MISSION  See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

FIELDS] Islands . The See also:

• PARTITION

partition of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent among the various See also:

• EUROPEAN

European nations has been on the whole favourable to mission See also:

• WORK

work . The nature of the task and of the results may be best approached by considering the different divisions—See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North, See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South, See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East, See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West and Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . North Africa, along the Mediterranean from See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt, is distinctly See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan . To these regions came St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis and Raimon See also:

• LULL (or LvLLY), RAIMON, or RAYMOND (c. 1235-1315)

Lull, and one may in passing remember the strength of See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity in Proconsular Africa in the days of See also:

• TERTULLIAN (c. 155-c. 222)

Tertullian and See also:

• CYPRIAN, SAINT [Caecilius Cyprianus, called THASCIUS] (c. 200–258)

Cyprian, and in Egypt under See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement of See also:

• ALEXANDRIA
• ALEXANDRIA (Arab. Iskenderia)

Alexandria, See also:

• ORIGEN (c. 185-c. 254)

Origen and See also:

• ATHANASIUS (293-373)

Athanasius . To-See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day See also:

• ISLAM

Islam is supreme, though the North Africa Mission, working largely on medical lines, has penetrated into many cities . In Egypt the See also:

• UNITED

United Presbyterians of See also:

• AMERICA

America have met with considerable success among the See also:

• COPTS

Copts, and their See also:

• FINE

fine educational work has proved a valuable asset both to themselves and the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church Missionary Society is doing steady work in See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo and in Upper Egypt . In the Eastern See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan a promising beginning has been made, but the regions south of See also:

• KORDOFAN

Kordofan have hardly been touched . In See also:

• NIGERIA

Nigeria the- See also:

• HAUSA

Hausa tribes are coming to be better known, and to See also:

• RESPOND

respond to the See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian teaching . In the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara and at See also:

• SUAKIN, or SAWAKIN

Suakin there are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions . There is a Roman mission to the See also:

• GALLAS
• GALLAS, MATTHIAS, COUNT OF CAMPO, DUKE OF LUCERA (1584-1647)

Gallas in See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia .

That country has its own crude See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of Christianity, and is much the same today as when See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter Heiling in the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century endeavoured to propagate a purer faith . A mission undertaken by the Church Missionary Society in 1839 was closed by See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Jesuit intrigue in 1838 . South Africa.—The Moravians, represented by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• SCHMIDT, H
• SCHMIDT, HEINRICH JULIAN (1818-1886)
• SCHMIDT, KARL VON (1817-1875)
• SCHMIDT, WILHELM ADOLF (1812-1887)

Schmidt, who arrived at Cape See also:

• TOWN

Town in See also:

• JULY

July 1737, were the first to undertake mission work in South Africa . Schmidt won the confidence of the See also:

• HOTTENTOTS

Hottentots, but the Dutch authorities stopped his work . In 1798 See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John T . Vanderkemp, an See also:

• AGENT (from Lat. agere, to act)

agent of the See also:

• LONDON

London Missionary Society, founded a mission to the See also:

• KAFFIRS (Arabic Kafir, an unbeliever)

Kaffirs east of Cape Town, and See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• MOFFAT
• MOFFAT, ROBERT (1795-1883)

Moffat (1818) went to the Bechuanas . See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LIVINGSTONE, DAVID (1813-1873)

Livingstone was as determined to open the interior as the Boers were to keep it shut, and he succeeded, pushing north, discovering See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake See also:

• NGAMI

Ngami, and consecrating a remarkable See also:

• LIFE

life to the evangelization of Central Africa . The London Mission has also largely evangelized the See also:

• MATABELE (" vanishing " or " hidden " people, so called from their appearance in battle, hidden behind enormous oxhide shields)

Matabele . In 1814 the Wesleyans began work among the Namaquas and Hottentots, and after-wards went into See also:

• KAFFRARIA

Kaffraria, See also:

• BECHUANALAND (a name given from its inhabitants, the Bechuana, q.v.)

