MISSOURI  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-central See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States of See also:

• AMERICA

America, and one of the greatest and richest, and economically one of the most nearly See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent, in the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, lying almost midway between the two oceans, the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico and See also:

• CANADA

Canada . It is bounded N. by See also:

• IOWA

Iowa; E. by See also:

• ILLINOIS

Illinois, See also:

• KENTUCKY

Kentucky and See also:

• TENNESSEE

Tennessee; S. by See also:

• ARKANSAS

Arkansas; and W. by See also:

• OKLAHOMA (a Choctaw Indian word meaning " red people ")

Oklahoma, See also:

• KANSAS (known as the Sunflower State ")

Kansas and See also:

• NEBRASKA

Nebraska . Its N. and S. limits are mainly coincident with the See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels of 400 35' and 36° 30' N. See also:

• LAT

lat.—the southernmost boundary, in the S.E. corner, is the See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian of 36° N. lat.—and much of the western border is the meridian of 94° 43' W. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long. respectively; but natural boundaries are afforded on the extreme N.E. by the See also:

• DES

Des Moines See also:

• RIVER

river, on the E. by the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi, on the S.E. by the St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis and on the N.W. by the 1 . The See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie region embraces, accordingly, somewhat more than See also:

• NORTHERN

northern " Missouri—i.e. the portion of the state north of the Missouri river—and somewhat more than a third of the state . It is a beautiful, See also:

• ROLLING

rolling See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, with a See also:

• GREAT

great abundance of streams; more hilly and broken in its western than in its eastern See also:

• HALF

half . The See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation in the extreme north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west is about 1200. ft. and in the extreme north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east about 500 ft., while the rim of the region to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-east, along the border of the Ozark region, has an elevation of about 900 ft . The larger streams have valleys 250 to 300 ft. deep and sometimes 8 to to m. broad, the country bordering them being the most broken of the region . The smaller streams have so eroded the whole See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of the country that little of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• SURFACE

surface See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain is to be seen . The Mississippi river is skirted through-out the length of the state by contours of 400 to 600 ft. elevation . 2 . The Ozark region is substantially a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome, with See also:

• LOCAL

local faulting and See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor undulations, dominated by a See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge—or, more exactly, a relatively even See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt of highland—that runs from near the Mississippi about Ste See also:

• GENEVIEVE, or GENOVEFA, ST (c. 422-512)

Genevieve See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county to See also:

• BARRY
• BARRY, ELIZABETH (1658—1713)
• BARRY, JAMES (1741—1806)
• BARRY, SIR CHARLES (1795-1860)
• BARRY, SIR REDMOND (1813-188o)
• BARRY, SPRANGER (1719-1777)

Barry county on the Arkansas border; the See also:

• CONTOUR

contour levels falling with decided regularity in all directions below this See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest . High rocky bluffs that rise precipitously on the Mississippi, sometimes to a height of 15o ft. or so above the See also:

• WATER

water, from the mouth of the Meramec to Ste Genevieve, See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark where that river cuts the Ozark ridge, which, across the river, is continued by the See also:

• SHAWNEE

Shawnee Hills in Illinois .

The elevations of the crest in Missouri (the highest portion of the uplift is in Arkansas) vary from II00 to 1600 ft . This second physiographic region comprehends somewhat less than two-thirds of the See also:

• AREA

area of the state . The See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington escarpment, which in places is as much as 250 to 300 ft. in height, runs along the western edge of the Cambro-Ordovician formations and divides the region into an eastern and a western area, known respectively to physio- rphers as the See also:

• SALEM

Salem Upland and the See also:

• SPRINGFIELD

Springfield Upland.' Super-ally, each is a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple rolling See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, much broken by erosion (though considerable undissected areas drained by underground channels remain), especially in the east, and dotted with hills; some of these are residual outliers of the eroded Mississippian See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-stones to the west, and others are the summits of an archaean See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography above which sedimentary formations that now constitute the valley-See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor about them were deposited and then eroded . There is no arrangement in chains, but only scattered rounded peaks and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short ridges, with winding valleys about them . The highest points in the state are Tom Sauk See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

Mountain (more than 1800 ft.), in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron county and See also:

• CEDAR (Lat. cedrus, Gr. iapos)

Cedar See also:

• GAP

Gap Plateau (1683 ft.), in See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright county . Few localities have an elevation exceeding 1400 ft . Rather broad, smooth valleys, well degraded hills with rounded summits, and—despite the escarpments—generally smooth contours and See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky-lines, characterize the whole of this Ozark region . 3 . The third region, the lowlands of the south-east, has an area of some 3000 sq. m . It is an undulating country, for the most See also:

• PART

part well drained, but swampy in its lowest portions . The Mississippi is skirted with lagoons, lakes and morasses from Ste Genevieve to the Arkansas border, and in places is confined by levees . The drainage of the state is wholly into the Mississippi, directly or indirectly, and almost wholly into either that river or the Missouri within the See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the state .

