See also:

• MONTECUCCULI (MONTECUCCOLI), RAIMONDO, COUNT OF (1609-1680)

MONTECUCCULI (MONTECUCCOLI), RAIMONDO, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

COUNT OF (1609-1680)  , See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of the See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire and Neapolitan See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• MELFI

Melfi, See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 21st of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1608/9, at the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Montecucculo in See also:

• MODENA (ancient Mutina)

Modena . His See also:

• FAMILY

family was of Burgundian origin and had settled in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy in the loth See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of sixteen See also:

• MONTECUCCULI (MONTECUCCOLI), RAIMONDO, COUNT OF (1609-1680)

Montecucculi began as a private soldier under his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Ernest Montecucculi, a distinguished Austrian general (d . 1633) . Four years later, after much active service in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

Low Countries, he became a See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry . He was severely wounded at the storming of New See also:

• BRANDENBURG

Brandenburg, and again in the same See also:

• YEAR

year (1631) at the first See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• BREITENFELD

Breitenfeld, where he See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of the Swedes . He was again wounded at Ltitzen in 1632, and on his recovery was made a See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major in his uncle's See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . Shortly afterwards he became a See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry . He did See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good service at the first battle of See also:

• NORDLINGEN

Nordlingen (1634), and at the storming of See also:

• KAISERSLAUTERN

Kaiserslautern in the following year won his colonelcy by a feat of arms of unusual brilliance, a See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge through the See also:

• BREACH (Mid. Eng. breche, derived from the common Teutonic root brec, which appears in " break," Ger. brechen, &c.)

breach at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of his heavy cavalry . He fought in See also:

• POMERANIA (German, Pommern)

Pomerania, Bohemia and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony (surprise of Wolmirstadt, battles of Wittstock and See also:

• CHEMNITZ
• CHEMNITZ (or KEMNITZ), MARTIN (1522-1586)

Chemnitz), and in 1639 he was taken prisoner at Melnik and detained for two and a See also:

• HALF

half years in See also:

• STETTIN

Stettin and See also:

• WEIMAR

Weimar . In captivity he studied, not only military See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, but also See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry in See also:

• EUCLID
• EUCLID [EucLEIDES]

Euclid, See also:

• HISTORY

history in See also:

• TACITUS, CORNELIUS (c. 55-120)
• TACITUS, MARCUS CLAUDIUS

Tacitus, and See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture in See also:

• VITRUVIUS (MARCUS VITRUVIUS POLLIO)

Vitruvius, and planned his See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . On his See also:

• RELEASE (O.Fr. reles, variant of relais, from relaisser, to release, let go, Lat. relaxare)

release he distinguished himself again in See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia .

In 1643 he went to Italy, by the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor's See also:

• REQUEST, LETTERS OF

request, and made a successful See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in See also:

• LOMBARDY

Lombardy . On his return to Germany MONTECUCCULI he was promoted lieutenant-See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field-See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

marshal and obtained a seat in the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of war . In 1645-46 he served in See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary against Prince See also:

• RAKOCZY

Rakoczy of Transylvania, on the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube and See also:

• NECKAR

Neckar against the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, and in Silesia and Bohemia against the Swedes . The victory of Triebel in Silesia won him the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general of cavalry, and at the battle of Zusmarshausen in 1648 his stubborn rearguard fighting rescued the imperialists from annihilation . For some years after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia Montecucculi was chiefly concerned with the business of the council of war, though he went to See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders and See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England as the representative of the emperor, and to See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden as the See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope to See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen See also:

• CHRISTINA (1626–1689)
• CHRISTINA [MARIA CHRISTINA HENRIETTA DESIREE FELICITE RENIERE]

Christina, and at Modena his See also:

• LANCE

lance was victorious in a great tourney . In 1657, soon after his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage with Countess Margarethe Dietrichstein, he took See also:

• PART

part in, and after a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time commanded, an expedition against Rakoczy and the Swedes who had attacked the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland . He became field-marshal in the imperial See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, and with the Great Elector of Brandenburg completely defeated Rakoczy and his See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies (peace of See also:

• OLIVA, FERNAN PEREZ DE (1492?-1530)

Oliva, i66o) . From 1661 to 1664 Montecucculi with inferior See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers defended See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks; but at St Gotthard See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey, on the Raab, he defeated the Turks so completely that they made a truce for twenty years .(Aug . 1, 1664) . He was given the See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Fleece, and became See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

president of the council of war and director of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery . He also devoted much time to the compilation of his various See also:

• WORKS

works on military history and science . He opposed the progress of the French arms under See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XIV., and when the inevitable war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out received command of the imperial forces .