Bechuanaland and See also:

• NATAL

Natal . They were followed by the See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow Missionary Society (1821), the See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris Evangelical Society (1829), the Moravian, Rhenish and See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

Societies, and the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

Board . The Society for the See also:

• PROPAGATION

Propagation of the See also:

• GOSPEL (O. Eng. godspel, i.e. good news, a translation of Lat. bona annuntiatio, or evangelium, Gr. evayyeXwv; cf. Goth. iu spillon, " to announce good news," Ulfilas' translation of the Greek, from iu, that which is good, and spellon to announce)

Gospel came in 1819, mainly for colonists, the Church Missionary Society in 1837 . The See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province of South Africa has ten dioceses, the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Cape Town being See also:

• METROPOLITAN (Lat. metropolitanus, Gr. µnrpoiroXtrns)

metropolitan .

The Glasgow Society's work was ultimately taken over by the See also:

• FREE

Free Church of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, whose See also:

• GREAT

great achievement is the See also:

• LOVEDALE

Lovedale See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute, combining See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and mission work . The Germans and Scandinavians have also been ardent workers in South Africa, and the Dutch Reformed Church has not entirely neglected the natives . One Dutch society gives its See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention to the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• TRANSVAAL

Transvaal . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief difficulties in the way of evangelization have been (1) the hostility of natives races aroused by European annexations, (2) the introduction of European vices, (3) the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement known as Ethiopianism . The See also:

• BRITISH

British Wesleyans refused to confer full rights on See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

negro pastors, who then appealed to the See also:

• AFRICAN

African Methodist Episcopal Church, a product of American evangelization . One of them, J . M . Dwane, was made See also:

• VICAR (Lat. vicarius, substitute)

Vicar-Bishop, and a large and powerful See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent negro church organized . Dwane afterwards approached the Anglicans, and in 1900 that church formed the " Ethiopian See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

Order," ordaining Dwane a See also:

• DEACON (Gr. S&& ovos, minister, servant)

deacon and making him Provincial of the Order . Each bishop now deals with the Ethiopians in his own See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese . The South African governments foresaw dangerous developments in the Ethiopian movement, and steps were taken to restrain its growth . Ethiopianism, if ecclesiastical in its origin, gained strength from racial See also:

• BASE

base .

The task of averting the racial bitterness so dominant in the United States of America is a most formidable one . There593 are in South Africa several vicariates and prefectures of the Roman Church, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal missions being French, those of the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• GHOST (a word common to the W. Teutonic languages; O.E. vest, Dutch, 'geest, Ger. Geist)

Ghost and the Oblates of See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary . West Africa was first visited by the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel in 1752 . Its agent, T . See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson, trained See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip Quaque, said to be " the first convert who ever received ordination since the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in the Reformed Church." The Church Missionary Society came in 1804 and has worked heroically and successfully, though the largest mission now is that of the Wesleyans, who came in 1811, settling first at Sierra Leone . The American See also:

• BAPTISTS

Baptists in See also:

• LIBERIA

Liberia (1821) and the See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel Mission in the See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast (1827), the Congregationalists of the United States of America and See also:

• CANADA

Canada in See also:

• ANGOLA

Angola, and the See also:

• ENGLISH

English and American Baptists on the See also:

• CONGO

Congo (since 1845) have also extensive and prospering agencies . West Africa has taken heavy See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll not only in See also:

• MONEY

money but in life, but the See also:

• LESSON (through Fr. lecon from Lat. lectio, reading; legere, to read)

lesson has now been learned, and a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of frequent furloughs combined with a better understanding of the See also:

• CLIMATIC

climatic requirements have appreciably lessened the peril . This region is linked with the name of the See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican negro Bishop, See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• CROWTHER, SAMUEL ADJAI (18o9?—1895)

Crowther, and with one phase of the ceaseless strength of Islam, which has so far failed to reach the west coast, finding itself confronted by the Christian influences which are at work among the great Hausa tribes and other peoples within the See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• NIGER
• NIGER, GAIUS PESCENNIUS

Niger mission . The Portuguese in Angola and the agents of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• LEOPOLD (M.H. Ger. Liupolt; O.H. Ger. Liupald, from hut, Mod. Ger. Leute, " people," and paid, " bold," i.e. " bold for the people ")

Leopold in the Congo See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

State have not been conspicuous See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of missionary enterprise, and the See also:

