See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

MARQUESS OF See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

GRAHAM See also:

• MONTROSE
• MARQUESS OF JAMES GRAHAM MONTROSE (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

MONTROSE (1612—1650)  , was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1612, and became 5th See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• MONTROSE
• MONTROSE, JAMES GRAHAM, MARQUESS OF (1612—1650)
• MONTROSE, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF

Montrose (see above) by his See also:

• FATHER

father's See also:

• DEATH

death in 1626 . He was educated at St . See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews, and at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of seventeen married Magdalene See also:

• CARNEGIE
• CARNEGIE, ANDREW (1837– )

Carnegie, daughter of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Carnegie (afterwards earl of Southesk) . Not See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long after the outbreak of the Scottish troubles in 1637 he joined the party of resistance, and was for some See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time one of its most energetic champions . He had nothing puritanical in his nature, but he shared in the See also:

• ILL

ill-feeling aroused in the Scottish See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility by the See also:

• POLITICAL

political authority given by See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles to the bishops, and by See also:

• HAMILTON
• HAMILTON (GRAND or ASHUANIPI)
• HAMILTON, ALEXANDER (1757-1804)
• HAMILTON, ANTHONY, or ANTOINE (1646-1720)
• HAMILTON, ELIZABETH (1758–1816)
• HAMILTON, EMMA, LADY (c. 1765-1815)
• HAMILTON, JAMES (1769-1831)
• HAMILTON, JAMES HAMILTON, 1ST DUKE OF (1606-1649)
• HAMILTON, JOHN (c. 1511–1571)
• HAMILTON, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• HAMILTON, PATRICK (1504-1528)
• HAMILTON, ROBERT (1743-1829)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM (1730-1803)
• HAMILTON, SIR WILLIAM ROWAN (1805-1865)
• HAMILTON, THOMAS (1789-1842)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM (1704-1754)
• HAMILTON, WILLIAM GERARD (1729-1796)

Hamilton's See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence with the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king, and also in the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general indignation at the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of imposing upon See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland a See also:

• LITURGY (Low Lat. liturgia; Gr. X€Zros, public, and Epyov, work; )Aetrovpy6s, a public servant)

liturgy which had been See also:

• DRAWN

drawn up at the instigation of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court and corrected by See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

Archbishop See also:

• LAUD (Lat. laws)
• LAUD, WILLIAM (1573-1645)

Laud . He signed the See also:

• COVENANT
• COVENANT (an O. Fr. form, later convenant, from convenir, to agree, Lat. convenire)

Covenant, and was told off to suppress the opposition to the popular cause which arose around See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen and in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country of the Gordons . Three times, in See also:

• JULY

July 1638, and in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March and See also:

• JUNE

June 16J9, Montrose entered Aberdeen, where he succeeded in effecting his See also:

• OBJECT

object, on the second occasion carrying off the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Gordons, the See also:

• MARQUESS (1760-1842)
• MARQUESS, or MARQUIS (Fr. marquis, Ital. marchese; from med. Lat. marchio, marchisus, i.e. comes marchiae, " count of the March ")

marquess of See also:

• HUNTLY
• HUNTLY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Huntly, as a prisoner to See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh, though in so doing, for the first and last time in his See also:

• LIFE

life, he violated a safe-conduct . In July 1639, after the See also:

• SIGNATURE (through Fr. from Lat. signature, signare, to sign, signum, mark, token, sign)

signature of the treaty of See also:

• BERWICK, JAMES FITZJAMES

Berwick, Montrose was one of the Covenanting leaders who visited Charles . This See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of policy on his See also:

• PART

part, frequently ascribed to the See also:

• FASCINATION (from Lat. fascinare, to bewitch, probably connected with the Or. f3ao-Kaiveev, to speak ill of, to bewitch)

fascination of the king's conversation, arose in reality from the nature of his own convictions . He wished to get rid of the bishops without making presbyters masters of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . His was essentially a layman's view of the situation . Taking no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the real forces of the time, he aimed at an ideal See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of society in which the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy should confine themselves to their spiritual duties, and the king, after being enlightened by open communication with the Scottish nation, should maintain See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law and See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order without respect of persons .

In the Scottish See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament which met in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, Montrose found himself in opposition to See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll, who had made himself the representative of the Presbyterian and See also:

• NATIONAL

national party, and of the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle classes . Montrose, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, wished to bring the king's authority to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear upon parliament to defeat this object, and offered him the support of a See also:

• GREAT

great number of nobles . He failed, because Charles could not even then consent to abandon the bishops, and because no Scottish party of any See also:

• WEIGHT

weight could be formed unless See also:

• PRESBYTERIANISM

Presbyterianism were established ecclesiastically . Rather than give way, Charles prepared in 164o to invade Scotland . Montrose was of See also:

• NECESSITY (Lat. necessitas)

necessity driven to See also:

• PLAY

play something of a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double part . In See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 164o he signed the See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

Bond of Cumbernauld as a protest against the " particular and See also:

• DIRECT

direct practising of a few," in other words, against the ambition of Argyll . But he took his See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place amongst the defenders of his country, and in the same See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month he displayed his gallantry in See also:

• ACTION

action at the forcing of the See also:

• TYNE

Tyne at See also:

• NEWBURN

Newburn . After the invasion had been crowned with success, Montrose still continued to cherish his now hopeless policy . On the 27th of May 1641 he was summoned before the See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

Committee of Estates charged with intrigues against Argyll, and on the 11th of June he was imprisoned in Edinburgh See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . When Charles visited Scotland to give his formal assent to the abolition of See also:

• EPISCOPACY (from Late Lat. episcopatus, the office of a bishop, episcopas)

Episcopacy, Montrose communicated to him his belief that Hamilton was a traitor . It had indeed been alleged, on See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon's authority, that he proposed to See also:

• MURDER

murder Hamilton and Argyll; but this is in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability only one of Clarendon's many blunders . (See S .

R . See also:

• GARDINER
• GARDINER, JAMES (1688-1745)
• GARDINER, SAMUEL RAWSON (1829–1902)
• GARDINER, STEPHEN (c. 1493–1555)

Gardiner, Hist. of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England,1603—1642, x . 26) . Upon the king's return to England Montrose shared in the See also:

• AMNESTY (from the Gr. &µvrly-ria, oblivion)

amnesty which was tacitly accorded to all Charles's partisans . For a time Montrose retired, perforce, from public life . After the See also:

• CIVIL

Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War ,began in England (see GREAT See also:

• REBELLION

REBELLION) he constantly pressed Charles to allow him to make a diversion in Scotland . Hamilton's impracticable policy of keeping Scotland neutral for long stood in the way of Charles's consent . But in 1644, when a Scottish See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army entered England to take part against the king, Montrose, now created a marquess, was at last allowed to try what he could do . He set out to invade Scotland with about r000 men . But his followers deserted, and his See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition appeared hopeless . Disguised as a See also:

• GROOM

groom, he started on the 18th of August with only two gentlemen to make his way to the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands . Highlanders had never before been known to combine together, but Montrose knew that most of the clans detested Argyll, and the clans rallied to his See also:

• SUMMONS (Fr. semonce, from semonner or semondre, Lat. summonere, summonitio)

summons .

About 2000 disciplined Irish soldiers had crossed the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea to assist him . In two See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns, distinguished by rapidity of See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement, he met and defeated his opponents in six battles . At Tippermuir and Aberdeen he routed Covenanting levies; at Inverlochy he crushed the Campbells, at Auldearn, See also:

• ALFORD, HENRY (1810–1871)

Alford and See also:

• KILSYTH

Kilsyth his victories were obtained over well-led and disciplined armies . At See also:

• DUNDEE
• DUNDEE, JOHN GRAHAM OF CLAVERHOUSE, VISCOUNT (c. 1649-1689)

Dundee he extricated his army from the greatest peril, and actually called his men off from the See also:

• SACK

sack that had begun—a feat beyond the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of any other general in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The fiery See also:

• ENTHUSIASM

enthusiasm of the Gordons and other clans often carried the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, but Montrose relied more upon the disciplined See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry which had followed Alastair See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald from See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland . His See also:

• STRATEGY

strategy at Dundee and Inverlochy, his See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics at Aberdeen, Auldearn and Kilsyth furnished See also:

• MODELS

models of the military See also:

• ART

art, but above all his daring and constancy marked him out as the greatest soldier of the war, See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell alone excepted . His career of victory was crowned by the great See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Kilsyth (Aug . 15, 1645) . Now Montrose found himself apparently See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of Scotland . In the name of the king, who now appointed him lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant and See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

captain-general of Scotland, he summoned a parliament to meet at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow on the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October, in which he no doubt hoped to reconcile loyal obedience to the king with the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a non-political Presbyterian clergy . That parliament never met . Charles had been defeated at See also:

• NASEBY

Naseby on the 14th of June, and Montrose must come to his help if there was to be still a king to proclaim .

See also:

• DAVID
• DAVID (a Hebrew name meaning probably beloved 1)
• DAVID, FELICIEN (1810—1876)
• DAVID, GERARD [GHEERAERT DAVIT], (?=1523)
• DAVID, PIERRE JEAN (1789–1856)
• DAVID, ST (Dewi, Sant)

David See also:

• LESLIE
• LESLIE, CHARLES (1650-1722)
• LESLIE, CHARLES ROBERT (1794–1859)
• LESLIE, FRED [FREDERICK HOBSON] (1855–1892)
• LESLIE, SIR JOHN (1766-1832)
• LESLIE, THOMAS EDWARD CLIFFE (1827-1882)

Leslie, the best of the Scottish generals, was promptly despatched against Montrose to anticipate the invasion . On the 12th of September he came upon Montrose, deserted by his Highlanders and guarded only by a little See also:

• GROUP

group of followers, at Philiphaugh . He won an easy victory . Montrose cut his way through to the Highlands; but he failed to organize an army . In September 1646 he embarked for See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway . Montrose was to appear once more on the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of Scottish See also:

• HISTORY

history . In June 1649, burning to revenge the death of the king, he was restored by the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

exile Charles II. to the now nominal lieutenancy of Scotland . Charles however did not See also:

• SCRUPLE

scruple shortly afterwards to disavow his noblest supporter in order to become a king on terms dictated by Argyll and Argyll's adherents . In March 165o Montrose landed in the Orkneys to take the command of a small force which he had sent on before him . See also:

• CROSSING

Crossing to the mainland, he tried in vain to raise the clans, and on the 27th of See also:

• APRIL

April he was surprised and routed at Carbiesdale in See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross-See also:

• SHIRE

shire . After wandering for some time he was surrendered by See also:

• MACLEOD, HENRY DUNNING (1821-1902),
• MACLEOD, NORMAN (1812-1872)

Macleod of Assynt, to whose See also:

• PROTECTION

protection, in See also:

• IGNORANCE (Lat. ignorantia, from ignorare, not to know); want of knowledge, a state of mind which in law has important consequences. A well-known legal maxim runs: ignorantia juris non excusat ("ignorance of the law does not excuse")

ignorance of Macleod's political enmity, he had entrusted himself . He was brought a prisoner to Edinburgh, and on the loth of May sentenced to death by the parliament .

He was hanged on the 21st, with See also:

• WISHART, GEORGE (c. 1513-1546)

Wishart's laudatory See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography of him put See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round his See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck . To the last he protested that he was a real Covenanter and a loyal subject . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal authorities for Montrose's career are Wishart's Res gestae, &c .