See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

MICHEL DE See also:

• MICHEL DE MONTAIGNE (1533-1592)

MONTAIGNE (1533-1592)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French essayist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born, as he himself tells us, between eleven 'o'See also:

• CLOCK

clock and See also:

• NOON

noon on the 28th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1533• The patronymic of the See also:

• MONTAIGNE, MICHEL DE (1533-1592)

Montaigne See also:

• FAMILY

family, who derived their See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title from the See also:

• CHATEAU (from Lat. castellum, fortress, through O. Fr. chastel, chasteau)

chateau at which the essayist was born and which had been bought by his grandfather, was Eyquem . It was believed to be of See also:

• ENGLISH

English origin, and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of See also:

• GASCONY (Wasconia)

Gascony and See also:

• GUIENNE

Guienne by the English certainly provided abundant opportunity for the introduction of English colonists . But the elaborate researches of M . Malvezin (See also:

• MICHEL
• MICHEL, CLAUDE
• MICHEL, FRANCISQUE XAVIER (1809-1887)

Michel de Montaigne, son origine et sa famille, 1875) proved the existence of a family of Eyquems or Ayquems before the See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of Eleanor of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine to See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, though no connexion between this family, who were sieurs de Lesparre, and the essayist's ancestors can be made out . Montaigne is not far from See also:

• BORDEAUX

Bordeaux, with which the Eyquem family had for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time been connected . See also:

• PIERRE

Pierre Eyquem, Montaigne's See also:

• FATHER

father, had been engaged in See also:

• COMMERCE
• COMMERCE (Lat. commercium, from, cum, together, and rnerx, merchandise)

commerce (a See also:

• HERRING (Clupea harengus, Haring in German, le hareng in French, sill in Swedish)

herring-See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant See also:

• SCALIGER

Scaliger calls him, and his grandfather Ramon had certainly followed that See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade), had filled many municipal offices in Bordeaux, and had served under See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis I. in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy as a soldier . He married Antoinette de Louppes (See also:

• LOPEZ, CARLOS ANTONIO (1790-1862)

Lopez), descended from a family of See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . The essayist was the third son . By the See also:

• DEATH

death of his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers, however, he became See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the family . He had also six younger brothers and sisters . His father appears, like many other men of the time, to have made a See also:

• HOBBY

hobby of See also:

• EDUCATION

education . Montaigne was not only put out to See also:

• NURSE (a shortened form of the earlier " nourice," adapted through the French from Lat. nutrix, nu/rite, to nourish)

nurse with a See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant woman, but had his sponsors from the same class, and was accustomed to See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate with it .

He was taught Latin orally by servants (a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor, Horstanus, is especially mentioned), who could speak no French, and many curious fancies were tried on him, as, for instance, that of waking him every See also:

• MORNING

morning by soft See also:

• MUSIC

music . But he was by no means allowed to be idle . A See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan of teaching him See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek by some See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical arrangement is not very intelligible, and was quite unsuccessful . These details of his education (which, like most else that is known about him, come from his own mouth) are not only interesting in them-selves, but remind the reader how, not far from the same time, See also:

• RABELAIS, FRANCOIS (c. 1490—1553)

Rabelais, the other leading writer of French during the See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, was exercising himself, though not being exercised, in plans of education almost as fantastic . At six years old Montaigne was sent to the See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college de Guienne at Bordeaux, then at the height of its reputation . Among its masters were See also:

• BUCHANAN
• BUCHANAN, CLAUDIUS
• BUCHANAN, GEORGE (1506–1582)
• BUCHANAN, JAMES (1791-1868)
• BUCHANAN, ROBERT WILLIAMS (1841-1901)

Buchanan, afterwards the teacher of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I., and See also:

• MURETUS

Muretus, one of the first scholars of the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . At thirteen Montaigne See also:

• LEFT

left the college de Guienne and began to study See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law,' it is not known where, but probably at See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . In 1548 he was at Bordeaux during oneof the frequent riots caused by the See also:

• GABELLE (French, from the Med. Lat. gabulum, gablum, a tax, for the origin of which see GAVELKIND)

gabelle, or See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt-tax . Six years afterwards, having attained his See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, he was made a counsellor in the Bordeaux See also:

• PARLEMENT (see PARLIAMENT)

parlement . In 1558 he was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Thionville, in 1559 and 1561 at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and in 1562 at the siege of See also:

• ROUEN

Rouen . He was also much about the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court, and he admits very frankly that in his youth he led a See also:

• LIFE

life of See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure, if not exactly of excess . In 1565 he married Francoise de la Chassaigne, whose father was, like himself, a member of the Bordeaux parlement .