• LIGHT

light-hearted childishness of the native See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, so well portrayed in See also:

• MISS

Miss See also:

• KINGSLEY, CHARLES (1819-1875)
• KINGSLEY, HENRY (183o-1876)
• KINGSLEY, MARY HENRIETTA (1862-1900)

Kingsley's writings, shows how difficult it is to build up a strong and See also:

• STABLE

stable Christian church . Bishop See also:

• TAYLOR
• TAYLOR, ANN (1782-1866)
• TAYLOR, BAYARD (1825–1878)
• TAYLOR, BROOK (1685–1731)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1787-1865)
• TAYLOR, ISAAC (1829-1901)
• TAYLOR, JEREMY (1613-1667)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (158o-1653)
• TAYLOR, JOHN (1704-1766)
• TAYLOR, JOSEPH (c. 1586-c. 1653)
• TAYLOR, MICHAEL ANGELO (1757–1834)
• TAYLOR, NATHANIEL WILLIAM (1786-1858)
• TAYLOR, PHILIP MEADOWS (1808–1876)
• TAYLOR, ROWLAND (d. 1555)
• TAYLOR, SIR HENRY (1800-1886)
• TAYLOR, THOMAS (1758-1835)
• TAYLOR, TOM (1817-1880)
• TAYLOR, WILLIAM (1765-1836)
• TAYLOR, ZACHARY (1784-1850)

Taylor's effort at creating a self-supporting mission proved fruitless . The American See also:

• LUTHERANS

Lutherans are attempting the same task on rather different lines, and with more promise . The Roman Catholic missions are chiefly French, and organized by the Congregation of the Holy Ghost and the See also:

• LYONS
• LYONS (Fr. Lyon)
• LYONS, COUNCILS OF
• LYONS, EDMUND LYONS, BARON (1790-1858)
• LYONS, RICHARD BICKERTON PEMELL LYONS, 1ST EARL (1817–1887)

Lyons African Mission .

Central Africa.—The upper Congo region opened up by Living-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley has been a favourite See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere for what are known as " faith societies," e.g. the See also:

• PLYMOUTH
• PLYMOUTH, EARLS OF

Plymouth Brethren, the Christian and Missionary See also:

• ALLIANCE

Alliance, the Regions Beyond Missionary See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union . The American Baptists continue the work started by the Livingstone Inland Mission in 1878, and the See also:

• SOUTHERN

Southern Presbyterian Board (American) have done notable work . The Paris Society, represented especially by See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Coillard, has been successful along the See also:

• ZAMBEZI

Zambezi, and Scottish, See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German, Moravian and Jesuit agencies are also well represented . North-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, Central and East African organizations, following the Cape to Cairo route, are in See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with North African agencies working up the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . East Africa.—When the Abyssinia mission was closed in 1838 one of the missionaries, Krapf, went among the Gallas and then on to See also:

• MOMBASA

Mombasa, working in See also:

• COMPANY

company with Rebmann . Since H . M . Stanley's See also:

• APPEAL

appeal (1875) most satisfactory work, extensive and intensive, has been accomplished in See also:

• UGANDA

Uganda, by the Church Missionary Society . The names of See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay, See also:

• HANNINGTON
• HANNINGTON, JAMES (1847-1885)

Hannington and Pilkington, who lived and died here, are amongst the greatest in the See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll of missionary heroes . The Roman Mission too has been very successful; for some years a French agency, the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Fathers of See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, carried it on, but they were afterwards joined by English helpers from St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph's Society at See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill . The White Fathers also work in the Great Lakes region, and on the See also:

• ZANZIBAR

Zanzibar coast are the French Congregation of the Holy Ghost and German See also:

• BENEDICTINES, or BLACK MONKS

Benedictines . Zanzibar is also one of the centres of the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

Universities Mission, another being Likoma on Lake See also:

• NYASA

Nyasa .