The latter stream, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the state and cutting the eastern and western borders at or near St See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis and Kansas See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City respectively, has a length between these of 430 M . The areas drained into the Mississippi outside the state through the St Francis, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White and other minor streams are relatively small . The larger streams of the Ozark dome are of decided See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the physiographer . Those of the White See also:

• SYSTEM

system have open-trough valleys bordered by hills in their upper courses and canyons in their See also:

• LOWER

lower courses; others, notably the Gasconade, exhibit re- ' Counting the St Francis See also:

• PROJECTION

projection the length is 328 M . 2 Both the Ozark region and the prairie region are divided by minor escarpments into ten or twelve sub-regions.markable See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the drainage areas of their two sides, with interesting illustrations of shifting water-partings; and the White, Gasconade, Osage and other See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are remarkable for upland meanders, lying, not on See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood-plains, but around the spurs of a highland country.' Caves, chiefly of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone formation, occur in great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers in and near the Ozark Mountain region in the south-western part of Missouri . More than a See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred have been discovered in See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone county alone, and there are many in See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian, See also:

• GREENE, GEORGE WASHINGTON (1811-1883)
• GREENE, MAURICE (1695-1755)
• GREENE, NATHANAEL (1742-1786)
• GREENE, ROBERT (c. 1560-1592)

Greene and McDonald counties . The most remarkable is See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

Marble See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

Cave, a short distance south-east of the centre of Stone county . The entrance is through a large sink-hole at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of Roark Mountain, from which there is a passage-way to an open chamber . This extraordinary See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall-like See also:

• ROOM

room is about 350 ft. long and about 125 ft. wide, has bluish-See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey limestone walls, and an almost perfectly vaulted roof, rising from See also:

• LOO (formerly called " Lanterloo," Fr. lanturlu, the refrain of a popular 17th-century song)

loo to 195 ft . Its acoustic properties are said to be almost perfect, and it has been named " the Auditorium." At one end is a remarkable stalagmitic formation of white and See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold See also:

• ONYX

onyx, about 65 ft. in height and about 200 ft. in girth, called ." the White See also:

• THRONE

Throne." See also:

• JACOB
• JACOB, JOHN (1812-1858)

Jacob's Cavern (q.v.), near Pineville, McDonald county, disclosed on exploration skeletons of men and animals, See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude implements, &c . Crystal Cave, near See also:

• JOPLIN

Joplin, See also:

• JASPER

Jasper county, has its entire surface lined with See also:

• CALCITE

calcite crystals and scalenohedron formations, from I ft. to 2 ft. in length . See also:

• KNOX, HENRY (1750-1806)
• KNOX, JOHN (c. 1505–1572)
• KNOX, PHILANDER CHASE (1853– )

Knox Cave, in Greene county, and several caverns near Ozark, in Christian county, are also of interest .

Other caves include Fried's Cave, about 6 m. north-east of Rolla, See also:

• PHELPS, AUSTIN (182o-1890)
• PHELPS, EDWARD JOHN (1822-I900)
• PHELPS, SAMUEL (1804-1878)

Phelps county, See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal Cave (in Ralls county, about i m. south of Hannibal), which has a deep See also:

• POOL

pool containing many eyeless See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish; and various caverns in See also:

• MILLER, HUGH (1802–1856)
• MILLER, JOAQUIN (CINCINNATUS HEINE) (1841- )
• MILLER, JOE (JosEPH or JosIAS( (1684-1738)
• MILLER, SAMUEL FREEMAN (1816-1890)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1782-1849)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1795-1861)
• MILLER, WILLIAM (1796–1882)
• MILLER, WILLIAM HALLOWES (18o1–188o)

Miller, Ozark, Greene and See also:

• PARRY (from Fr. parer, to ward off)
• PARRY, SIR CHARLES HUBERT HASTINGS, BART
• PARRY, SIR WILLIAM EDWARD (179o–1855)

Parry counties . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• HISTORY

history of the state covers the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from Algonkian to See also:

