See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)  , a See also:

• TERM

term which, though used generally in the sense of exclusive See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession, is more accurately applied only to grants from the See also:

• CROWN

Crown or from See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, the private See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of an individual whereby he obtains See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply of any particular See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article, being properly defined as See also:

• ENGROSSING

engrossing." It was from the practice of the See also:

• SOVEREIGN

sovereign granting to a favourite, or as a See also:

• REWARD

reward for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service, a See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly in the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale or manufacture of some particular class of goods that the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of protecting inventions arose, and this fact lends additional See also:

• INTEREST

interest to the See also:

• HISTORY

history of monopolies (see See also:

• PATENTS

PATENTS) . When the practice of making such grants first arose it does not appear easy to say . See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• EDWARD

Edward See also:

• COKE (a northern English word, possibly connected with " colk," core)
• COKE, SIR EDWARD (1552-1634)
• COKE, SIR JOHN (1563-1644)
• COKE, THOMAS (1747-1814)

Coke laid it down that by the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king could See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant to an inventor, or to the importer of an invention from abroad, a temporary monopoly in his invention, but that grants in See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint of See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade were illegal . Such, too, was the law laid down in the first recorded See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, See also:

• DARCY, THOMAS DARCY, BARON (1467-1537)

Darcy v . See also:

• ALLEN, BOG OF
• ALLEN, ETHAN (1739–1789)
• ALLEN, GRANT CHARLES GRANT BLAIRFINDIEI, (1848–1899)
• ALLEN, JAMES LANE (1850– )
• ALLEN, JOHN (1476–1534)
• ALLEN, or ALLEYN, THOMAS (1542-1632)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM (1532-1594)
• ALLEN, WILLIAM FRANCIS (183o-1889)

Allen (the case of monopolies, 1602), and this decision was never overruled, though the law was frequently evaded . The patent rolls of the Plantagenets show few instances of grants of monopolies (the earliest known is temp . Edw . IT_I.), and we come down to the reign of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry VIII. before we find much See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of this exercise of the See also:

• PREROGATIVE

prerogative in the case of either new inventions or known articles of trade . See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, as is well known, granted patents of monopoly so freely that the practice became a See also:

• GRAVE

grave abuse, and on several occasions gave rise to serious complaints in the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of See also:

• COMMONS

Commons . Lists prepared at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time show that many of the commonest necessaries of See also:

• LIFE

life were the subjects of monopolies, by which their See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price was grievously enhanced . That the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen did not assume the right of making these grants entirely at her See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure is shown, not only by her own statements in See also:

• ANSWER (derived from and, against, and the same root as swear)

answer to addresses from the house, but by the fact that the preambles to the See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments conveying the grants always set forth some public benefit to be derived from their See also:

• ACTION

action . Thus a grant of a monopoly to sell playing-See also:

• CARDS, PLAYING

cards is made, because " See also:

• DIVERS

divers subjects of able bodies, which might go to plough, did employ themselves in the See also:

• ART

art of making of cards "; and one for the sale of See also:

• STARCH

starch is justified on the ground that it would prevent See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat being wasted for the purpose .

Accounts of the angry debates in 1565 and 16or are given in See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume and elsewhere . The former debate produced a promise from the queen that she would be careful in exercising her privileges; the latter a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation which, received with See also:

• GREAT

great joy by the house, really had but little effect in stopping the abuses complained of . In the first parliament of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. a " See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of grievances " was appointed, of which Sir Edward Coke was chairman . Numerous monopoly patents were brought up before them, and were cancelled . Many more, however, were granted by the king, and. there See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up a See also:

• RACE

race of " purveyors," who made use of the privileges granted them under the great See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal for various purposes of See also:

• EXTORTION (Lat. extorsio, from extorquere, to twist out, to take away by force)

extortion . One of the most notorious of these was Sir See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles Mompesson, who fled the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country to avoid trial in 162r . After the introduction of several bills, and several attempts by James to See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise the See also:

• MATTER

matter by orders in See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council and promises, the See also:

• STATUTE

Statute of Monopolies was passed in 1623 . This made all monopolies illegal, except such as might be granted by parliament or were in respect of new manufactures or inventions . Upon this excepting clause is built up the entire See also:

• ENGLISH

English system of letters patent for inventions . The act was strictly enforced, and by. its aid the evil system of monopolies was eventually abolished . Parliament has, of course, never exercised its See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of granting to any individual exclusive privileges of dealing in any articles of trade, such as the privileges of the Elizabethan monopolists; but the licences required to be taken out by dealers in See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, &c., are lineal descendants of the old monopoly grants, while the quasi-monopolies enjoyed by See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways, canals, See also:

• GAS

gas and See also:

• WATER

water companies, &c., under acts of parliament, are also representative of the ancient practice . See W .

H . Price, The English Patents of Monopoly (1906) .