Near this lake the Scottish churches are also doing See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble work . Besides Uganda the Church Missionary Society is responsible for Mombasa . The London Mission is See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting with success at the south end of Lake See also:

• TANGANYIKA (a name said by V. L. Cameron to signify a " mixing-place ")

Tanganyika in North-east See also:

• RHODESIA (so named after Cecil Rhodes)

Rhodesia . The English United Methodists and some See also:

• SWEDISH

Swedish societies have begun work among the Gallas . German Missionary agencies have also come in with German colonization . In East Africa, as in the West, Christian missionaries fear most the aggressive Moslem propaganda . See also:

• MADAGASCAR

Madagascar 1 is one of the most interesting mission fields . Work was begun by the London Mission in 1819, and the work of See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization and evangelization went steadily forward till 1835, when a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of repression and severe persecution set in, which lasted till 1861 . When the work was recommenced it was found that the native Christians had multiplied and See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed during the harsh treatment of the 25 years . In 1869 the idols were publicly destroyed and the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island declared Christian by royal See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation . The Society for the Propagation of the Gospel (1864), the See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian Missionary Society (1866), and the Friends' See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Missionary Association joined in the work, the prosperity of which received a severe check by the French See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation in 1896 . The French authorities were hostile to the English missionaries, and even the handing over of part of the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field to the Paris Evangelical Society did not do much to ease the situation .

See also:

• LAWS

Laws were first enacted against private See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, then against elementary schools, and in 1906—1907 See also:

• MEASURES

measures were passed which practically closed all mission schools . See also:

• FAMILY

Family prayers were forbidden if any outside the immediate family were See also:

• PRESENT

present, and 'religious services at the graveside were prohibited . Missionary work in the island has thus passed through a peculiarly trying experience, but happier conditions are now likely to prevail . In See also:

• MAURITIUS

Mauritius and the See also:

• SEYCHELLES

Seychelles the Church Missionary Society and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel are at work, especially among the coolies on the See also:

• SUGAR

sugar plantations . The outstanding problem of African missions at least north of the See also:

• EQUATOR (Late Lat. aequator, from aequare, to make equal)

Equator (south there is the Ethiopian question) is not the degradation of the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black races, nor the demoralizing influences of See also:

• HEATHEN

heathen Christians, nor even the slave dealer, though all these obstacles are present and powerful . The all-decisive conflict is that between Christianity and Islam, and the Christian agencies must show much more co-operation if they are to be successful . The lines of missionary work have been, generally speaking, See also:

• SIMPLE

simple gospel See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching followed by See also:

• EDUCATION

education and industrial work . So rare were the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary comforts, and even necessities of life, that the latter had to take a prominent See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place from the beginning: the missionary had to be See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer, See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

carpenter, brickmaker, tailor, printer, See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house and church builder, not only for himself but for his converts . The work of See also:

• BIBLE
• BIBLE, ENGLISH

Bible See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation has been particularly See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and difficult; for the innumerable peoples who did not speak some form of Arabic the See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages had first to be reduced to See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing, and many Christian terms had to be coined . See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India: —The earliest missionaries to India, with the possible exception of See also:

• PANTAENUS

Pantaenus of Alexandria (c . A.D . 18o), were the See also:

• NESTORIANS

Nestorians from See also:

• PERSIA

Persia .

The See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record of their work is told else-where (see See also:

• NESTORIUS (d. c. 451)

NESTORIUS and NESTORIANS) . The See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits came in the 16th century, but were more successful quantitatively than qualitatively; in the 18th century the Danish coast mission on the coast of See also:

• TRANQUEBAR

Tranquebar made the first See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant advance, Bartholomaus, Ziegenbalg (1683–1719), Plutschau and Christian See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich Schwartz (1926–1998) being its great names . Up to this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the chief results were that (1) Christianity had gained a footing, (2) it had continued the monotheistic modification of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian thought begun by Mahommedanism, and (3) the futility of sporadic and fanatical proselytism had been shown . A new era began with the arrival of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey and the See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of the See also:

• SERAMPUR

Serampur Mission (15 M. north of See also:

• CALCUTTA

Calcutta), though the hostility of the East India Company made the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years of the 19th century very unproductive . When Carey died in 1854 he and his colleagues See also:

• MARSHMAN, JOSHUA (1768–1837)

Marshman and Ward had translated the Bible into seven languages, and the New Testament into 23 more, besides rendering services of the highest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind to literature, See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . progress . They founded agricultural societies and savings' See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks, and helped to abolish See also:

