See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech, Morava)  , a margraviate and crownland of See also:

• AUSTRIA
• AUSTRIA, LOWER (Ger. Niederosterreich or Osterreich unter der Enns, " Austria below the river Enns ")
• AUSTRIA, UPPER (Ger. Oberosterreich or Osterreich ob der Enns, " Austria above the river Enns ")

Austria, bounded E. by See also:

• HUNGARY
• HUNGARY (Hungarian Magyarorszdg)

Hungary, S. by See also:

• LOWER

Lower Austria, W. by Bohemia and N. by Prussian and See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian See also:

• SILESIA

Silesia . See also:

• AREA

Area, 8583 sq. m . Physically See also:

• MORAVIA (Ger., Ma/wen; Czech, Morava)

Moravia may be described as a mountainous See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau sloping from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, just in the opposite direction of the adjoining Bohemia plateau, which descends from south to north, and bordered on three sides by See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain ranges . On the north are the Sudetes, namely the Altvater Gebirge, with the highest peaks the Grosser See also:

• SCHNEEBERG

Schneeberg (4664 ft.) and the Altvater (4887 ft.), which sink gradually towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, where the valley of the See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder forms a break between the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mountains and the Carpathians . The latter See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Moravia from Hungary . Parallel to the Carpathians are the Marsgebirge (1915 ft.) and its continuation, the Steinitzer Wald, (1450 ft.) . On the west are the so-called Bohemian-Mrravian Mountains, forming the elevated See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

mar-See also:

• GIN

gin of Bohemia . The" See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal passes are those at See also:

• IGLAU (Czech Jihlava)

Iglau and Zwittau to Bohemia and the Wlara Pass to Hungary . Almost the whole of Moravia belongs to the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March or Morava, from which it derives its name and which rises within its territory in the Sudetes . It traverses the whole See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in a course of 140 m., and enters the See also:

• DANUBE (Ger. Donau, Hungarian Duna, Rumanian Dunarea, Lat. Danubius or Danuvius, and in the lower part of its course Ister)

Danube near See also:

• PRESSBURG (Hung. Pozsony, Lat. Posonium)

Pressburg . Its principal tributaries are the Thaya, the See also:

• HANNA, MARCUS ALONZO (1837-1904)

Hanna, the Iglawa with the Zwittawa and the Schwarzawa, &c . The Oder also rises among the mountains in the north-east of Moravia, but soon turns to the north and quits the country .

With the exception of a stretch of the March, none of the See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers are navigable . Amongst the See also:

• MINERAL

mineral springs See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth mentioning are the See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur springs at Ullersdorf, the saline ones at Luhatschowitz and the alkaline springs at Toplitz . Owing to the configuration of the See also:

• SOIL

soil, the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Moravia varies more than might be expected in so small an area, so that, while the See also:

• VINE

vine and See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize are cultivated successfully in the south-ern plains, the See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather in the mountainous districts is somewhat rigorous . The ,mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature at See also:

• BRUNN (Czech Brno)

Brunn is 48° F . Of the See also:

• TOTAL

total area 54.8% is occupied by arable See also:

• LAND

land, 7% by meadows, 5,7% by pasturages, 1.2% by gardens, 0.5% by vineyards, while 27.4% are forests . The principal products are See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn, oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, potatoes, See also:

• RYE

rye, beetroot, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, See also:

• FLAX

flax, See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and other See also:

• FODDER

fodder . Forestry is greatly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed; the breed of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep in the Carpathians is of an improved quality, and the horses bred in the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain of the Hanna are highly esteemed . The mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of Moravia, consisting chiefly of See also:

• COAL

coal and See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron, is very considerable . Coals are extracted at Neudorf, Lesitz, Ratiskowitz and Ceic; See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite at Rossitz, Oslavan and Mahrisch-See also:

• OSTRAU

Ostrau . Iron-ore is found at Zoptau, Blansko, Adamsthal, Witkowitz, Rossitz and Stefanau . Other minerals found here are See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite, See also:

• ALUM

alum, See also:

• POTTER, ALONZO (1800-1865)
• POTTER, HENRY CODMAN (1835–1908)
• POTTER, J
• POTTER, JOHN (c. 1674-1747)
• POTTER, PAUL (1625—1654)
• POTTER, PHILIP CIPRIANI HAMBLEY (1792—1871)

potter's See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay and roofing-See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, and, besides, famous See also:

• SILVER

silver-mines were worked at Iglau during the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle ages . From an See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial point of view .