Three years later his father died, and he succeeded to the family possessions . Finally, in 1571, as he tells us in an inscription still extant, he retired to Montaigne to take up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode there, having given up his magistracy the See also:

• YEAR

year before . His See also:

• HEALTH

health, never strong, had been further weakened by the -hard living which was usual at the time . He resolved, accordingly, to retire to a life of study and contemplation, though he indulged in no See also:

• ASCETICISM

asceticism except careful See also:

• DIET

diet . He neither had nor professed any enthusiastic See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for his wife, but he lived on excellent terms with her, and bestowed some pains on the education of the only See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child (a daughter, Leonore) who survived See also:

• INFANCY

infancy . In his study—a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower of See also:

• REFUGE

refuge, See also:

• SEPARATE

separate from the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, which he has minutely described—he read, wrote, dictated, meditated, inscribed moral sentences which still remain on the walls and rafters, annotated his books, some of which are still in existence, and in other ways gave himself up to a learned ease . He was not new to literature . In his father's lifetime, and at his See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, he had translated the Theologia naturalis of See also:

• RAYMUND

Raymund de Sabunde, a Spanish schoolman (published 1569) . On first coming to live at Montaigne he edited the See also:

• WORKS

works of his deceased friend See also:

• ETIENNE, CHARLES GUILLAUME (1778-1845)

Etienne de la Boetie, who had been the comrade of his youth, who died See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early, and who, with poems of real promise, had composed a declamatory and school-boyish theme on republicanism, entitled the Contr' un, which is one of the most over-estimated books in literature . But the years of his studious retirement were spent on a See also:

• WORK

work of infinitely greater importance . Garrulous after a See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion as Montaigne is, he gives us no clear See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of any See also:

• ORIGINAL

original or definite impulse leading him to write the famous Essays . It is very probable that if they were at first intended to have any See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form at all it was that of a table-See also:

• BOOK

book or See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

journal, such as was never more commonly kept than in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

It is certainly very noticeable that the earlier essays, those of the first two books, differ from the later in one most striking point, in that of length . Speaking generally, the essays of the- third book See also:

• AVERAGE

average fully four times the length of those of the other two . This of itself would suggest a difference in the See also:

• SYSTEM

system of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition . These first two books appeared in 158o, when their author was See also:

• FORTY

forty-seven years old . They contain, as at present published, no fewer than ninety-three essays, besides an exceedingly long See also:

• APOLOGY (from Gr. &aoXoyia, defence)

apology for the already mentioned Raymund Sabunde, in which some have seen the See also:

• KERNEL (O.E. cyrnel, a diminutive of " corn," seed, grain)

kernel of Montaigne's See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . The book begins with a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short avis (address to the reader), opening with the well-known words, " C'est icy un livre de bon See also:

• FOY, MAXIMILIEN SEBASTIEN (1775-1825)

foy, lecteur," and sketching in a few lively sentences the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of meditative egotism which is kept up throughout . His See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• OBJECT

object, the author says, is to leave for his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends and relations a See also:

• MENTAL

mental portrait of himself, defects and all; he cares neither for utility nor for fame . The essays then begin, without any See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to explain or classify their subjects . Their titles are of the most diverse character . Sometimes they are proverbial sayings or moral adages, such as " See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

Par See also:

• DIVERS

divers moyens on, arrive a pareille fin," Qu'il ne faut juger de notre heur qu'apres la mort," ' Le profit de Pon est le dommage de 1'aultre." Sometimes they are headed like the chapters of a See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on See also:

• ETHICS
• ETHICS, SHAFTESBURY, HOBBES

ethics: " De la tristesse," " De l'oisivete," " De la peur," " De 1'amitie." Sometimes a fact of some sort which has awaked a See also:

• TRAIN (M. Eng. trayn or trayne, derived through Fr. from Late Lat. trahinare, to drag, draw, Lat. trahere, cf. trail, trace, ultimately from the same source)

train of associations in the mind of the writer serves as a title, such as " On est puni de s'opiniastrer a une See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place sans raison." " De la bataille de See also:

• DREUX

Dreux," &c . Occasionally the titles seem to be deliberately fantastic, as " See also:

• DES

Des puces," " De 1'usage de se vestir." Sometimes, though not very often, the sections are in no proper sense essays, but merely See also:

• COMMONPLACE

commonplace book entries of singular facts or quotations, with hardly any comment . These point to the haphazard or indirect origin of them, which has been already suggested .

But generally the See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay-character—that is to say, the discussion of a special point, it may be with wide digressions and divergences—displays itself . The digressions are indeed See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant, and sometimes have the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of being absolutely wilful . The nominal title, even when most strictly observed, is rarely more than a starting-point; and, though the brevity of these first essays for the most See also:

• PART

part prevents the author from journeying very far, he contrives to get to the utmost range of his tether . Quotations are very frequent . In 1571 he had received the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint-Michel; in 1574 was with the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke de See also:

• MONTPENSIER, ANNE MARIE LOUISE
• MONTPENSIER, COUNTS AND DUKES OF

Montpensier; two years later was made See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman-in-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary to Henry III., and next year again to Henry of See also:

• NAVARRE (Span. Navarra)

Navarre . He visited Paris occasionally, and travelled for health or pleasure to See also:

• CAUTERETS

Cauterets, Faux Chaudes and elsewhere . But his health See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew worse and worse, and he was tormented by See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . He accordingly resolved to See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to the See also:

• BATHS

baths of See also:

• LUCCA (anc. Luca)
• LUCCA, BAGNI DI (Baths of Lucca, formerly Bagno a Corsena)

Lucca . See also:

• LATE

Late in the 18th century a journal was found in the chateau of Montaigne giving an See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of this journey, and it was published in 1774; part of it is written in See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and part dictated in French, the latter being for the most part the work of a secretary or servant . Whatever may be the See also:

• BIOGRAPHICAL

biographical value of this work, which has rarely been reprinted with the Essays themselves, and the MS. of which disappeared early, it is almost entirely destitute of See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• INTEREST

interest . The course of the journey was first northwards to Plombieres, then by See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel to See also:

• AUGSBURG
• AUGSBURG, CONFESSION OF
• AUGSBURG, WAR OF THE LEAGUE OF

Augsburg and See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, then through See also:

• TIROL (or TYROL 1)

Tirol to See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona and See also:

• PADUA (Lat. Patavium ; Ital. Padova)

Padua in Italy . Montaigne visited most of the famous cities of the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and centre, staying five months at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, where he had an See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope and was made a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen, and finally establishing himself at the baths of Lucca for nearly as long a time .

There he received See also:

• NEWS

news of his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election as See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor of Bordeaux with a See also:

• PEREMPTORY

peremptory royal endorsement enjoining See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence, and after some time journeyed homewards . The tour contains much See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information about roads, See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, travelling, &c., but the singular See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition in which it exists and the disappearance of the MS. make it rather difficult to use it as a document . The best See also:

• ARGUMENT

argument in its favour is the improbability of anybody having taken the trouble to forge so bald and awkward a heap of details . Of the fact of the journey there is no doubt whatever . Montaigne was not altogether delighted at his election to the mayoralty, which promised him two years of responsible if not very hard work . The memory of his lather, however, and the commands of the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king induced him to accept it; and he seems to have discharged it neither better nor worse than an average See also:

• MAGISTRATE (Lat. magistratus, from magister, master, properly a public office, hence the person holding such an office)

magistrate . Indeed, he gave sufficient See also:

• SATISFACTION (Lat. salisfacerc, to satisfy)

satisfaction to the citizens to be re-elected at the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of his See also:

• TERM

term, and it may be suspected that the See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of the position, which was really one of considerable dignity and importance, was not altogether indifferent to him . Unfortunately, it cannot be said that " nothing in his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office became him like the leaving of it." It was his business, if not exactly his See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, to preside at the formal election of his successor, the marechal de Matignon; but there was a severe pestilence in Bordeaux, and Montaigne writes to the jurats of that See also:

• TOWN

town, in one of the few undoubtedly See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic letters which we possess, to the effect that he will leave them to See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge whether his presence at the election is so necessary as to make it See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth his while to expose himself to the danger of going into the town in its then condition, which is specially dangerous for men coming from a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air, as he does." It may be urged in his favour that the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general circumstances of the time, where they did not produce reckless and foolhardy daring, almost necessarily produced a somewhat excessive caution . However this may be, Montaigne had difficulty enough during this turbulent See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period, all the more so from his neighbourhood to the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief haunts and possessions of Henry of Navarre, who actually visited him at Montaigne in 1584 . He was able, despite the occupations of his journey, his mayoralty, and the pressure of See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war and pestilence, which was not confined to the town, to continue his essay-See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing . His second term of office terminated in 1585; and in 1588 after a visit of some length to Paris, the third book of the Essays was published, together with the former ones considerably revised . The new essays, as has been remarked, differ strikingly from the older ones in respect of length; and the whimsical unexpectedness of the titles reappears in but two of them: " Des Coches " and " Des Boiteux." They are, however., identical with the earlier ones in spirit, and makewith them a harmonious whole—a book which has hardly been second in See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence to any of the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• WORLD

world .

This influence is almost equally remarkable in point of See also:

• MATTER

matter and in point of form . The latter aspect may be taken first . Montaigne is one of the few See also:

• GREAT

great writers who have not only perfected but have also invented a literary kind . The essay as he gave it had no forerunner in modern literature and no See also:

• DIRECT

direct ancestor in the literature of classical times . It has been suggested that the form which the essays assumed was in a way accidental, and this of itself precludes the idea of a definite See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, even if such a model could be found . Beginning with the throwing together of a few stray thoughts and quotations linked by a community of subject, the author by degrees acquires more and more certainty of See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, until he produces such masterpieces of apparent desultoriness and real unity as the essay " Sur des vers de Virgile." In matter of See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language Montaigne's position is equally important, but the ways which led him to it are more clearly traceable . His favourite author was beyond all doubt See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, and his own explicit See also:

• CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

confession makes it undeniable that Plutarch's translator, Jacques See also:

• AMYOT, JACQUES (1513-1593)

Amyot, was his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master in point of vocabulary and (so far as he took any lessons in it) of style . Montaigne, however, followed with the perfect See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence that characterized him . He was a contemporary of See also:

• RONSARD, PIERRE DE (1524-1585)

Ronsard, and his first essays were published when the innovations of the Pleiade had fully established themselves . He adopted them to a great extent, but with much discrimination, and he used his own See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment in latinizing when he pleased . In the same way he retained archaic and provincial words with a good See also:

• DEAL

deal of freedom, but by no means to excess . In the arrangement, as in the selection, of his language he is equally original .

He has not the excessive classicism of style which See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

mars even the See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• PROSE

prose of See also:

• JEAN

Jean See also:

• CALVIN, JOHN (1509-1564)

Calvin, and which makes that of some of Calvin's followers intolerably stiff . As a See also:

• RULE

rule he is careless of definitely rhythmical See also:

• CADENCE (through the Fr. from the Lat. cadentia, from cadere, to fall)

cadence, though his sentences are always pleasant to the See also:

• EAR (common Teut.; O.E. are, Ger. Ohr, Du. oor, akin to Lat. auris, Gr. ovs)

ear . But the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal characteristic of Montaigne's prose style is its remarkable ease and flexibility . A few years after Montaigne's death a great revolution, as is generally known, passed over See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism of See also:

• MALHERBE, FRANCOIS DE (1555-1628)

Malherbe, followed by the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy, the minute grammatical censures of See also:

• CLAUDE, JEAN (1619-1687)