• SUTTEE (an English corruption of Sanskrit sail, " good woman " or true " wife ")

suttee, See also:

• INFANTICIDE

infanticide and other cruelties . At See also:

• TRAVANCORE

Travancore in the south, Ringeltaube, an agent of the London Missionary Society, had begun a work, especially among the Shanars or toddy drawers, which by 1840 had 15,000 Christians; and the Church Missionary Society, led by Rhenius, had equal success in See also:

• TINNEVELLY

Tinnevelly . The Baptists, See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by the fame of the See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple of Jagannath at See also:

• PURI, or JAGANNATH

Puri on the 1 See T . T . See also:

• MATTHEWS, STANLEY (1824-1889)

Matthews, See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years in Madagascar . 2 See E . P .

See also:

• RICE (Greek 6p6 a, Latin oryza, French riz, Italian riso, Spanish arroz, derived from the Arabic)
• RICE, EDMUND IGNATIUS (1762-1844)
• RICE, JAMES (1843-1882)

Rice in A Primer of See also:

• MODERN

Modern Missions, ed . R . Lovett (London, 1896) ; J . See also:

• RICHTER, ADRIAN LUDWIG (1803-1884)
• RICHTER, ERNST FRIEDRICH EDUARD (1808–1879)
• RICHTER, EUGEN (1839–1906)
• RICHTER, HANS (1843– )
• RICHTER, JEREMIAS BENJAMIN (1762–1807)
• RICHTER, JOHANN PAUL FRIEDRICH (1763–1825)

Richter, A See also:

• HISTORY

History of Missions in India (1908) ; The Church Missionary See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review (July 1908); Contemporary Review (May 1908 and See also:

• JUNE

June 1910).east coast, established a mission in See also:

• ORISSA

Orissa in 182I which soon See also:

• BORE

bore See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit; the Wesleyans were in See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon, See also:

• MYSORE

Mysore and the Kaveri valley, the London Missionary Society at the great military centres See also:

• MADRAS

Madras, See also:

• BANGALORE

Bangalore and See also:

• BELLARY

Bellary, agents of the American Board at See also:

• AHMEDNAGAR, or AHMADNAGAR

Ahmednagar and other parts of the Mahratta country around Bombay . The headquarters of See also:

• HINDUISM

Hinduism, the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges valley, was occupied by the Baptists, the Church Missionary Society and the London Missionary Society, these entering.See also:

• BENARES

Benares in 1816, 1818 and 182o respectively . See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• DUFF, ALEXANDER (1806-1878)

Duff, a Scottish Presbyterian, had begun his great educational work in Calcutta, and Bible See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract and See also:

• BOOK

book societies were springing up everywhere . Chaplains and bishops of the Anglican Church like See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Hough in Tinnevelly, See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• MARTYN, HENRY (r781-1812)
• MARTYN, JOHN (1699-1768)

Martyn in the north, See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• CORRIE (Gaelic coire, cauldron; hence whirlpool, or circular hollow)

Corrie in See also:

• AGRA

Agra, T . F . See also:

• MIDDLETON
• MIDDLETON, ARTHUR (1742–1787)
• MIDDLETON, CONYERS (1683–1750)
• MIDDLETON, THOMAS (c. 1570-1627)

Middleton in Calcutta, and Reginald See also:

• HEBER, REGINALD (1783-1826)
• HEBER, RICHARD (1773-1833)

Heber all over India, were eagerly using their opportunities . In 1830 ten societies with 106 stations and 149 agents were at work; 1834 saw the founding of the Basel Mission on the west coast, the American Mission in See also:

• MADURA
• MADURA (Dutch Madoera)

Madura, the American Presbyterian Mission in See also:

• LUDHIANA

Ludhiana . It would be impossible to trace in detail the work done by the different societies since Carey's time . The task as it presented itself may be analysed as follows: (1) to replace the See also:

• CASTE (through the Fr. from Span. and Port. casta, lineage, Lat. cast us, pure)

caste system and especially the oppressive supremacy of the Brahmins by a spirit of universal brotherhood and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of social and religious' See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty; (2) to correct and raise the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard of conduct; (3) to attack polytheistic See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry with its attendant immoralities; (4) to replace the pantheistic by a theistic standpoint; (5) to elevate woman and the See also:

• PARIAH

pariah .

