MIOCENE  , in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of strata which occurs between the Oligocene and the See also:

• PLIOCENE (from the Gr. sr?eiov, mere, and xatvbs, recent)

Pliocene . The See also:

• TERM

term, derived from the See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek isiov, less, and Kaaos, See also:

• RECENT

recent, was introduced by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• LYELL, SIR CHARLES (1797-1875)

Lyell, as indicating palaeonto(ogically a less percentage of recent See also:

• SPECIES

species than is found in the Pliocene . Variable lacustrine, estuarine and marine deposits, especially characterized by soft calcareous sandstones and conglomerates (" molasse ") and sandy See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell-beds (" faluns "), make up the Miocene system of the Neogene or newer See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and western See also:

• ASIA

Asia, where it attains its fullest development . A. de See also:

• LAPPARENT, ALBERT AUGUSTE COCHON DE (1839–19o8)

Lapparent's See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification is here adopted: V . Pontian or Pannonian.—Brackish- and fresh-See also:

• WATER

water marls, limestones and gravels: occurring at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, in the See also:

• CASPIAN

Caspian and eastern Mediterranean basins, and in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France; mammalian deposits of Pikermi and the Siwalik Hills, with Hipparion gracile, See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

Mastodon longirostris, See also:

• RHINOCEROS

Rhinoceros schleiermachi, numerous ruminants, Congeria subglobosa . Marine beds of See also:

• BELGIUM
• BELGIUM (Fr. Belgique; Flem. Belgic)

Belgium (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• CRAG (a Celtic word, cf. Gael. creag, Manx creg, and Welsh and modern Scots craig)

Crag) and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . IV . Sarmatian.—More or less See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-water sands and marls of the same basins with Mastodon angustidens, Anchitherium aurelianense, Cerithium pictum, C. rubiginosum, Ostrea gingensis, Mactra podolica, Tapes gregarius . Stages IV. and V. represented in north-western France by marine sands (Cardita striatissima), and in See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria and See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco by marine marls and limestones . (b) Tortonian: Marine marls with Ancillaria glandiformis, Conus antiquus, Ranella marginate, Trochus patulus, Voluta rarispina . Laminated fresh-water limestones of Oeningen with See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish, countless See also:

• INSECTS

insects, and See also:

• PLANTS

plants showing seasonal changes of the See also:

• YEAR

year in their successive layers (Ater trilobatum, Populus mutabilis, Juglans acuminata, Camphora, Podogonium); and the lacustrine deposits of central See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . (a) Helvetian: Marine shelly sandstones and conglomerates (" molasse " of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland) with Ostrea gingensis, Cardita jouanneti, Panopaea menardi, Conus ventricosus; the "faluns" of See also:

• TOURAINE

Touraine and See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine; and the marine beds of Black See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin .

At the See also:

• BASE

base of the marine Helvetian in the Vienna basin See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays (" Schlier ") with See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-salt and See also:

• GYPSUM

gypsum, and the lacustrine beds of See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony (Calcaire de Simorre with Mastodon tapiroides, M. simorrensis, See also:

• DINOTHERIUM

Dinotherium giganteum) occur . II . Burdigalian or Langhian.—Marine " faluns " of See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux (See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva basteroti, Turritella terebralis) ; marls of Langhe in See also:

• LIGURIA

Liguria (Pecten burdigalensis) ; marine deposits of Vienna basin, Caspian region, See also:

• TUNIS

Tunis and Algeria; fresh-water sands and marls of See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans with Mastodon angustidens, M. tapiroides, Dinotherium cuvieri, See also:

• ANTHRACOTHERIUM (” coal-animal,” so called from the fact of the remains first described having been obtained from the Tertiary lignite-beds of Europe)

Anthracotherium onoideum; Littorinella clays of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz basin with Acerotherium incisivum Littorinella acute, Dreyssenia brardi; fresh-water See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey " molasse " of Switzerland, with acacias, laurels, palms and sequoias . I . Aquitanian.—Limestones, sands and marls of lakes and lagoons, with Anthracotherium, Anchitherium, Acerotherium incisivum, Palaeochoerus typus, See also:

• HELIX (Gr. € tE, a spiral or twist)

Helix ramondi, Limnaea pachygaster, Planorbis See also:

• CORNU, MARIE

cornu, Potamides lamarcki; Quercus, See also:

• ACACIA

Acacia, Ficus, Camphora, Cinnamomum, Taxodium, Glyptostrobus, See also:

• SEQUOIA

Sequoia, Sabal, See also:

• PHOENIX
• PHOENIX (Gr. 4oivt )

Phoenix, occur in central France (Calcaire de la See also:

• BEAUCE (Lat. Belsia)

Beauce) ; the plant-beds of Manosque; Mainz basin; See also:

• LOWER

lower " molasse " of Switzerland with565 . See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite, gypsum, red marls and conglomerates; " See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown-See also:

• COAL

coal See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series " of north Germany with lignite . Intercalated marine sandstones occur in Aquitaine and near See also:

• MARSEILLES

Marseilles; other marine developments occur in the " faluns " of Gascony (Lepidocyclina mantelli, Miogypsina burdigalensis), the upper Aquitanian of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria and See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria-See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary (Ostrea crassiassima, Pectunculus pilosus), and in southern Spain, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• MALTA
• MALTA (or MEDITERRANEAN) FEVER

