inter-relation of Syriac Versions.—The relations which subsist between the various Syriac versions remain to be discussed . There is little See also:

• ROOM

room for doubt that the Harklean was based on the Philoxenian, and the Philoxenian was based on the Peshito, the revision being made in each case by the help of the Greek MSS. of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, but the relations which subsist between the Old Syriac, the Diatessaron and the Peshito are a more difficult question . There are now but few, if any, scholars who think that the Peshito is an entirely separate version, and the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority have been convinced by Burkitt and recognize (i) that the Peshito is based on a knowledge of the Old Syriac and the Diatessaron; (2) that it was made by Rabbula with the help of the contemporary Greek text of the Antiochene Church . But there is not yet the same degree of consensus as to the relations between the Old Syriac and the Diatessaron . Here it is necessary to distinguish between the original text of the Old Syriac and the existing MSS. of it—Cur. and See also:

• SIN
• SIN (O. Eng. syn: a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zonde, Ger. Siinde)

Sin . There is no question that many passages in these show signs of Diatessaron See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, but this is only to be expected if we consider that from the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 5th century the Diatessaron was the popular form of the gospels . A large See also:

• DISCOUNT

discount has therefore to be made from the agreements between Diatessaron and Syr . S and C . Still, it is improbable that this will explain everything, and it is generally conceded that the original Diatessaron and the original Old Syriac were in some way connected . The connexion is variously explained, and efforts have been made to show on which See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side the dependence is to be found . 'The most probable theory is that of Burkitt . He thinks that the first Syriac translation was that of Tatian (c .

A.D . 175), who brought the Diatessaron from Rome and translated it into Syriac . There, in the last days of the 2nd century, when See also:

• SERAPION, or SARAPION

Serapion was bishop of Antioch (A.D . 190-203), a new start was made, and a translation of the " separated Gospels " (Evangelion da Mepharreshe) was made from the MSS. which was in use at Antioch . Probably the maker of this version was partly guided, especially in his choice of renderings, by his knowledge of the Diatessaron . Nevertheless, the Diatessaron remained the more popular and was only driven out by See also:

• THEODORET

Theodoret and Rabbula in the 5th century, when it was replaced by the Peshito . If this theory be correct the Syriac versions represent three distinct Greek texts:—(I) the 2nd-century Greek text from Rome, used by Tatian ; (2) the 2nd-century Greek text from Antioch, used for the Old Syriac; (3) the 2nd-century Greek text from Antioch, used by Rabbula for the Peshito . [The best discussion of this point is in vol. ii. of Burkitt's Evangelion da Mepharreshe.] Egyptian Versions,—Much less is known at present about the history of the Egyptian versions . They are found in various dialects of Coptic, the mutual relations of which are not copti, yet certain, but the only ones which are preserved with any completeness are the Bohairic, or See also:

• LOWER

Lower Egyptian, and Sahidic, or Upper Egyptian, though it is certain that fragments of inter-mediate dialects such as See also:

• MIDDLE

Middle Egyptian, Fayumic, Akhmimic and Memphitic also exist . The Bohairic has been edited by G . See also:

• HORNER, FRANCIS (1778–1817)
• HORNER, LEONARD (1785-1864)

Horner . It is well represented, as it became the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official version of the Coptic Church; its history is unknown, but from See also:

• INTERNAL

internal evidence it seems to have been made from good Greek MSS. of the type of NBL, but the date to which this points depends largely on the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general view taken of the history of the text of the New Testament .

It need not, but may, be earlier than the 4th century . The Sahidic is not so well preserved . G . Horner's researches tend to show that the Greek text on which it was based was different from that represented by the Bohairic, and probably was akin to the " Western " text, perhaps of the type used by Clement of Alexandria . Unfortunately none of the MSS. seems to be good, and at present it is impossible to make very definite use of the version . It is possible that this is the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest Coptic version, and this view is supported by the general probabilities of the spread of Christianity in Egypt . which suggest that the native church and native literature had their strength at first chiefly in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern parts of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . It must be noted that Westcott and Hort called the Bohairic Memphitic, and the Sahidic Thebaic, and Tischendorf called the Bohairic Coptic . [See G . Horner's The Coptic Version of the New Testament in the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

Dialect (Oxford); Scrivener's Introduction (ed . See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller), vol. ii. pp . 91-144; and especially an article on " Egyptian Versions " in Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, vol. i. by See also:

• FORBES
• FORBES, ALEXANDER PENROSE (1817-1875)
• FORBES, ARCHIBALD (1838-1900)
• FORBES, DAVID (1828--1876)
• FORBES, DUNCAN
• FORBES, EDWARD (1815—1854)
• FORBES, JAMES DAVID (1809—1868)
• FORBES, SIR JOHN (1787—1861)

Forbes See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson.] (0) Among the secondary versions the only one of real importance is the Armenian .

The Armenian Version.—The early history of this version is obscure, but it seems probable that there were two translations Armenian. made in the 4th century: (1) by Mesrop with the help of Hrofanos (See also:

• RUFINUS, TYRANNIUS

Rufinus?) based on a Greek text; (2) by Sahak, based on Syriac . After the council of See also:

• EPHESUS
• EPHESUS, COUNCIL OF

Ephesus (A . D . 430) Mesrop and Sahak compared and revised their work with the help of MSS. from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople . The general character of the version is late, but there are many places in which the Old Syriac basis can be recognized, and in the Acts and Epistles, where the Old Syriac is no longer extant, this is sometimes very valuable evidence . [See Scrivener (ed . Miller) vol. ii. pp . 148-154; Hastings' Dictionary of the Bible, article on " The Armenian Versions of the New Testament," by F . C . See also:

• CONYBEARE, WILLIAM DANIEL (1787–1857)
• CONYBEARE, WILLIAM JOHN (1815–1857)

Conybeare; J . A . Robinson, " Euthaliana " (Texts and Studies, iii .

3), cap . 5; on the supposed connexion of Mark xvi . 8 if. with Aristion mentioned in this version, see esp . Swete's The Gospel according to St Mark (London, 1902), p. exi.] Other secondary versions which are sometimes quoted are the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic, Ethiopic, Georgian, Arabic, Anglo-Saxon, Frankish and Persic . None has any real critical importance; details are given in Gregory's Prolegomena and in Scrivener's Introduction . (C) Quotations in Patristic Writings.—The value of this source of evidence lies in the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power which it gives us to date and localize texts . Its limitations are found in the inaccuracy of See also:

• QUOTATION

quotation of the writers, and often in the corrupt See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of their text . This latter point especially affects quotations which later See also:

• SCRIBES

scribes frequently forced into See also:

• ACCORD (from Fr. accorder, to agree)

accord with the text they preferred . All writers earlier than the 5th century are valuable, but particularly important are the following groups:--(1) Greek writers in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West, especially Justin Martyr, Tatian, See also:

• MARCION

Marcion, See also:

• IRENAEUS

Irenaeus and See also:

• HIPPOLYTUS