Besides these matters which concerned Hinduism there was the problem of converting sixty million Mahommedans . The chief methods adopted have been the following: (I) See also:

• VERNACULAR (Lat. verna, dim. vernaculus, a slave horn in his master's house)

vernacular preaching in the large towns and on itineraries through the rural districts, a work in which native evangelists guided by Europeans and Americans played a large part . (2) Medical missions, which have done much to break down barriers of See also:

• PREJUDICE (Lat. praejudicium)

prejudice, especially in See also:

• KASHMIR, or CASHMERE

Kashmir under Dr Elmslie of the Church Missionary Society, and in See also:

• RAJPUTANA

Rajputana at See also:

• JAIPUR, or JEYPORE

Jaipur under Dr See also:

• VALENTINE, or VALENTINUS

Valentine of the United Presbyterians . (3) Orphanages, in which the Roman Catholics led the way and have maintained their See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead . (4) Vernacular schools, a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of which is seen in the American Board's Madura Mission . (5) English education, in which the missionary societies have amply supplemented the efforts of the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, outstanding examples being the Madras Christian See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College (Free Church of Scotland), so long connected with the name of Dr William See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller, the General See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly of Scotland's Institution at Calcutta, founded by Duff, See also:

• WILSON, ALEXANDER (1766-1813)
• WILSON, HENRY (1812–1875)
• WILSON, HORACE HAYMAN (1786–1860)
• WILSON, JAMES (1742—1798)
• WILSON, JAMES (1835— )
• WILSON, JAMES HARRISON (1837– )
• WILSON, JOHN (1627-1696)
• WILSON, JOHN (178 1854)
• WILSON, ROBERT (d. 1600)
• WILSON, SIR DANIEL (1816–1892)
• WILSON, SIR ROBERT THOMAS (1777—1849)
• WILSON, SIR WILLIAM JAMES ERASMUS
• WILSON, THOMAS (1663-1755)
• WILSON, THOMAS (c. 1525-1581)
• WILSON, WOODROW (1856— )

Wilson College, Bombay (Free Church of Scotland), and St Joseph's College (Roman Catholic) at See also:

• TRICHINOPOLY

Trichinopoly . Work of this kind is followed up in some centres by lectures and conversations with educated See also:

• HINDUS

Hindus . The Haskell Lectureship, which See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew out of the See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

Parliament of Religions in See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, belongs here . (6) See also:

• FEMALE

Female education and See also:

• ZENANA (Persian zanana)

zenana work . (7) Uplifting work among the Panchamas or See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-castes, which has been strikingly successful among the Malas (American Baptists) and the Madigas (London Missionary Society) of the See also:

• TELUGU

Telugu-speaking country, who come in See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass movements to the Christian faith . (8) Missions among aboriginal tribes, e.g. the See also:

• KOLS

Kols and See also:

• SANTALS

Santals of See also:

• CHOTA (or CHUTIA) NAGPUR

Chota See also:

• NAGPUR

Nagpur (Berlin See also:

• GOSSNER, JOHANNES EVANGELISTA (1773-1858)

Gossner Mission and the Society for the Propagation of the Gospel), and the tribes of the Khassia Mountains east of See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal (Welsh Calvinistic Methodists) (9) Christian literature, in which connexion the name of Dr John Murdoch will always be honourably remembered . (1o) See also:

• PASTORAL (from Lat. pastor, a shepherd)

Pastoral work and the care of the churches .

The great changes that have been wrought in India, politically, commercially, intellectually and religiously, by the combined See also:

• ACTION

action of the British government and the Christian missions, are evidenced among other tokens by the growth of such societies as the Arya Samaj and the Brahmo Samaj . • Orthodox Hindus, especially those whose social status and very livelihood are imperilled by the revolution, have shown their alarm either by open opposition, subjecting converts to every sort of caste See also:

• COERCION (from Lat. coercere, to restrain)
• COERCION, CONTRACT

coercion, or by methods of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence, e.g . See also:

• HINDU

Hindu tract societies and See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG,