MONTANA  , a See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-western See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of the See also:

• UNITED

United States, situated between latitudes 440 26' and 49° N., and between longitudes 27° and 390 W. from See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington . It is bounded N. by the See also:

• CANADIAN

Canadian provinces of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• COLUMBIA

Columbia, See also:

• ALBERTA

Alberta and See also:

• ASSINIBOIA

Assiniboia; E. by North Dakota and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South Dakota; S. by See also:

• WYOMING

Wyoming and See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho; W. by Idaho . Montana has an See also:

• AREA

area of 146,572 sq. m., 796 sq. m. of which are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see IDAHO.) See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Features.—The Rocky Mountains See also:

• CROSS

cross the state' from north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, and with their spurs and outlying ranges occupy nearly one-third of its area in the west and south-west; the remaining portion is occupied chiefly by the See also:

• GREAT

Great Plains . The See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range of the Rockies follows the boundary See also:

• LINE

line between Montana and Idaho west and north-west from Yellowstone See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park in Wyoming to Ravalli See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county, then turns east-north-east to See also:

• LEWIS, HENRY CARVILL
• LEWIS, JOHN FREDERICK (180 1876)
• LEWIS, MATTHEW GREGORY (1775-1818)
• LEWIS, MERIWETHER (1774-1809)
• LEWIS, SIR GEORGE CORNEWALL, BART

Lewis and See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark county, and from there extends north-north-west into See also:

• CANADA

Canada . From where the main range turns east from the Idaho boundary line the See also:

• CREST
• CREST (Lat. crista, a plume or tuft)

crest of the See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

Bitter See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

Root Mountains continues on that line with a downward slope to within one degree of See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude from the Canadian border . This range of mountains, which was formed by a great See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault, has a maximum See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation at its See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern end of about g000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . On its slope, which rises abruptly from the Bitter Root See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin, glaciers have cut canons between high and often precipitous walls, and between these canons are steep and rocky ridges having peaked or saw-toothed crest lines . To the east and north-east of the Bitter Root Mountains is a consider-able basin or peneplain dissected by See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short ranges having a north-west and south-west trend . To the south-east of this basin are the greatest See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain masses of the state; lofty and rugged ranges radiate in all directions, and in many instances rise to heights of 1o,000-Ii,000 ft., the highest See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak in the state being See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

Granite Peak (12,834 ft.) in See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

Carbon county . Deep and narrowcations are See also:

• COMMON

common, and, at higher levels, glaciers, carved out amphitheatres, or " cirques " and " U "-shaped troughs . In the north the Rocky Mountains consist principally of two parallel ranges, the Lewis and Clark Range to the east, and the See also:

• LIVINGSTON, EDWARD (1764–1836)
• LIVINGSTON, ROBERT R
• LIVINGSTON, WILLIAM (1723-1790)

Livingston Range to the west, which were formed by a great over-thrust; between them is the See also:

• WATERTON, CHARLES (1782-1865)

Waterton-McDonald valley, 8-15 m. wide .

The east slope of the Lewis and Clark range is marked by See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long high spurs, and the valleys between them end in radiating canons that are crowned with bold cliffs . On the higher summits the range rises to 8500-10,400 ft. above the sea, but in the See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind-gaps only to 5500-6500 ft . The Livingston range is less rugged and more massive . Like the Lewis and Clark range, its crest is broken by numerous U-shaped wind-gaps and its west slope is cut by glacial troughs containing long narrow See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake basins . Extending far to the eastward, especially in the south of the state, are isolated mountain See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups . Among these are the See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

Bear Paw Mountains, in the north central See also:

• PART

part, which occupy a See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract 40 M. long and 20 M. wide that on the western See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side rises abruptly from the plains and reaches an elevation in Bear Paw Peak of 7040 ft. above the sea . The Great Plains in Montana slope from about 4000 ft . (above the sea), at the See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills of the mountains, to 2000 ft. in the north-east of the state . The valleys of the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal streams are deeply eroded; bluffs are common along their See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, and buttes elsewhere on the plains . The main range of the Rocky Mountains separates that part which is drained west into the Columbia See also:

• RIVER

river and the Pacific Ocean from that which is drained east into the See also:

• MISSOURI

Missouri and See also:

• MISSISSIPPI

Mississippi See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and the Gulf of See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico, and from a very small part which is drained north-east into See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson See also:

• BAY

Bay; the water-parting which in Montana separates the drainage into Hudson Bay from the drainage into the Gulf of Mexico crosses only the north-west of Teton county . The principal rivers east of the Rockies are the Missouri and three of its tributaries; the Yellowstone in the south-east, the Musselshell in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, and the See also:

• MILK (0. Eng. meoluc; from a common Indo-European root, cf. Lat. mulgere, Gr. ?t dXyetv)

Milk in the north . The Missouri is formed by a See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of the See also:

• JEFFERSON
• JEFFERSON, JOSEPH (1829-1905)
• JEFFERSON, THOMAS (1743-1826)

Jefferson, the See also:

• MADISON
• MADISON, JAMES (1751–1836)

Madison and the See also:

• GALLATIN, ALBERT (1761-1849)

Gallatin .

It flows first east-north-east and then nearly east until it passes into North Dakota . Its channel is generally erratic and constantly shifting; its See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed is sandy and its water muddy . In contrast, the Yellow-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone is a stream of See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright clear water See also:

• RUNNING

running over a gravelly bed and among numerous See also:

• FOREST

forest-clad islands . The Missouri is navigable for small boats to Fort See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton In Chouteau county, but farther upstream near Great Falls, Cascade county, to which it is navigable at high water, it falls 512 ft. in ro m . The Yellowstone is navigable for about 300 M . The principal rivers west of the Main See also:

• DIVIDE

Divide of the Rockies are the Clark See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork of the Columbia and its principal tributary, the Flathead, which rises in British Columbia . Montana has a few See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs, the best known being the Lissner Springs at See also:

• HELENA
• HELENA, ST (c. 247-c. 327)

Helena . Small lakes and waterfalls, the result of glacial See also:

• ACTION

action, are numerous in the mountains . There is, however, only one large lake in the state Flathead (or Selish) Lake, which may be regarded as an enlargement of Flathead river; it is 27 M. long, has an See also:

• AVERAGE

average width of 12 m., and a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of more than loon ft . See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—In the Great Plains region the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological structure is very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, consisting of nearly See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal strata of Cretaceous See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock in the middle and western portions, and of See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary rock on the eastern border, but in the mountain region the rocks have been folded and faulted until the structure is intricate and obscure . Some of the deeper canons show rocks of nearly all ages . The higher elevations are mostly either Archean or Paleozoic formations projecting above Tertiary deposits .

In the Bitter Root Valley is a large See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• QUATERNARY

Quaternary . Fossil remains of mammals, See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles found in the Tertiary deposits of south-western Montana are preserved in the See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie Museum at See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, and in the museum of the university of Montana . They include the mandible of a See also:

• MASTODON (Gr. µavTos, breast, &bobs, tooth)

mastodon and a portion of a vertebra of a large fish, both found in the See also:

• LOWER

Lower Madison Valley; the See also:

• SKULL

skull and other parts of a See also:

• DOG

dog (Mesocyon drummondanus), found near See also:

• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1786-r86o)
• DRUMMOND, HENRY (1851-1897)
• DRUMMOND, THOMAS (r797-1840)
• DRUMMOND, WILLIAM (1585-1649)

Drummond, Granite county; the skull of a Poatrephes paludicola, found near New See also:

• CHICAGO
• CHICAGO, UNIVERSITY OF

Chicago, Granite county; a portion of the skull of a Mesohippus latidens, found near the confluence of the three forks which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Missouri river; and a portion of the skull of a Hyrachyus See also:

• PRISCUS

priscus, found near See also:

• LIMA

Lima, Beaverhead county . In the region east of the Crazy Mountains, in Sweetgrass county, are marine beds of upper Cretaceous or lower Tertiary formation containing fossils of Dinosaurs and Mosasaurs, and in the museum of the university of Montana is the greater part of the See also:

• SKELETON

skeleton of a Dinosaur which was found here . Interesting fossil remains have also been found in Carboniferous formations in the south-west of the state . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The native fauna is not sharply distinguished from that of the surrounding states . The bison, which once ranged the plains in large herds, have been exterminated; the See also:

• MOOSE

moose and the See also:

• ELK

elk are found only occasionally in the wilder regions; mountain See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep, antelopes, See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black and grizzly bears, wolves, coyotes and See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx (" See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CATS, JACOB (1577-1660)

cats ") are also becoming rare . Black-tailed and See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer are still favourite See also:

• GAME

game for sportsmen . Geese, ducks and See also:

• GROUSE

grouse are numerous about the lakes and rivers . Several kinds of fish, among which are See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout, See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

salmon, See also:

• GRAYLING (Thymallus)

grayling and See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white fish, inhabit many of the lakes, rivers and mountain streams, and a See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government fish hatchery at Bozeman, Gallatin county, restocks See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters in which the See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply has been diminished . See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—The Great Plains are covered for the most part only with bunch grass which grows in tufts, leaving the ground visible between, and except in May and See also:

• JUNE

June presents a yellow and withered See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance . Mixed with the bunch grass are occasional patches of See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush .

Most of the bluffs along the principal river valleys, especially those in the south-east, are entirely See also:

• BARE

bare of vegetation, but on the bottom lands along the rivers and streams considerable patches of cottonwood and willows are common . The mountain valleys are covered with little except See also:

• GRASSES

grasses; on the higher parts of the mountains there are barren rocks or only a scant growth of See also:

• TIMBER

timber; but many of the lower mountain slopes, especially those along the western border, are clothed with heavy timber, yellow See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

pine, red See also:

• FIR

fir and tamarack being the principal See also:

• SPECIES

species . See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is generally dry, although less so on the mountains and in the Flathead river basin than on the Great Plains, and is subject to sudden changes and to great extremes of temperature; but the temperature varies more than the amount of precipitation . In the west the climate is generally delightful, it being there greatly affected by the warm, dry " See also:

• CHINOOK

Chinook " wind which blows from the Pacific Ocean; to some extent the wind modifies the temperature nearly to the eastern border . It is the prevailing wind of See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter in the mountains and in consequence the periods of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, though often severe, are short . In the east the winters are often long and very cold, and the summers dry and hot . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature ranges from 37° F. in the north-east to 47° in the sheltered valleys among the mountains . On the Great Plains a range of extremes within a See also:

• YEAR

year from -4o° F. to 10o° is not unusual, but in the mountain valleys the range is rarely greater than from, -2o° to 90° . The records from 1880 to 1907 show a maximum range from 117° at Glendive, near the eastern border, in See also:

• JULY

July 1893, to -63° at See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

Poplar, about 8o m. north by west of Glendive, in See also:

• JANUARY

January 1885 . The amount of precipitation is greater in the north-west and on the mountains, because in the one See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the mountains of lower elevation are a less obstruction to the moisture-bearing winds from the west, and in the other the mountains See also:

• CON

con-dense the moisture; the mountains which stand in isolated groups upon the plains are frequently in summer the See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus of See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• THUNDER

thunder showers . The average annual precipitation ranges from to to 15 in. on the Great Plains to 20 in. or more in the north-west, and over limited areas in the higher mountain region . Nearly one-See also:

• HALF

half of the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain falls during the four months from May to See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August inclusive .

Storms endangering See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• PROPERTY

property occur only in the east, caused by a high north wind with See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow or rain and a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low temperature . See also:

• SOIL

Soil.—In the river bottoms the soil is for the most part a black clayey See also:

• LOAM (O.E. lam; the word appears in Dut. leem and Ger. Lehm; the ultimate origin is the root lai-, meaning " to be sticky," which is seen in the cognate " lime," Lat. limus, mud, clay)

loam lacking in natural drainage, but on the " See also:

• BENCH (an O.E. and Eng. form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Bank, Dan. baenk and the Eng. doublet " bank ")

bench lands " higher up there is a deep layer of sandy loam beneath which is a bed of See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel . Some of the best soil is in the mountain valleys, for these valleys were once lakes and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich deposits of See also:

• ALLUVIUM

alluvium were made in them . The mountain slopes are often bare or covered only with a thin layer of See also:

• MOULD

mould . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—The rainfall is sufficient for See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good grazing, but except in the Flathead valley cultivation was long considered to be dependent on See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation; and consequently farming was only incidental to stock raising and See also:

• MINING

mining until after 1870, and as See also:

• LATE

late as 1900 the ratio of improved See also:

• FARM

farm See also:

• LAND

land to the See also:

• TOTAL

total land area was less than in any other state or territory except New Mexico, Wyoming, See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona and See also:

• HAWAII (HAWAIIAN or SANDWICH ISLANDS)

Hawaii . In 1906 the farm area was almost equally divided between " dry " farming and farming under irrigation, three-fourths of the See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat produced was grown without irrigation, and the dry farming was very successful with the comparatively new and valuable crops of durum, or See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni wheat, and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, which is used in See also:

• STRAW

straw for winter feed to sheep and neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle . The counties where dry farming had been carried on on the largest See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale were See also:

• MISSOULA

Missoula, Ravalli, Flathead, Cascade, Fergus and Gallatin, where cereal yields, though not nearly so large as from irrigated lands, were high compared with the average for the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . But even where dry farming was successful, the increase of crops made possible by cheap irrigation seemed to be inducing farmers to abandon it . Among the larger privately irrigated tracts are: 16,00o to 18,000 acres in Yellowstone county, fed by a See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal built by the Billings Land & Irrigation See also:

• COMPANY

Company; about 35,000 acres of See also:

• ORCHARD (O. Eng. ort-geard, later orceard; a combination apparently of Lat. hortus, garden, and " yard " or " Barth ")

orchard land in the Bitter Root Valley, in Ravalli county, irrigated by canals from Lake See also:

• COMO (anc. Comum)
• COMO, LAKE OF (the Lacus Larius of the Romans, and so sometimes called LARIO to the present day, though in the 4th century it is already termed Lacus Comacinus)

Como, a natural See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir; and 100,000 acres in Missoula county, to be watered from a 28 ft. See also:

• DAM

dam across the Clark Fork (or Missoula River) at See also:

• BONNER, EDMUND (1500?—1569)

Bonner . Private irrigation by pumping was first successfully introduced about 1901, and in 1906 a state See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report estimated that 125 pumping irrigation See also:

• PLANTS

plants were in use in the state . See also:

• BORING

Boring for underground water supply to be used in irrigation was tried on a small scale . An area of 16,000 acres in Missoula county is watered by a ditch to m. long built in 1902—1905 by the co-operative Grass Valley-Frenchtown Irrigation Company, and the Teton Co-operative Canal Company in 1906 began See also:

• WORK

work on a diversion canal from the Teton River, whose waters are to be stored by a dam 62 ft. high and 2100 ft. long .

But more important than private and co-operative undertakings are the Federal irrigation projects . In 1894 See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress passed the See also:

• CAREY, HENRY (d. 1743)
• CAREY, HENRY CHARLES (1793-1879)
• CAREY, WILLIAM (1761-1834)

Carey See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act, under which Montana received See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to 1,000,000 acres of arid land on See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition that the state would reclaim it by providing an adequate supply of water; the state accepted the offer, created an irrigation See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission, and provided means for securing the necessary funds . Further-more, Congress in 1902 appropriated the receipts from the sales of public lands in the state to the construction of irrigation work . In 1899 there were 6812 m. of irrigation canals and large ditches in the state; the irrigated acreage had increased from 350,582 acres in 1889 to 951,154 acres in 1899, when about 84% of the irrigated area was in the south-west . The great Federal projects were not begun until after 1900 . Among them are: the Huntley project in Yellowstone county, begun in 1904 and practically completed in 1908, covering land formerly in the See also:

• CROW (Dutch, kraal, Ger. Krdhe, Fr. corbeau, Lat. corvus)

Crow See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation, the irrigable area being 28,921 acres; the Lower Milk river project (and the subsidiary St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary project), in Chouteau, Valley and Teton counties, by which the water of St Mary river 1 is stored and diverted to the headquarters of the Milk river to irrigate an area of 300,000 acres; the See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun river project (Teton, Lewis and Clark, Chouteau and Cascade counties), by which, as the See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary flow of that river is already utilized for irrigation, the See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood waters are stored and carried to the higher bench lands of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district; in Montana (See also:

• DAWSON, GEORGE (1821-1876)
• DAWSON, SIR JOHN WILLIAM (1820-1899)

Dawson county) and North Dakota (See also:

• MCKENZIE, SIR JOHN (1838-19or)