Malta (Lepidocyclina and Lithothamnium) . Basic tuffs and lavas occur in See also:

• AUVERGNE

Auvergne . Some authors assign See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

Stage I. to the Oligocene, Stage V. to the Pliocene; Stages I. and II. correspond to the first, and III. to the second Mediterranean Stage of E . See also:

• SUESS, EDUARD (1831– )

Suess . In Europe a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general emergence of See also:

• LAND

land in See also:

• LATE

late Oligocene See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time resulted at the beginniag of the Miocene (Aquitanian) in wide-spread lacustrine conditions throughout the western See also:

• PART

part of that See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, upon which the sea encroached at few points, though it had gained See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the Vienna basin and extended westward into Bavaria . Otherwise, marine Aquitanian deposits are confined to the Mediterranean basin and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west corner of France .

Most of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Europe, including the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles, remained dry land throughout Miocene time . During the Burdigalian See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, with increasing See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain regions and depression of the Mediterranean and Caspian basins, a marine invasion began, which passed its maximum in the Vindobonian . The Mediterranean reached eastward to See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, and, still open to the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic, sub-merged north See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, most of Italy and the neighbouring islands . It ascended the See also:

• RHONE
• RHONE (Fr. Rhone, Lat. Rhodanus)

Rhone valley, penetrated to the Mainz basin, and skirting the north flank of the Alpine region passed into the Vienna basin and thence around the Carpathian See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract into the Pontic and Caspian depression . The See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of the Atlantic further invaded the regions of the See also:

• GARONNE (Lat. Garumna)

Garonne and the See also:

• LOIRE

Loire, isolated See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany and encroached upon north Europe between Belgium and See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark . The elevation of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, and probably of the whole Alpine system of mountain folds from Morocco to Indo-See also:

• CHINA

China, though initiated by earlier Miocene and late Oligocene movements, took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place mainly during the latter part of the Vindobonian period, and was completed in the Sarmatian . The waters of the ocean were then excluded from the Caspian and eastern Mediterranean basins, and replaced by vast fresh-water lakes; while brackish-water lagoons occupied much of the western Mediterranean . This See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat of the sea culminated in the Pontian stage, and land-connexion was established between North and South See also:

• AMERICA

America . Outside the See also:

• EURASIAN

Eurasian region, Aquitanian deposits occur in See also:

• FORMOSA
• FORMOSA (called Taiwan by the Chinese, and following them by the Japanese, into whose possession it came after their war with China in 1895)

Formosa, See also:

• JAVA

Java, See also:

• BORNEO

Borneo and See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar; while Burdigalian deposits are found in Momgolia . The Vindobonian ranges from See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland, See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland and Spitzbergen, where it contains lignite and plants denoting a temperate See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, by See also:

• JAPAN

Japan, Java and See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, to See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria . It recurs in the See also:

• AZORES (Acores), or WESTERN ISLANDS

Azores and the See also:

• ANTILLES

Antilles, and at intervals along the See also:

• AMERICAN

American continent from See also:

• PATAGONIA

Patagonia to See also:

• ALASKA

Alaska, where all three lower stages are represented, as also in the West Indies . Along the Atlantic slope of the See also:

• UNITED

United States and around the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete Miocene series is See also:

• PRESENT

present, the Sarmatian and Pontian also occur in See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California .

The Miocene was a period of See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change, of mountain-See also:

• BUILDING

building, See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic differentiation hitherto unprecedented, and of moderation in organic See also:

• LIFE

life, especially on land . The See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• FLORA

flora indicates an equable and moist sub-tropical climate, slowly cooling, as witnessed by the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual increase of trees with See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous foliage amongst those characteristic of more tropical conditions . Oaks, maples, poplars, planes, willows, Cinnamomum, Camphora, Myrica, Sequoia, Taxodium, Glyptostrobus and palms, flourished together . The marine calcareous alga Lithothamnium became an important See also:

• REEF (1)

reef-building organism . Nummulites gave place to Lepidocyclina; lamellibranchs and particularly gasteropods abounded in the shallow seas, of which the See also:

• SHARK

shark Carcharodon and the marine mammals Squalodon and Halitherium were amongst the largest denizens . The mammalian land-See also:

• FAUNA

fauna of Europe made striking advances, and assumed a decidedly See also:

• AFRICAN

African aspect . Marsupials had disappeared from it before the Burdigalian period, during which See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive genera like Palaeochoerus, Hyopotamus, and the hornless ruminants Anthracotherium and Brachyopus, became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, while proboscideans (Mastodon, Dinotherium), rhinoceros and apes (Oreopithecus, Pliopithecus) came in, followed by antelopes, beavers and probably See also:

• MACHAERODUS, or MACHAIRODUS

Machaerodus in the Vindobonian . The spread of See also:

• TURF

turf-forming See also:

• GRASSES

grasses was succeeded in the Pontian by an enormous increase of herbivorous mammals, including Hipparion and horned ruminants (Helladotherium, Antilope, Cervus, Camelopardalis, Palaeotragus), whose migrations were facilitated by the See also:

• DESICCATION (from the Lat. desiccare, to dry up)

desiccation of the Mediterranean basin . (C . B .