• LATE

late Carboniferous See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time, after which there is a gap in the See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record until See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary time, except that there was apparently a temporary depression of the north-western and south-western corners in the Cretaceous See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Northern Missouri is covered with a See also:

• MANTLE

mantle of glacial deposits, generally thick, although in the stream valleys of the north-east the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed-rocks are widely exposed . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern limit of these glacial deposits is practically the bluffs bordering the Missouri river, except for a narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip along the Mississippi below St Louis . These See also:

• PLEISTOCENE

Pleistocene deposits include bouldery See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift, See also:

• LOESS (Ger. Loss)

loess, See also:

• TERRACE (Fr. terrace, terrasse, from It. terraccia, terrazzo, Lat. terra, earth)

terrace deposits and See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium . The till is generally less than 5 ft. and rarely more than 40 ft. deep, but in some localities it reaches a thickness of zoo ft., or even more . Modified drift and erratics were also widely deposited . The loess, however—reddish-See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown, See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff or grey in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, according to the varying proportions of iron See also:

• OXIDE

oxide—is almost everywhere spread above the drift . It is exposed in very deep cuts along the bluffs of the Missouri . Southern Missouri is covered, generally speaking, with residuary rocks . The embayment region is of Tertiary origin, containing deposits of both neocene and See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

eocene periods . Regarding now the outcrops of bed-See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, there are exposures of Algonkian (doubtful, and at most a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere patch on See also:

• PILOT

Pilot Knob), Archean, See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian, Ordovician, See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian, Devonian, sub-Carboniferous and Carboniferous .

The St See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois Mountains and the neighbouring portion of the Ozark region are capped with Archean rocks . All the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Ozark region except the extreme south-western corner of the state is Cambro-Ordovician . Along the margin of this great See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit, on the Mississippi river below St Louis and along the northern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the Missouri near its mouth, is an outcrop of Silurian . Parallel to this in the latter locality, and lying also along the Mississippi near by to the north, as well as in the intervening country between the two rivers, are strips of Devonian . Both this and the Silurian are mere fringes on the great area of Cambro-Ordovician . Next, covering the north-eastern and south-western corners of the state, and connecting them with a narrow belt, are the lower Carboniferous See also:

• MEASURES

measures (which also appear in a very narrow See also:

• BAND

band along the Mississippi for some distance below St Louis) . The western edge of these follows an irregular See also:

• LINE

line from See also:

• SCHUYLER, PHILIP JOHN (1733–1804)

Schuyler county, on the northern border, to See also:

• BARTON, BENJAMIN SMITH (1766-1815)
• BARTON, BERNARD (1784–1849)
• BARTON, CLARA (1821– )
• BARTON, ELIZABETH (c. 1506–1534)

Barton county, on the western border, of the state, but with a great eastward projection north of the Missouri river, to See also:

• MONTGOMERY
• MONTGOMERY ( Tre' Faldwyn)
• MONTGOMERY, GABRIEL, SEIGNEUR DE LORGES, COMTE DE (c. 1530-1574)
• MONTGOMERY, JAMES (1771-1854)
• MONTGOMERY, ROBERT (1807-1855)

Montgomery county . This line defines the eastern limit of the See also:

• COAL

Coal Measures proper, which See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover a belt 20 to 8o m. in width . Finally, to the west of these, and covering the north-western corner of the state, are the upper coal measures . Thus the state is to be conceived, in geological history, as gradually built up around an Archean See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island in successive seas, the whole of the state becoming dry See also:

• LAND

land after the See also:

• POST

post-Carboniferous uplift . Until the post-Mesozoic uplift of the Rocky Mountain region the north-western portion of the state drained westward . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—Excepting the embayment region, Missouri lies wholly within the Carolinian area of the Upper Austral See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone; the 3 There has been some controversy as to whether this See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition is due to the elevation and corrosion of original flood-plain meanders after their development in a past See also:

• BASE

base-level condition—which theory is probably correct—or to the natural, simultaneous lateral and See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical cut of an originally slightly sinuous stream, under such See also:

• SPECIAL

special conditions of stream declivity and See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal bed-strata (conditions supposed by some to be peculiarly fulfilled in this region) as would be favourable to the requisite See also:

• BALANCE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. bilantia, an apparatus for weighing, from bi, two, and lanx, a dish or scale)

balance of See also:

• BANK

bank cutting and channel incision .