McKenzie county), the Lower Yellowstone project; and the Blackfeet project, to irrigate the Blackfeet reservation in Teton county . In 1900, 11,844,454 acres, or 12.7% of the area, was included in farms; of this, 1,736,701 acres, or 14.7%, was improved; 54.7 of the improved farm land was irrigated; 79.4% of the irrigated land was used for growing crops and 20.6% for pasturage; the total acreage of all crops was 1,151,674, and of this 755,865, or 65.6%, was irrigated . In the same year there were 13,370 farms exclusive of those on Indian reservations; of these, 6665 contained less than 175 acres each; 1289 contained more than moo acres each; 8043 contained some irrigated land, the average amount being 118 acres; 11,592 were worked by owners or part owners, 624 by See also:

• CASH

cash tenants, and 606 by See also:

• SHARE (O. Eng. scearu, chiefly in compounds, e.g. land-scearu, a share of land, from sceran to cut; cf. " shear" )

share tenants . Of the total acreage of all crops in 1899, 875,712 acres, or 76%, were See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and See also:

• FORAGE

forage, and 254,231 acres, or 22'1%, were cereals; of the cereal acreage 52.7% was oats, 36'2% was wheat, 9 % was barley, and 1.3 % was Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn . In 1909 the See also:

• OAT (O. Eng. ate; the word is not found in cognate languages; it may be allied with Fr. eitel, knot, nodule, cf. Gr. oiSos swelling)

oat See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop was 15,390,000 bushels from 300,000 acres; the acreage of wheat in 1909 was 350,000 and the See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production 10,764,000 bushels; the acreage of barley in 1909 was 50,000 acres, and 1,900,000 bushels were raised; the acreage of Indian corn in 1909 was 5oeo acres, and 175,000 bushels were grown . See also:

• SUGAR

Sugar See also:

• BEETS, NIKOLAAS (1814-1903)

beets were first Frown in Montana at See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans, Cascade county, in 1893 without irrigation . In 1906 a refinery (with a daily slicing capacity of 1200 tons) was built at Billings, Yellowstone county .

Russians, with experience in See also:

• BEET

beet-growing, and See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese are furnished by the sugar company to the growers for the bunching, thinning, hoeing and topping of the' beets . In 1906 sugar refineries were projected at See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton, Kalispell, Chinook, See also:

• LAUREL

Laurel, Missoula, See also:

• DILLON, ARTHUR RICHARD (172I-1807)
• DILLON, JOHN (1851– )

Dillon and Great Falls; and in 1907 the crop was so large that 12,000 See also:

• FREIGHT, (pronounced like " weight "; derived from the Dutch vracht or vrecht, in Fr. fret, the Eng. " fraught " being the same word, and formerly used for the same thing, but now only as an adjective= " laden ")

freight cars were needed to carry it and the See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways had a See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

car and See also:

• COAL

coal " See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine." The east is devoted chiefly to stock raising; for cattle, horses and sheep thrive well on the bunch grass except when it is covered with snow . The principal sheep-raising counties are See also:

• CUSTER, GEORGE ARMSTRONG (1839-1876)

Custer, Yellowstone, whither many sheep are brought to be fattened, Rosebud, See also:

• BEAVER
• BEAVER (from Fr. baviere, a child's bib, from bane, saliva)

Beaver-See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, Valley, and See also:

• MEAGHER, THOMAS FRANCIS (1823–1867)

Meagher . In 1909 the number of sheep in Montana was 5,747,000, being exceeded only by the number in Wyoming; the number of cattle was 922,000, only 80,000 being milch cows, and the number of horses 319,000 . See also:

• LUMBER

Lumber.—The woodland area was estimated in 1900 at 42,000 sq. m., much of which had been burned over . It is confined mainly to the mountain slopes, and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1909 31,858.9 sq. m., more than three-fourths of this total, had been set apart in the following " See also:

• NATIONAL

national forests ": Absaroka (980,440 acres), Beartooth (685,293 acres), Beaverhead (1,506,680 acres in Montana; and a smaller area in Idaho), Bitterroot (1,180,900 acres), Blackfeet (1,956,340 acres), 1 The St Mary and both forks of the Milk river flow northward into the Dominion of Canada, and as there has been much private irrigation both north and south of the See also:

• INTERNATIONAL, THE

international boundary, the See also:

• PRESENT

present Federal project and other undertakings in the same region necessitate an international agreement as to the See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the waters, especially of the St Mary, and commissioners representing the Canadian government and the United States conferred in regard to it in May 1908 . See also:

• CABINET

Cabinet (1,020,960 acres), Custer (590,720 acres), Deerlodge (1,080,220 acres), Flathead (2,092,785 acres), Gallatin (907,160 acres), Helena (930,180 acres), Jefferson (1,255,320 acres), Kootenai (1,661,260 acres), Lewis and Clark (844,136 acres), Lolo (1,211,680 acres), Madison (1,102,860 acres), Missoula (1,237,509 acres) and See also:

• SIOUX

Sioux (145,253 acres in Montana; 104,400 acres in SouthDakota) . A large part of the woodland contains no trees See also:

• FIT

fit for lumber; nevertheless the value of the lumber was $3,024,674 in 1905 . More than one-half of the product is yellow pine and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder is principally red fir and tamarack . There is scarcely any hardwood timber in the state . Minerals and Mining.—Mining has been the leading See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry of Montana ever since the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold in 1862 . It contains the largest See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper producing district in the See also:

• WORLD

world, and in 1907 See also:

• MINED

mined more copper than any other state or territory except Arizona; this See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal constituted nearly three-fourths in value of the state's mining products in 1907, the total value being $60,663.511 and that of copper 44,852,758 .

The most important copper mines are in Silverbow, Broadwater, Jefferson and Beaverhead counties . Gold was discovered in Deerlodge county as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1852 but very little mining was done until ten years later . In 1863 the famous See also:

• ALDER

Alder Gulch in Madison county was discovered and in the next year, Last See also:

• CHANCE (through the O. Fr. cheance, from the Late Lat. cadentia, things happening, from cadere, to fall out, happen; cf. " case ")

Chance Gulch in the south of Lewis and Clark county . In 1865 the product reached its maximum, as the value of gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver combined (the value of the silver being relatively small) was $18,000,000; the production then decreased and in 1903 the value of the gold was only $1,800,000 . Then copper mining rapidly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed and consider-able gold was obtained from copper ores . Until the development of copper mining, silver was produced only in small quantities along with gold, but as much more silver than gold was obtained from the copper ores the value of the silver product increased from $2,630,000 in 1881 to $24,615,822 in 1892 . The product then See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell off, but in 1907, when it amounted to 9,317,605 See also:

• FINE

fine ounces, valued at $6,149,619, more than nine-tenths of it was derived from the copper ores in Silverbow county . It was in 1882 while See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• DALY, AUGUSTIN (1838-1899)

Daly was sinking a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft at See also:

• ANACONDA

Anaconda in preparation for milling gold and silver ores that he discovered the first rich copper ledge . Other discoveries about See also:

• BUTTE
• BUTTE (O. Fr. butte, a hillock or rising ground)

Butte followed, and the output of copper increased from II,oI1 long tons in 1883 to 129,805 long tons in 1906, more than 99.6% from Silverbow county . The See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial and See also:

• POLITICAL

political life of Montana have been strongly influenced by the copper industry and by the tremendous See also:

• WEALTH

wealth controlled by the copper interests; in the industry three men were long dominant—Marcus Daly, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William A . Clark and F . See also:

• AUGUSTUS (a name 1 derived from Lat. augeo, increase, i.e. venerable, majestic, Gr. Ee0avr6s)

Augustus Heinze; later the Amalgamated Copper Company gained See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of a large part of the mines .

Coal was discovered in Montana before 188o, when 224 tons were mined . In 1907 the output was 2,016,857 tons, and in 1908 1,920,190 tons . The coal underlying the east half of the state, the " Great Plains," is lignitic and of inferior quality, but that in the mountain districts is bituminous and generally suitable for coking . The principal See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields are: the isolated See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull Mountain deposit, 45 m. north-east of Billings, in Yellowstone county; the large Clark Fork See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field in Meagher, Sweet Grass, Yellowstone and Carbon counties; the small but valuable Rocky Fork field in the south central part of Carbon county; the Red See also:

• LODGE
• LODGE, EDMUND (1756-1839)
• LODGE, H
• LODGE, HENRY CABOT (1850– )
• LODGE, SIR OLIVER JOSEPH (1851– )
• LODGE, THOMAS (c. 1558–1625)

