See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• MONROE
• JAMES MONROE (1758-1831)

MONROE (1758-1831)  , fifth See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on See also:

• MONROE
• MONROE, JAMES (1758-1831)

Monroe's See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

creek, a tributary of the See also:

• POTOMAC

Potomac See also:

• RIVER

river, in Westmoreland See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia, on the 28th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1758 . His See also:

• FATHER

father, See also:

• SPENCE, THOMAS (1750-1814)

Spence Monroe, was of Scotch, and his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, was of Welsh descent . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen he entered the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William and See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary, See also:

• WILLIAMS
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1582-1650)
• WILLIAMS, JOHN (1796-1839)
• WILLIAMS, ROGER (c. 1604–1684)
• WILLIAMS, ROWLAND (1817-1870)
• WILLIAMS, SIR WILLIAM FENWICK

Williams-See also:

• BURG

burg, Virginia, but in 1776 he See also:

• LEFT

left college to take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War for See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

Independence: He enlisted in the Third Virginia See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, in which he became a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, and subsequently took part in the battles of Harlem Heights, See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White Plains, Trenton (where he was wounded), See also:

• BRANDYWINE

Brandywine, See also:

• GERMANTOWN

Germantown, and See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth . In See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1777 he was appointed volunteer aide-de-See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp to William See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (" See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling "), with the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, and thereby lost his rank in the See also:

• CONTINENTAL

Continental See also:

• LINE

line; but in the following See also:

• YEAR

year, at See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington's solicitation, he received a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission as lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel in a new regiment to be raised in Virginia . In 178o he began the study of See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law under See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson, then See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Virginia, and between the two there See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed an intimacy and a sympathy that had a powerful See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence upon Monroe's later career . In 1782 he was elected to the Virginia See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

House of Delegates, and though only twenty-four years of age he was chosen a member of the governor's See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council . He served in the See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress of the See also:

• CON

Con-federation from 1783 to 1786 and was there conspicuous for his vigorous insistence upon the right of the United States to the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi River, and for his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to regulate See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to remove one of the See also:

• GREAT

great defects in the existing central See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government . On retiring from Congress he began the practice of law at Fredericksburg, Virginia, was chosen a member of the Virginia House of Delegates in 1787, and in 1788 was a member of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention which ratified for Virginia the Federal constitution . In 1790 he was elected to the United States See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

senate to fill the vacancy caused by the See also:

• DEATH

death of William Grayson, and although in this See also:

• BODY

body he vigorously opposed Washington's See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration, Washington on the 27th of May 1794 nominated him as See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . It was the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of the administration that Monroe's well-known See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French sympathies would secure for him a favourable reception, and that his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment would also conciliate the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends of France in the United States . His warm reception in France and his enthusiastic Republicanism, however, displeased the Federalists at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home; he did nothing, moreover, to reconcile the French to the See also:

• JAY (Fr. geai)
• JAY, JOHN (1745-1829)
• JAY, WILLIAM (1769-1853)

Jay treaty (see JAY, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN), which they regarded as a violation of the French treaty of See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance of 1778 and as a possible casus See also:

• BELLI, GIUSEPPE GIOACHINO (1791-1863)

belli . The administration therefore decided that he was unable to represent his government properly and See also:

• LATE

late in 1796 recalled him .

Monroe returned to See also:

• AMERICA

America in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1797, and in the following See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December published a See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of his course in a pamphlet of 500 pages entitled A View of the Conduct of the Executive in the See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign Affairs of the United States, and printed in See also:

• PHILADELPHIA

Philadelphia by See also:

• BENJAMIN
• BENJAMIN, JUDAHPHILIP (1811-1884)

Benjamin See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin See also:

• BACHE, ALEXANDER DALLAS (1806-1867)
• BACHE, FRANCIS EDWARD (1833–1888)

Bache (1769–1798) . Washington seems never to have forgiven Monroe for this, though Monroe's See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of Washington and Jay underwent a See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change in his later years . In 1799 Monroe was chosen governor of Virginia and was twice re-elected, serving until 1802 . At this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there was much uneasiness in the United States as a result of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain's restoration of See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana to France by the See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret treaty of See also:

• SAN

San Ildefonso, in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1800; and the subsequent withdrawal of the " right of See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit " at New See also:

• ORLEANS
• ORLEANS, CHARLES, DUKE OF (1391-1465)
• ORLEANS, DUKES OF
• ORLEANS, FERDINAND PHILIP LOUIS CHARLES HENRY, DUKE OF (1810-1842)
• ORLEANS, HENRI, PRINCE
• ORLEANS, HENRIETTA, DUCHESS
• ORLEANS, JEAN BAPTISTE GASTON, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE JOSEPH
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ROBERT, DUKE
• ORLEANS, LOUIS PHILIPPE, DUKE OF (1725–1785)
• ORLEANS, LOUIS, DUKE OF (1372–1407)
• ORLEANS, PHILIP I
• ORLEANS, PHILIP II

Orleans by the See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant greatly increased this feeling and led to much talk of war . Resolved upon peaceful See also:

• MEASURES

measures, President Jefferson in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1803 appointed Monroe See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy extraordinary and minister plenipotentiary to France to aid See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert R . See also:

• LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (1764–1836)
• LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R
• LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM (1723-1790)

Livingston, the See also:

• RESIDENT

resident minister, in obtaining by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase the territory at the mouth of the Mississippi, including the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of New Orleans, and at the same time authorized him to co-operate with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• PINCKNEY, CHARLES (1757–1824)
• PINCKNEY, CHARLES COTESWORTH (1746–1825)
• PINCKNEY, THOMAS (1750-1828)

Pinckney, the minister at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, in securing from Spain the cession of See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West See also:

• FLORIDA

Florida . On the 18th of April Monroe was further commissioned as the See also:

• REGULAR

regular minister to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain . He joined Livingston in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris on the 12th of April, after the negotiations were well under way; and the two ministers, on finding See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon willing In 1816 Monroe was chosen president of the United States; he received 183 electoral votes, and See also:

• RUFUS, GAIUS VALGIUS
• RUFUS, LUCIUS VARIUS (c 74—14 B.c.)

Rufus See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, his Federalist opponent, 34 . In 1820 he was re-elected, receiving all the electoral votes but one, which William Plumer (1759–1850) of New See also:

• HAMPSHIRE (or COUNTY OF SOUTHAMPTON, abbreviated HANTS)

Hampshire See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast for John See also:

• QUINCY
• QUINCY, JOSIAH (1744–1775)

Quincy See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, in order, it is said, that no one might See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share with Washington the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of a unanimous See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief events of his administration, which has been called the " era of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good feeling," were the See also:

• SEMINOLE
• SEMINOLE (properly Simanoli, " renegade," " runaway," in allusion to their secession from the Creek confederacy)

Seminole War (1817–18); the acquisition of the Floridas from Spain (1819–21); the "See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

Compromise " (182o), by which the first conflict over See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery under the constitution was peacefully adjusted; the See also:

• VETO (Lat. for " I forbid ")

veto of the See also:

• CUMBERLAND
• CUMBERLAND, DUKES AND EARLS OF
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1632-1718)
• CUMBERLAND, RICHARD (1732-1811)
• CUMBERLAND, WILLIAM AUGUSTUS

Cumberland Road See also:

• BILL

Bill (1822)1 on constitutional grounds; and—most 1 The Cumberland (or See also:

• NATIONAL

National) Road from Cumberland, Mary-See also:

• LAND

land, to See also:

• WHEELING

Wheeling, West Virginia, was projected in 18o6, by an See also:

• APPROPRIATION (from Lat. appropriare, to set aside)

appropriation of 1819 was extended to the See also:

• OHIO

Ohio River, by an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act of 1825 (signed by Monroe on the last See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day of his See also:

• TERM

term of See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office) was continued to See also:

• ZANESVILLE

Zanesville, and by an act of 1829 was extended west-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward from Zanesville . The appropriation of 1806 for the construction of the road had brought into national politics the question of the authority of the Federal government to make " See also:

• INTERNAL

internal improvements." The bill vetoed by Monroe would in effect have given to the Federal government See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction over the road; and in his elaborate memorandum (May 4, 1822) accompanying his veto See also:

• MESSAGE (a word occurring in slightly different forms in several languages, e.g. Fr. message, Span. mensaje, Ital. messagio; adapted from the Low Lat. missaticum, from mittere)

message, Monroe discussed at length the constitutional questions involved, argued that the Federal government was empowered by the Constitution to appropriate See also:

• MONEY

money for " internal improvements," and in See also:

• CONCERT (through the French from Lat. con-, with, and certare, to strive)

concert with the states through which a road was to pass might supervise the construction of such a road, but might not exercise jurisdiction over it, and advocated the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of an See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment to the constitution giving larger power to the Federal government " confined to great national See also:

• WORKS

works only, since, if it were unlimited it would be liable to abuse, and might be productive of evil." For the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the Cumberland Road, see See also:

• ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer B . Hulbert, The Cumberland Road (See also:

• CLEVELAND
• CLEVELAND (or CLEIVELAND), JOHN (1613—1658)
• CLEVELAND, BARBARA VILLIERS, DUCHESS OF (1641-1709)
• CLEVELAND, STEPHEN GROVER (1837-1908)

Cleveland, Ohio, 1904) .

II intimately connected with Monroe's name—the enunciation in the presidential message of the 2nd of December 1823 of what has since been known as the Monroe See also:

• DOCTRINE

Doctrine (q.v.), which has profoundly influenced the foreign policy of the United States . On the expiration of his second term he retired to his home at See also:

• OAK (O. Eng., (lc)

Oak See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill, See also:

• LOUDOUN, JOHN

Loudoun county, Virginia . In 1826 he became a See also:

• REGENT (from Lat. regere, to rule)

regent of the university of Virginia, and in 1829 was a member of the convention called to amend the state constitution . Having neglected his private affairs and incurred large expenditures during his See also:

• MISSIONS (Lat. missio, a sending)

missions to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, he experienced considerable pecuniary embarrassment in his later years, and was compelled to ask Congress to reimburse him for his expenses in the public service . Congress finally (in 1826) authorized the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of $30,000 to him, and after his death appropriated a small amount for the purchase of his papers from his heirs . He died in New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City on the 4th of See also:

• JULY

July 1831, while visiting his daughter, Mrs See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel L . Gouverneur . In 1858, the centennial year of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth, his remains were reinterred with impressive ceremonies at See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, Virginia . Jefferson, See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison, John Quincy Adams, See also:

• CALHOUN, JOHN CALDWELL (1782-185o)

Calhoun, and See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton all speak loudly in Monroe's praise; but he suffers by comparison with the greater statesmen of his time . Possessing none of their brilliance, he had, nevertheless, to use the words of . John Quincy Adams, " a mind . . . See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

sound in its ultimate judgments, and See also:

• FIRM

firm in its final conclusions." See also:

• SCHOULER, JAMES (1839— )

Schouler points out that like Washington and See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln he was " conspicuous .

. . for patient considerateness to all sides." Monroe was about six feet tall, but, being stoop-shouldered and rather ungainly seemed less; his eyes, a greyish See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue, were deep-set and kindly; his See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face was delicate, naturally refined, and prematurely lined . The best-known portrait, that by See also:

• VANDERLYN, JOHN (1776–1852)

Vanderlyn, is in the New York City See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall . Monroe was married in 1786 to Elizabeth Kortwright (1768–1830) of New York, and at his death was survived by two daughters . See The Writings of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Monroe (7 vols., New York, 1898–1903), edited by S . M . See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton; See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel C . See also:

• GILMAN, DANIEL COIT (1831-1908)

Gilman, James Monroe (See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, 1883), in the " See also:

• AMERICAN

American Statesman See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

Series "; J . R . Irelan, History of the See also:

• LIFE

Life, Administration and Times of James Monroe, being vol. v. of his See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic (See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, 1887) ; John Quincy Adams, The Lives of James Madison and James Monroe (See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, 185o) ; B . W . See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond, jun., Monroe's See also:

• MISSION

Mission to France, 1794–1796 (See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore, 1907) ; See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Adams, History of the United States (9 vols., New York, 1889-1891), containing a full but unsympathetic See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of Monroe's career as a diplomatist; and James Schouler, History of the United States, vols. ii. and iii . (New York, 1894), which estimates his public services highly .