Missouri . Altogether, about 850 m., or considerably more than half of the entire boundary, is water-front: about 56o m. along the Mississippi, about zo8 m. along the Missouri, and about coo m. along the St Francis and Des Moines . The length of the state from north to south, disregarding the St Francis projection southward, is 282 m.,' the width from west to east varies from zo8 to 308 m., and the See also:

• TOTAL

total area is 69,420 sq. m., of which 693 sq. m. are water surface . See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—Missouri has three distinct physiographic divisions: a north-western upland plain, or prairie region; a See also:

• LOWLAND

lowland, in the extreme south-east; and, between these, the Missouri portion of the Ozark uplift . The boundary between the prairie and Ozark regions follows the Missouri river from its mouth to See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow, See also:

• RUNNING

running thence south-westward, with irregular limits, but with a See also:

• DIRECT

direct trend, to Jasper county at the south-east corner of Kansas; and the boundary between the Ozark and embayment regions runs due south-west from Cape Girardeau . embayment lies in the Austro-riparian area of the same zone . Among See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild animals, See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer and See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear are not uncommon . Opossums, raccoons, woodchucks, foxes, grey squirrels and See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox-squirrels are See also:

• COMMON

common . The See also:

• GAME

game birds include See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail ( "Bob White ") and partridges . Prairie chickens (pinnated See also:

• GROUSE

grouse), pheasants and wild turkeys, all very common as late as 188o, are no longer to be found See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save in remote and thinly-settled districts . A state fish See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission has laboured to increase the common varieties of river fish . So far as these are an See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, they come, like frogs, terrapin and turtles, mainly from the counties of the embayment region .

See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

Mussel See also:

• FISHERIES

fisheries, an See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry confined to the Mississippi river counties from See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln to See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis, are economically important, as the shells are used in the manufacture of See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl buttons . There are state fish-hatcheries at St Louis and St See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The most valuable forests are in the southern half of the state, which, except where cleared for farms, is almost continuously wooded . An almost entire See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of underbrush is characteristic of Missouri forests . The finest See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods are on the eastern upland and on the Mississippi lowlands . The entire woodland area of the state was estimated at 41,000 sq. m. by the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1900 . Ash, oaks, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and sweet gums, chestnuts, hickories, hard See also:

• MAPLE, SIR JOHN BLUNDELL, BART

maple, See also:

• BEECH

beech, See also:

• WALNUT (Juglans)

walnut and short-See also:

• LEAF (O. Eng. leaf, cf. Dutch loof, Ger. Laub, Swed. lof, &c.; possibly to be referred to the root seen in Gr. Ma-eta, to peel, strip)

leaf See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine are noteworthy among the trees of the Carolinian area; the tupelo and bald See also:

• CYPRESS (Cupressus)

cypress of the embayment region, and long-leaf and loblolly pines, pecans and live oaks of the uplands, among those characteristic of the Austro-riparian . But the habitats overlap, and persimmons and magnolias of different See also:

• SPECIES

species are common and notable in both areas . The heavy See also:

• TIMBER

timber in the south-eastern counties (cypress, &c.), and even scattered stands of such valuable woods as walnut, white See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

oak and red-See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, have already been considerably exploited . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—Missouri has a See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental climate, with wide range of moisture and temperature . The Ozark uplift tempers very agreeably the summers in the south, but does not affect the climate of the state as a whole . The normal mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature for the entire state is about 54° F.; the normal monthly means through the See also:

• YEAR

year are approximately 29'6, 30'3, 42, 55.4, 64'6, 73'2, 77'1, 75'7, 68.2, 57, 42.8 and 33.1° F .

The south-eastern corner is crossed by an annual See also:

• ISOTHERM (Gr. ivos, equal, and %pan, heat)

isotherm of 60°, the north-western by one of 50°; and although in the former region sometimes not a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the year may show an See also:

• AVERAGE

average temperature below freezing-point, at See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson City there are occasionally two months of freezing See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather, and at See also:

• ROCKPORT

Rockport three . Nevertheless, the yearly means of the five districts into which the state is divided by the national weather service exhibit very slight differences: approximately 52.1, 52.7, 54.4, 56.1 and 55.7° F. respectively for the north-west, north-east, central, south-east and south-west . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the range in any See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of local See also:

• ABSOLUTE (Lat. absolvere, to loose, set free)

absolute temperatures over the state is habitually great (normally about 5o° in the hottest and loo° or more in the coldest months), and likewise the annual range for individual localities (90° to 1400) . Temperatures as high as too° to 105° and as low as -2o° or -3o° are recorded locally almost every year, and the maximum range of extremes shown by the records is from 116° at Marble See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, Bollinger county, in See also:

• JULY

July 1901, to -4o° at See also:

• WARSAW
• WARSAW (Polish Warszawa, Ger. Warschau, Fr. Varsovie)

Warsaw, See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton county, in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1905 . The average fall of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow, which is mostly within the months from See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March inclusive, ranges from about 8 in. in the south-east counties to 30 in. in the north-west counties . The Missouri river is often closed by See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice, and the Mississippi at St Louis, partly because it is obstructed by See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges, sometimes freezes over so that for See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks together horses and wagons can See also:

• CROSS

cross on the ice . The average yearly rainfall for the state as a whole is about 39 in., ranging from 53.7 in. in 1898 to 25.3 in. in 1901 . The prevailing winds are southerly, although west winds are common in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . Winds from the north and west are generally dry, cool, clear and invigorating; winds from the south and east warm, moist and depressing . Rainfall comes from the Gulf of Mexico . The south-east winds See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from the arid lands and carry rising temperatures across the state; and the winter See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-cyclones from the north-west carry low temperatures even to the southern border . Missouri lies very frequently in the dangerous quadrant of the great cyclonic storms passing over the Mississippi valley—indeed, north-ern Missouri lies in the area of maximum frequency of tornadoes .

See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Few states have so great a variety of soils . This variety is due to the presence of different forms of glacial drift, and to the variety of surface rocks . The northern half of the state is well watered and extremely fertile . The south-eastern embayment is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich to an exceptional degree . Speaking generally, the Ozark region is characterized by reddish See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

clays, mixed with gravels and stones, and cultivable in inverse proportion to the amount of these elements; northern Missouri by a generally black See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam over a clay subsoil, with practically no admixture of stones; the southern prairies, above referred to, See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share the characteristics of those north of the Missouri . The Mississippi embayment is in parts predominantly sandy, in others clayey; it is mainly under timber . The state as a whole is devoted predominantly to agriculture . Within its borders or See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close about them are the centres of total and of improved See also:

• FARM

farm acreage, of total farm values, of See also:

• GROSS

gross farm income, of the growth of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, and of oats . In 1900 agriculture absorbed the labour of 41.3 % of the total working See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the state . Of the area of the state 77.3 % was Minerals.—Coal, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead, See also:

• ZINC

zinc, clays, See also:

• BUILDING

building stones and iron are the most important minerals . See also:

• COBALT (symbol Co, atomic weight 59)

Cobalt and See also:

• NICKEL
• NICKEL (symbol Ni, atomic weight 58.68 (0=16))

nickel are associated with lead in the St Francois See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field; but though the See also:

• AMERICAN

American ouput is almost exclusively derived from Missouri the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production is small in comparison with the amount derived from abroad . Practically the whole comes from Mine La Motte, in See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison county .

Missouri is also the largest producer in the Union of See also:

• TRIPOLI
• TRIPOLI (Tarabulus el-Gharb, i.e. Tripoli of the West)
• TRIPOLI, or TARABULUS (anc. Tripolis)

tripoli and of See also:

• BARYTES

barytes . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper occurs in various localities, but is of economic importance only in the Ozark uplift; it was first See also:

• MINED

mined in small quantities in 1837 . The value of the copper mined in 1906 (based on smelter returns) was $54,347 . See also:

• MINERAL

Mineral See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters—muriatic, alkaline chalybeate and sulphuric—occur widely . Various mineral paint bases (apart from lead, zinc, baryta and See also:

• KAOLIN

kaolin) are produced in small quantities . Iron, once an extremely important product, has ceased since about 1880 to be significant in the general production of the country . But it is of great importance to the state, nevertheless, and its production has possibilities much beyond See also:

• PRESENT

present realization . The ore occurs in two forms, haematites and limonites; the specular hematites often being grouped, for See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical purposes, into two classes—those occurring in See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry and those occurring in See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone . The haematites are found not only in the archean porphyries but in Cambrian limestone and sandstone, and in the sub-Carboniferous formations; while the limonites are confined almost exclusively to the Cambrian . The bedded haematites and limonites have been little exploited . See also:

• MINING

Mining was begun in Iron and See also:

• CRAWFORD, EARLS OF
• CRAWFORD, FRANCIS MARION (1854–1909)
• CRAWFORD, THOMAS (1814–1857)
• CRAWFORD, WILLIAM HARRIS (1772–1834)

Crawford counties in the second See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century; at Iron Mountain in 1846, and at Pilot Knob in the next year . Since 188o the output of the state has been falling, and the total production up to 1902 did not exceed 9,000,000 tons of ore; in 1906 the output was 80,910 tons .