Lodge field in Carbon county; the Yellow-stone field, chiefly in Gallatin and Park counties; the Trail See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek deposits, 10 m. south of Bozeman; the See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

Cinnabar field in south Park county; the Great Falls field in Cascade county; and the West Gallatin, the Toston and the See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

Ruby valley fields . The output steadily increased until 1895 when it was 1,504,193 short tons; but from then to 1905, when it vas 1,643,832 short tons, the quantity varied little from year to year . From 1905 to 1907, when the output was valued at $3,907,082, the increase in production was steady . Granite, See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone are abundant in the state, but have been little developed . Granite was quarried in 1907 to the value of $102,050 . Limestone quarried in the same year was See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth $124,690; and sandstone was valued at $39,216 . Some See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey sandstone found in Rocky See also:

• CANON

Canon, Gallatin county, looks much like the See also:

• BEREA

Berea (See also:

• OHIO

Ohio) sandstone; and a sandstone quarried at See also:

• COLUMBUS
• COLUMBUS, CHRISTOPHER [in Spanish CRISTOBAL COLON] (c. 1446, or perhaps rather 1451, -15o6)

Columbus, Yellowstone county; was manufactured into grindstones equal to those made from the Berea stone . See also:

• GYPSUM

Gypsum in Carbon county and in Cascade county is worked for See also:

• PLASTER

plaster . Sapphires are found in several gulches, especially on Yogo Creek, 16 m. from See also:

• UTICA

Utica, Fergus county, where See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

blue stones are found, and on Rock and Cottonwood creeks, where See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green, yellow, red and blue sapphires have been found .

Many of the sapphires are shipped to See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland for See also:

• WATCH (in O. Eng. wcecce, a keeping guard or watching, from wacian, to guard, watch, wacan, to wake)

watch jewels and for See also:

• BEARINGS

bearings . In 1907 the total value of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious stones was $229,800 . Manufactures.—With the exception of the smelting and refining of copper, manufacturing is in Montana a decidedly See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor industry . In 1905 the total value of the " factory " product was $66,415,452, and the value of the copper (by state reports) was $48,165,277 . Lumber and timber products, which ranked second, increased in value from $2,846,268 in 1900, to $3,024,674 in 1905 . See also:

• FLOUR

Flour and grist See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill products See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose during that See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period from $937,462 to $2,003,136; and See also:

• MALT (O. Eng., mealt; O. Sax., malt; O. Tent., maltos; Mod. Ger., Malz; Scand., malt; probably derived from the Sanskrit mrdu, soft, thus having reference to the fact that malt is raw grain rendered soft or tender)

malt liquors increased in value from $1,267,331 to $1,731,691 . In 1905 the value of the products of the factories of Anaconda and Great Falls was 63.5 % of that for the entire state . Transport.—Montana is served by three transcontinental railways:the Great See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern traversing the north, the Northern Pacific traversing the south-east, south and south-west portions, and, north of the Northern Pacific, the Chicago, See also:

• MILWAUKEE

Milwaukee & See also:

• PUGET, PIERRE (1622-1694)

Puget See also:

• SOUND
• SOUND, THE (Danish Oresund)

Sound, an See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Chicago, Milwaukee & St See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul to See also:

• SEATTLE

Seattle and See also:

• TACOMA

Tacoma, practically completed in 1909; See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch lines of the Great Northern, from the north, connect with the Northern Pacific and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound at Butte, and with the Northern Pacific at Laurel . The See also:

• OREGON

Oregon Short Line from the south connects with the Northern Pacific, the Great Northern, and the Chicago, Milwaukee & Puget Sound at Butte, and the See also:

• BURLINGTON

Burlington See also:

• SYSTEM

system, also from the south, connects with the Northern Pacific at Billings, Yellowstone county . The Butte, Anaconda & Pacific railway carries ore from the mines at Butte to the smelters at Anaconda . The first railway was the Oregon Short Line, which was completed by the Union Pacific Company from See also:

• OGDEN

Ogden, See also:

• UTAH

Utah, to Butte in 1881 . The Northern Pacific reached Helena two years later and the railway mileage in the state increased from 106 m. in 188o to 4012.62 M. in 1909 .