In the campaign of 1673 he completely out-manoeuvred his great See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• TURENNE, HENRI DE LA TOUR

Turenne on the Neckar and the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine, and secured the See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture of See also:

• BONN

Bonn and the junction of his own army with that of the prince of See also:

• ORANGE
• ORANGE (Citrus Aurantium)
• ORANGE, HOUSE OF

Orange on the See also:

• LOWER

lower Rhine . He retired from the army when, in 1674, the Great Elector was appointed to command in See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief, but the brilliant successes of Turenne in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1674 and 1675 brought him back . For months the two famous commanders manoeuvred against each other in the Rhine valley, but on the See also:

• EVE

eve of a decisive battle Turenne was killed and Montecucculi promptly invaded See also:

• ALSACE (Ger. Elsass)

Alsace, where he engaged in a war of manoeuvre with the great See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde . The See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of Philipsburg was Montecucculi's last achievement in war . The See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his See also:

• LIFE

life was spent in military See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

administration and See also:

• LITERARY

literary and scientific work at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . In 1679 the emperor made him a prince of the empire, and shortly afterwards he received the dukedom of Melfi from the king of See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . Montecucculi died at See also:

• LINZ

Linz on the 16th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 168o, as the result of an See also:

• ACCIDENT
• ACCIDENT (from Lat. accidere, to happen)

accident . With the See also:

• DEATH

death of his only son in 1698 the principality became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct, but the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of ' count descended through his daughters to two branches, Austrian and Modenese . As a general, Montecucculi shared with Turenne and Conde the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst See also:

• EUROPEAN

European soldiers of his time . His Memorie della guerra profoundly influenced the age which followed his own; nor have See also:

• MODERN

modern conditions rendered the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of Montecucculi wholly valueless . See Campori, Raimondo Montecuccoli (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1876) ; Spenholtz, Aureum vellus seu catena, &c . (Vienna, 1668) ; memoir prefaced to the Memorie (See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne edition) ; this appears also in v. der Groeben's Neuer Kriegsbibliothek, vi .

230 (See also:

• BRESLAU (Polish Wraclaw)

Breslau, 1777); Morgenstern, Oesterreichs Heiden (St Polten, 1782) ; Schweigerd, Oesterreichs Helden (Vienna, 1853); Paradisi, Elogio storico del See also:

• CONTE

conte Raimondo Montecucculi (Modena, 1776) ; Schels, Oesterreichische militdrische Zeitschrift (Vienna, 1818, 1828 and 1842); Pezzl, Lebensbeschreibung Montecucculis (Vienna, 1792) ; See also:

• HORMAYR, JOSEPH, BARON VON (1782-1848)

Hormayr, Oesterreichischer See also:

• PLUTARCH
• PLUTARCH (Gr. llXoi rapxos) (c. A.D. 46–120)

Plutarch, XI II . (Vienna, 18o8); Reilly, Biographie der beriihmtesten Feldherrn Oesterreichs (Vienna, 1813) ; Wiirzbach, Biographisches Lexikon See also:

• DES

des Kaiserthums, &c., pt . 19 (Vienna, 1868) ; Teuffenbach, Vaterldndisches Ehrenbuch (Vienna and See also:

• TESCHEN (Czech, Tesin; Polish, Cieszyn)

Teschen, 1877); See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Hofkriegsraths, prdsidenten (Vienna, 1874) ; Weingartner, See also:

• HELDENBUCH, DAS

Heldenbuch (Tesehen, 1882) ; Grossmann, Archiv See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur ost . Geschichte (Vienna, 1878) ; also supplement to Militar . Wochenblatt (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1878) ; See also:

• ORGAN

Organ des militarwissenschaftl . Vereins (Vienna, 1881); Reale instituto venelo di scienze, via . 5, 6 (See also:

• VENICE
• VENICE (continued)
• VENICE (Venezia)

Venice, 1881); Rivista militare See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian (See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and See also:

• APRIL

April 1882); Allgemeine deutsche Biographic, vol. xxii . (See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1885) . Important controversial works are those of See also:

• TURPIN (d. c. 800)
• TURPIN, FRANCOIS HENRI (17og-1799)
• TURPIN, RICHARD [Drcx] (1706-1739)

Turpin and Warnery, two distinguished soldiers of the 18th century (Commentaires sur See also:

• LES

les memoires, &c . (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris), 1769, and Commentaires sur les See also:

• COMM

comm . . . . du See also:

• COMTE, AUGUSTE [ISIDORE AUGUSTE MARIE FRANCOIS XAVIER] (1798-1857)

comte Turpin, Breslau, 1979) .

A See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical estimate of Montecucculi's works will be found in Jahns Gesch. der Kriegswissenschaften, ii . 1162–1178 (Leipzig, 1890) .