Iron See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites, which occurs widely and abundantly, has become of value as material for the preparation of sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid . The limits of the coal belt have already been defined . The area of the Coal Measures is about 23,000 sq. m., and that of those classed by the National Geological Survey as probably productive is about 14,000 sq. m., or nearly the entire area of the lower measures . The coal is almost wholly bituminous, with very little cannelite . The seams are generally from one to five feet in thickness . See also:

• MACON
• MACON, NATHANIEL (1758-1837)

Macon, See also:

• LAFAYETTE

Lafayette and See also:

• ADAIR, JOHN (d. 1722)

Adair are the leading counties in output; See also:

• LEXINGTON
• LEXINGTON, BARON

Lexington and Bevier are the leading mining centres . The total output from 184o to 1902 was about 78,500,000 short tons; the annual output first passed 1,000,000 tons in 1876, and 2,000,000 tons in 1882; and from 1901 to 1905 the yearly output, steadily increasing, aver-aged 4,196,688 tons, of a value at the mines of $6,266,154; the output in 1908 was 3,317,315 tons, with a spot value of $5,444,907 . Superficial evidences of natural See also:

• GAS

gas and See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum are abundant in western and north-western Missouri, but these have not been found in commercially profitable quantities . The total value of natural gas from See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells in Missouri in 1908 was $22,592 . A few small oil wells are open near the Kansas line . Both crude oil and natural gas are See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from Kansas for the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of Kansas City and other parts of western Missouri . Lead occurs in three areas in southern Missouri .

In the first, of which St Francois county is the centre, it occurs generally alone disseminated in Cambrian limestone; in the second, of which the counties immediately south-west of Jefferson City are the centre, it occurs with zinc in reticulated deposits and fissure See also:

• VEINS

veins in clays and clastic limestones; and in the third, of which Jasper county is much the most important county, the two metals occur in pockets and See also:

• JOINTS

joints in the Burlington-See also:

• KEOKUK

Keokuk beds of the sub-Carboniferous: The first is the great lead area, the third the great zinc area; the second is no longer of relative importance . The lead ores are See also:

• GALENA

galena and carbonate; the zinc ores, See also:

• CALAMINE

calamine, smithsonite and See also:

• BLENDE, or SPHALERITE

blende . The mines in the St Francois field were worked by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French from See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in the 18th century . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest, Mine La Motte (Madison county), discovered in 1715 by De la Motte See also:

• CADILLAC

Cadillac, is still a heavy producer . St Francois county alone produces about nine-tenths the yield of the field; Madison, See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington, Jefferson and See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin counties furnish most of the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder. arge quantities of lead are also obtained from the zinc field of the south-west . Both the St Francois and Jasper ores yield from 70 to 75% of See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal in final product, and assay even higher . It has been estimated that down to 1893 1,100,000 tons of ore, yielding metal See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth $74,000,000, had been taken from the state, fully half of this having been mined in the preceding twenty years . The total output for the state in 1908 was 114,459 tons, valued at $12,134,556; of this 116,531 tons came from the central and south-east field, and of the remainder 15,240 tons from the See also:

• WEBB, MATTHEW (1848-1883)
• WEBB, SIDNEY (1859– )

Webb City—Prosperity See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp . Zinc was originally a hindering by-product of lead mining in the south-west, and was thrown away; but it long ago became the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief product in value in this field . The so-called Joplin See also:

• DISTRICT

district " of south-western Missouri and south-eastern Kansas—three-fourths of it being in Missouri—produces nine-tenths of all the zinc mined in the United States . Mining in south-western Missouri began about 1851, but zinc was of no importance in the output until 1872 . In the next See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-one years the aggreate product was about 3,000,000 tons of ore, worth some See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000,000 .

The output from 1894 to 1905 averaged 219,874 tons of ore yearly; in 1908 it was 107,404 tons . The history of the St Francois, See also:

• GRANBY, JOHN MANNERS, MARQUESS

Granby and Joplin districts has been sensational . The fortunes of the last have largely revolutionized the conditions and prospects of the south-western counties . See also:

• SILVER

Silver is found in connexion with lead and zinc mining; in 1908 the total output was 49,131 OZ., valued at $26,039 . Clays occur in amounts and varieties surpassed by the deposits in very few if any states of the Union . They are in every See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form from the rare to the common=See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass pot clay, See also:

• BALL (in Mid. Eng. bal; the word is probably cog