Claude See also:

• FAVRE, JEAN ALPHONSE (1815-1890)
• FAVRE, JULES CLAUDE GABRIEL (1809-1880)

Favre See also:

• VAUGELAS, CLAUDE FAVRE

Vaugelas, and the severe literary censorship of Boileau, turned French in less than three-quarters of a century from one of the freest See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe to one of the most restricted . During this revolution only two writers of older date held their ground, and those two were Rabelais and Montaigne—Montaigne being of his nature more generally readable than Rabelais . All the great prose writers of France could not fail to be influenced by the racy phrase, the See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint and picturesque vocabulary, and the unconstrained constructions of Montaigne . It would be impossible, however, for the stoutest defender of the importance of form in literature to assign the chief part in Montaigne's influence to style . It is the method, or rather the manner of thinking, of which that style is the garment. which has in reality exercised influence on the world . Like all the greatest writers except See also:

• SHAKESPEARE, WILLIAM (1564-1616)

Shakespeare, Montaigne thoroughly and completely exhibits the intellectual and moral complexion of his own time . When he reached manhood the French Renaissance was at high See also:

• WATER

water, and the turn of the See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide was beginning . Rabelais, who died when Montaigne was still in early manhood, exhibits the earlier and rising spirit, though he needs to be completed on the poetical See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side .

With Montaigne begins the age of disenchantment . By the time at least when he began to meditate his essays in the retirement of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country house it was tolerably certain that no See also:

• GOLDEN

golden age was about to return . As the earlier Renaissance had specially occupied itself with the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical business and pleasures of life, so the later Renaissance specially mused on the vanity of this business and these pleasures . The predisposing circumstances which affected Montaigne were thus likely to incline him to See also:

• SCEPTICISM (o-Kesrroµai, I consider, reflect, hesitate, doubt)

scepticism, to ethical musings on the vanity of life and the like . But to all this there had to be added the peculiarity of his own temperament . This was a decidedly complicated one, and neglect of it has led some readers to adopt a more See also:

• POSITIVE (or PORTABLE) ORGAN

positive idea of Montaigne's scepticism than is fully justified by all the facts . The attitude which he assumed was no doubt ephectic and See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical chiefly . In the " Apologie de Raymund Sabunde, he has apparently amused himself with gathering together, in the shape of quotations as well as of reflections, all that can be said against certainty in See also:

• AESTHETICS

aesthetics as well as in dogmatics . It is even said by some who have examined the original (vide infra) that the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text and alterations show a progressively freethinking attitude, side by side with a growing tendency to conceal it by See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity and See also:

• INNUENDO (Latin for " by nodding," from innuere, to indicate by nodding)

innuendo . But until all the documents are accessible this must remain doubtful . The general See also:

• TENOR (through Fr. and It. from Lat. tenor, holding on, course, sense of a law, tone)

tenor of the essays is in See also:

• COMPLETE

complete contrast with this sceptical attitude, at least in its more decided form, and it is worth See also:

• NOTICE

notice that the See also:

• MOTTO (an Italian word, from Late Lat. muttum, a low sound, a mutter or murmur, cf. mutere, to mutter; the Latin word also gives Fr. mot, word)

motto " Que scai je ? " does not appear on the title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page till after the writer's death .

Montaigne is far too much occupied about all sorts of the minutest details of human life to make it for a moment admissible that he regarded that life as a whole but as See also:

• SMOKE (from O. Eng. smeocan, to smoke, reek, cf. Dutch meek, Ger. Schmauch, probably allied to Gr. vol9caiv)

smoke and vapour . And it is almost certainly wrong, though M . Brunetiere may have given countenance and currency to the idea, to regard his philosophy as in the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main intended as a succour against the fear of death . The See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason of the misapprehension of him which is current is due very mainly to the fact that he was eminently a 750 humorist . Perhaps the only actual parallel to Montaigne in literature is See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb . There are See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences between them, arising naturally enough from differences of temperament and experience; but both agree in their attitude—an attitude which is sceptical without being negative and humorous without being satiric . There is hardly any writer in whom the human See also:

• COMEDY

comedy is treated with such completeness as it is in Montaigne . There is discernible in his essays no attempt to See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map out a complete plan, and then to fill up its outlines . But in the desultory and haphazard fashion which distinguishes him there are few parts of life on which he does not See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch, if only to show the eternal contrast and See also:

• ANTITHESIS (the Greek for " setting opposite ")

antithesis which dominate it . The exceptions are chiefly to be found in the higher and more poetical strains of feeling to which the humorist temperament lends itself with reluctance and distrust, though it by no means excludes them . The positiveness of the French disposition is already noticeable in Rabelais; it becomes more noticeable still in Montaigne . He is always charming, but he is rarely inspiring, except in a very few passages where the sense of vanity and nothingness possesses him with unusual strength .

As a general rule, an agreeable See also:

• GROTESQUE

grotesque of the affairs of life (a grotesque which never loses hold of good See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste sufficiently to be called See also:

• BURLESQUE (Ital. burlesco, from burla, a joke, fun, playful trick)

burlesque) occupies him . There is a kind of anticipation of the scientific spirit in the careful zeal with which he picks up See also:

• ODD (in middle English odde, from old Norwegian oddi, an angle of a triangle; the old Norwegian oddamann is used of the third man who gives a casting vote in a dispute)

odd aspects of mankind and comments upon them as he places them in his museum . Such a temperament is most pleasantly shown-when it is least See also:

• PERSONAL

personal . A dozen generations of men have rejoiced in the See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• IRONY (Gr. dipaweLa, from eipwv, one who says less than he means, eiepees, to speak)

irony with which Montaigne handles the ludicrum human saeculi, in the quaint felicity of his selection of examples, and in the real though sometimes fantastic See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom of his comment on his selections . Montaigne did not very long survive the completion of his book . On his way to Paris for the purpose of getting it printed he stayed for some time at See also:

• BLOIS

Blois, where he met De See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

Thou . In Paris itself he was for a short time committed to the See also:

• BASTILLE (from Fr. bastir, now bdtir, to build)

Bastille by the Leaguers, as a kind of See also:

• HOSTAGE (through Fr. ostage, modern otage, from Late Lat. obsidaticum, the state of being an obses or hostage; Med. Lat. ostaticum, ostagium)

hostage, it is said, for a member of their party who had been arrested at Rouen by Henry of Navarre . But he was in no real danger . He was well known to and favoured by both See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine de' See also:

• MEDICI
• MEDICI, GIACOMO (1817-1882)

Medici and the Guises, and was very soon released . In Paris, too, at this time he made a whimsical but pleasant friendship . See also:

• MARIE

Marie de Jars de Gournay (1565–1645), one of the most learned ladies of the 16th and 17th centuries, had conceived such a veneration for the author of the Essays that, though a very See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young girl and connected with many See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble families, she travelled to the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital on purpose to make his acquaintance . He gave her the title of his " fine d'See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance " (adopted daughter), which she See also:

• BORE

bore proudly for the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of her long life .

She lived far into the 17th century, and became a character and something of a laughing-stock to the new See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation; but her services to Montaigne's literary memory were, as will be seen, great . Of his other friends in these last years of his life the most important were Etienne See also:

• PASQUIER, ETIENNE (1529-1615)
• PASQUIER, ETIENNE DENIS

Pasquier and Pierre See also:

• CHARRON, PIERRE (1541-1603)

Charron . The latter, indeed, was more than a friend, he was a See also:

• DISCIPLE

disciple; and Montaigne, just as he had constituted Mlle de Gournay his " fine d'alliance," bestowed on Charron the rather curious compliment of desiring that he should take the arms of the family of Montaigne . It has been thought from these two facts, and from an expression in one of.the later essays, that the marriage of his daughter Leonore to Gaston de La Tour had not turned out to his satisfaction . But family affection, except towards his father, was by no means Montaigne's strongest point . When Henry of Navarre came to the See also:

• THRONE

throne of France, he wished Montaigne, whom he had again visited in 1587, to come to court, but the essayist refused . It would seem that he returned from Paris to his old life of study and meditation and working up his Essays . No new ones were found after his death, but many alterations and insertions . His various maladies grew worse; yet they were not the direct cause of his death . He was attacked with See also:

• QUINSY

quinsy, which rapidly brought about See also:

• PARALYSIS, or PALSY (from Gr. aapal,6a , to relax; Wycliffe has palesy, and another old form of the word is parlesy)

paralysis of the See also:

• TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue, and he died on the 13th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1592, in circumstances which, as Pasquier reports them, completely disprove any intention of displaying See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian or anti-See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic leanings . He was buried, though not till some months after his death, in a See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Bordeaux, which after some vicissitudes became the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel of the college . During the Revolution the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb, and as it was supposed the See also:

• COFFIN (from Lat. cophinus, Gr. K64wos, a coffer, chest or basket, but never meaning " coffin " in its present sense)

coffin, were transferred with much pomp to the town museum; but it was discovered that the wrong coffin had been taken, and it was afterwards restored to its old position .

Montaigne's widowsurvived him, and his daughter left posterity which became merged in the noble houses of See also:

• SEGUR
• SEGUR, LOUIS PHILIPPE, COMTE DE (1753-1830)
• SEGUR, PHILIPPE HENRI, MARQUIS DE (1724-18o1)
• SEGUR, PHILIPPE PAUL, COMTE DE (1780-1873)

Segur and Lur-Saluces . But it does not appear that any male representative of the family survived . When Mlle de Gournay heard of the death of Montaigne she undertook with her See also:

• MOTHER

mother a visit of ceremony and condolence to the widow, which had important results for literature . Mme de Montaigne gave her a copy of the edition of 1588 annotated copiously; at the same time, apparently, she bestowed another copy, also annotated by the author, on the See also:

• CONVENT (Lat. conventus, from convenire, to come together)

convent of the Feuillants in Bordeaux, to which the church in which his remains See also:

• LAY

lay was attached . Mlle de Gournay thereupon set to work to produce a new and final edition with a zeal and See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which would have done See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit to any editor of any date . She herself worked with her own copy, inserting the additions, marking the alterations and translating all the quotations . But when she had got this to See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press she sent the proofs to Bordeaux, where a poet of some See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note, Pierre de Brach, revised them with the other annotated copy . The edition thus produced in 1595 has with See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice passed as the See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard, even in preference to those which appeared in the author's lifetime . Unluckily, Mlle de Gournay's original does not appear to exist and her text was said, until the appearance of MM . See also:

• COURBET, GUSTAVE (1819-1877)

Courbet and Royer's edition, to have been somewhat wantonly corrupted, especially in the important point of spelling . The Feuillants copy is in existence, being the only See also:

• MANUSCRIPT

manuscript, or partly manuscript, authority for the text; but See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to it and See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of it are subjected to rather unfortunate restrictions by the authorities, and until it is completely edited students are rather at the See also:

• MERCY (adapted from Fr. merci, Lat. merces, reward)
• MERCY (or MERCI), FRANZ, FREIHERR VON

mercy of those who have actually consulted it . It was edited in 1803 by Naigeon, the disciple of See also:

• DIDEROT, DENIS (1713-1784)

Diderot; but, according to later inquiries, considerable liberties were taken with it .

The first edition of 158o, with the various readings of two others which appeared during the author's lifetime, was reprinted by MM . Dezeimeris and Burckhausen in 1870 . That of Le Clerc (3 vols., Paris, 1826–1828) and in a more compact form that of Louandre (4 vols., Paris, 1854) have been most useful; but that of MM . Courbet and Royer (1872–1900) is at present the standard . The Journal, long. neglected and still (vide supra) doubtful, was re-edited by See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor A. d'See also:

• ANCONA
• ANCONA, ALESSANDRO (1835– )

Ancona (Citta di See also:

• CASTELLO, BERNARDO (1557—1629)
• CASTELLO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1500 ?–1569 ?)
• CASTELLO, VALERIO (1625-1659)

Castello, 1895) and translated into English by W . G . See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

Waters (1903) . The See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of Montaigne in France and elsewhere, and the works upon him during the past three centuries, are innumerable . The most See also:

• RECENT