Moravia belongs to the foremost provinces of the Austrian See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . The principal manufactures are woollen, See also:

• LINEN

linen, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast-iron goods, See also:

• BEET

beet-See also:

• SUGAR

sugar, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and See also:

• BRANDY

brandy . The See also:

• CLOTH

cloth See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was introduced in the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century at Iglau, where it soon obtained a See also:

• GREAT

great reputation; it developed afterwards at See also:

• OLMUTZ (Czech; Olomouc or Holomauc)

Olmutz, and since the middle of the 18th century it has its principal centre at Brunn . The linen industry is concentrated at Schonberg, Mistek, Wiesenberg and Heidenpiltsch; while the cotton industry has its principal seat at See also:

• STERNBERG

Sternberg . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief iron-foundries are to be found at Witkowitz, Stefanauy Z.optau and Rossitz; while industrial See also:

• MACHINES

machines are manufactured at Brunn, Blansko and Adamsthal . Large See also:

• WORKS

works of earthenware are established at See also:

• ZNAIM (Czech Znojmo)

Znaim and Frain . Moravia had in 'goo a See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of 2,435,081 inhabitants, which is See also:

• EQUIVALENT

equivalent to 284 inhabitants per sq. m . It belongs to the See also:

• GROUP

group of old See also:

• SLAVONIC, OLD

Slavonic states which have preserved their. See also:

• NATIONALITY

nationality while losing their See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence . Of the total population 71.36% were Slays, who were scarcely distinguishable from their Bohemian neighbours . The name of See also:

• CZECH (in Bohemian, Cech)

Czech, however, is usually reserved for the Bohemians, whilethe Slays of Moravia and West Hungary are called Moravians and Slovacs . The Germans See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form 27.9% of the population,.and are found mostly in the towns and in the border districts . Fully 95% of the inhabitants are See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, under the ecclesiastical See also:

• JURISDICTION
• JURISDICTION, CRIMINAL LAW, DIVORCE

jurisdiction of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Olmutz and the See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop of Brunn; 2.7% Protestants and 2% See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews .

In educational matters Moravia compares favourably with most of the Austrian provinces . It is well provided with See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools of every description, and the number of illiterates is steadily decreasing . The See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• DIET

diet is composed of See also:

• IOO

ioo members, of which the archbishop of Olmutz and the bishop of Brunn are members ex of cio . To the Reichsrat at See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna Moravia sends 36 members . For administrative purposes Moravia is divided into 34 districts and 6 towns, with autonomous muncipalities: Brunn (pop., 108,944), the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital, Iglau (24,387), Olmutz (21,433), Znaim (16,261), See also:

• KREMSIER, (Czech, Kromeriz)

Kremsier (13,991) and Ungarisch-Hradisch (5r37) . Other principal towns are Konigsfeld (11,022), Goding (10,231), Mahrisch-Ostrau (30,125), Witkowitz (19,128), Mahrisch-Schonberg (11,636), Zwittau{9063), See also:

• NEUTITSCHEIN (Czech Navy Jicin)

Neutitschein (11,891), See also:

• PRERAU (Czech, Prerov)

Prerau (16,738), See also:

• PROSSNITZ (Czech Prostejov)

Prossnitz (24,054), Sternberg (15,195) and Trebitsch (10,597) . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—At the earliest See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of which we have any See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record Moravia was occupied by the See also:

• BOII (perhaps = " the terrible ")

Boii, the See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic See also:

• RACE

race which has perpetuated its name in Bohemia . Afterwards it was inhabited by the Germanic Quadi, who accompanied the See also:

• VANDALS (Lat. Vandili or Vandilii)

Vandals in their westward See also:

• MIGRATION

migration; and they were replaced in the 5th century by the Rugii and See also:

• HERULI

Heruli . The latter tribes were succeeded about the See also:

• YEAR

year 550 A.D. by the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards; and these in their turn were soon forced to retire before an overwhelming invasion of Slays, who on their See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement there took the name of Moravians (German, Mehranen or Mahren) from the See also:

• RIVER

river Morava . These new colonists became the permanent inhabitants of this See also:

• DISTRICT

district, and in spite of the hostility of the See also:

• AVARS

Avars on the east founded the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of Great Moravia, which was considerably more extensive than the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province now bearing the name . Towards the end of the 8th century they aided See also:

• CHARLEMAGNE [CHARLES THE GREAT] (c. 742-814)
• CHARLEMAGNE, JEAN ARMAND (1753–1838)

Charlemagne in putting an end to the Avar kingdom, and were re-warded by receiving See also:

• PART

part of it, corresponding to North Hungary, as a See also:

• FIEF

fief of the German See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor, whose supremacy they also acknowledged more or less for their other possessions . After the See also:

• DEATH

death of Charlemagne the Moravian princes took See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of the dissensions of his successors to enlarge their territories and assert their independence, and Rastislaus (c .

85o) even formed an See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance with the Bulgarians and the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine emperor . The chief result of the alliance with the latter was the See also:

• CONVERSION (Lat. conversio, from convertere, to turn or ,change)

conversion of the Moravians to See also:

• CHRISTIANITY

Christianity by two See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek monks, See also:

• CYRIL (376-444)
• CYRIL (827-869)
• CYRIL (c. 315–386)

Cyril and See also:

• METHODIUS (c. 825-885)

Methodius, despatched from See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople (863) . Rastislaus finally See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into the hands of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis the German, who blinded him, and forced him to end his days as a See also:

• MONK (O.Eng. munuc; this with the Teutonic forms, e.g. Du. monnik, Ger. Witch, and the Romanic, e.g. Fr. moine, Ital. monacho and Span. monje, are from the Lat. monachus, adaptedfrom Gr. µovaXos, one living alone, a solitary; Own, alone)
• MONK (or MONCK), GEORGE
• MONK, JAMES HENRY (1784-1856)
• MONK, MARIA (c. 1817—1850)

monk; but his :successor, Svatopluk (d . 894), was equally vigorous, and extended the kingdom of Great Moravia to the Oder on the west and the Gran on the east . At this period there seemed a strong See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability of the junction of the north-western and south-eastern Slays, and the formation of a great Slavonic See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power to east of the German empire . This prospect, however, was dissipated by the invasions of the Magyar hordes in the loth century, the brunt of which was See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by Moravia . The invaders were encouraged by the German monarchs and aided by the dissensions and mismanagement of the successors of Svatopluk, and in a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time completely subdued the eastern part of Great Moravia . The name of Moravia was henceforth confined to the district to which it now applies . For about a century the See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of this marchland was disputed by Hungary, See also:

• POLAND (Polish Polska, Ger. Polen), (see POLAND, RUSSIAN, below)
• POLAND, RUSSIAN

Poland and Bohemia, but in 1029 it was finally incorporated with Bohemia, and so became an integral part of the German empire . Towards the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 12th century Moravia was raised to the dignity of a margraviate, but with the proviso that it should be held as a fief of the See also:

• CROWN

crown of Bohemia . It henceforth shared the fortunes of this country, and was usually assigned as an apanage to younger members of the Bohemian royal See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . In 1410 See also:

• JOBST

Jobst, See also:

• MARGRAVE (Ger. Markgraf)

margrave of Moravia, was made emperor of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, but died a few months after his See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election .

In 1526, on the death of Louis II. of Hungary Moravia came with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of that See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince's possessions into the hands of the Austrian house . During the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War the depopulation of Moravia was so great that after the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia the states-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general published an See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict giving every See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man permission to take two wives, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to " repeople the country." After the Seven Years' War Moravia was See also:

• UNITED

united in one province with the remnant of Silesia, but in 1849 it was made a separate and See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent crownland . The most noticeable feature of See also:

• RECENT

recent Moravian history has been the active sympathy of its inhabitants with the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home-See also:

• RULE

rule agitation of the Bohemian Czechs . See See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die blinder Oesterreich- Ungarns in Wort and Bild, vol . 8 (Vienna, 1881-1889; 15 vols.) ; Die osterreichisch-ungarische Monarchie in Wort and Bild, vol 17 (Vienna, 1886-1902, 24 vols.); B . Bretholz, Geschichte Mdhrens (Briinn, 1893, &c.) .