See also:

• JEAN

JEAN See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

VICTOR See also:

• MARIE

MARIE See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• JEAN VICTOR MARIE MOREAU (1763-1813)

MOREAU (1763-1813)  , See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• MORLAIX

Morlaix in See also:

• BRITTANY

Brittany on the 14th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1763 . His See also:

• FATHER

father was an avocat in See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good practice, and instead of allowing him to enter the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, as he attempted to do, insisted on his studying See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law at the university of See also:

• RENNES

Rennes . See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

Young See also:

• MOREAU, GUSTAVE (1826-1898)
• MOREAU, HEGESIPPE (18ro-1838)
• MOREAU, JEAN VICTOR MARIE (1763-1813)

Moreau showed no inclination for law, but revelled in the freedom of a student's See also:

• LIFE

life . Instead of taking his degree he continued to live with the students as their See also:

• HERO (Gr. open)
• HERO, THE YOUNGER

hero and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, formed them into a sort of army, which he commanded as their See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost, and when 1789 came he commanded the students in the daily affrays which took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place at Rennes between the young noblesse and the populace . In 1791 he was elected a lieut.-See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

colonel of the See also:

• VOLUNTEERS

volunteers of Ille-et-Vilaine . With them he served under See also:

• DUMOURIEZ, CHARLES FRANCOIS (1739—1823)

Dumouriez, and in 1793 the good See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of his See also:

• BATTALION

battalion, and his own See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

martial See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and republican principles secured his promotion as general of See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade . See also:

• CARNOT, LAZARE EIPPOLYTE (18ot-1888)
• CARNOT, MARIE FRANCOIS SADI (1837-1894)
• CARNOT, SADI NICOLAS LEONHARD (1796-1832)

Carnot, who had an See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye for the true qualities of a general, promoted him to be general of See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1794, and gave him command of the right wing of the army under See also:

• PICHEGRU, CHARLES (1761-1804)

Pichegru, in See also:

• FLANDERS (Flem. Vlaanderen)

Flanders . The See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• TOURCOING

Tourcoing established his military fame, and in 1795 he was given the command of the Army of the See also:

• RHINE (Lat. Rhenus, Ger. Rhein, Fr. Rhin, Dutch Rhyn, or Rijn)

Rhine-and-Moselle, with which he crossed the Rhine and advanced into See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He was at first completely successful, won several victories and penetrated to the See also:

• ISAR (identical with Isere, in Celtic " the rapid ")

Isar (see FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY See also:

• WARS

WARS), but at last had to See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat before the See also:

• ARCHDUKE (Lat. archidux, Ger. Erzherzog)

archduke See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles . However, the skill he displayed in conducting his retreat—which was considered a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model for such operations—greatly enhanced his own reputation, the more so as he managed to bring back with him more than 5000 prisoners . In 1797 he again, after prolonged difficulties caused by want of funds and material, crossed the Rhine, but his operations were checked by the conclusion of the preliminaries of See also:

• LEOBEN

Leoben between See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte and the Austrians . It was at this See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time he found out the traitorous See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence between his old comrade and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander Pichegru and the emigre See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince de See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde .

He had already appeared as Pichegru's defender against imputations of disloyalty, and now he foolishly concealed his See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery, with the result that he has ever since been suspected of at least partial complicity . Too See also:

• LATE

late to clear himself, he sent the correspondence to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and issued a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation to the army denouncing Pichegru as a traitor . He was dismissed, and it was only when in 1799 the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of Bonaparte and the victorious advance of See also:

• SUVAROV

Suvarov made it necessary to have some tried and experienced general in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy that he was re-employed . He commanded the Army of Italy, with little success, for a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short time before being appointed to the Army of the Rhine, and remained with See also:

• JOUBERT, BARTHELEMY CATHERINE (1769–1799)
• JOUBERT, JOSEPH (1754–1824)
• JOUBERT, PETRUS JACOBUS (1834–1900)

Joubert, his successor in Italy, till Novi had been fought and lost . Joubert See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in the battle, and Moreau then conducted the retreat of the army to See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa, where he handed over the command to See also:

• CHAMPIONNET, JEAN ETIENNE (1762-1800)

Championnet . When Bonaparte returned from See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt he found Moreau at Paris, greatly dissatisfied with the See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory both as a general and as a republican, and obtained his assistance inthe coup d'etat of 18 See also:

• BRUMAIRE

Brumaire, when Moreau commanded the force which confined two of the See also:

• DIRECTORS

directors in the Luxembourg . In See also:

• REWARD

reward, the First See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

Consul again gave him command of the Army of the Rhine, with which he forced back the Austrians from the Rhine to the Isar . On his return to Paris he married Mlle Hullot, a See also:

• CREOLE (the Fr. form of criollo, a West Indian, probably a negro corruption of the Span. criadillo, the dim. of criado, one bred or reared, from criar, to breed, a derivative of the Lat. creare, to create)

Creole of See also:

• JOSEPHINE (MARIE ROSE JOSEPHINE TASCHER DE LA PAGERIE) (1763–1814)

Josephine's circle, an ambitious woman who gained a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete ascendancy over him, and after spending a few glorious See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks with the army in Germany and winning the celebrated victory of Hohenlinden (Dec . 3, 1800) he settled down to enjoy the See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune he had acquired during his See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

campaigns . His wife collected around her all who were discontented with the aggrandisement of See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon . This " See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

club Moreau " annoyed Napoleon, and encouraged the Royalists, but Moreau, though not unwilling to become a military See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator to restore the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic, would be no party to an intrigue for the restoration of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis XVIII . All this was well known to Napoleon, who seized the conspirators .

Moreau's condemnation was procured only by See also:

• GREAT

great pressure being brought to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear by Bonaparte on the See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges; and after it was pronounced the First Consul treated him with a pretence of leniency, commuting a See also:

• SENTENCE (Lat. sententia, a way of thinking, opinion, judgment; vote, sentire, to feel, think)

sentence of imprisonment to one of banishment . Moreau passed through See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain and embarked for See also:

• AMERICA

America, where he lived in quiet and obscurity for some years at Morrisville, New See also:

• JERSEY
• JERSEY, EARLS OF

Jersey, till See also:

• NEWS

news came of the destruction of the grande armee in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . Then, probably at the instigation of his wife, he committed the last and least excusable of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of well-meant See also:

• POLITICAL

political errors that marked his career . Negotiations were set on See also:

• FOOT

foot with an old friend in the circle of republican intriguers, Bernadotte, who, being now See also:

• CROWN

crown prince of See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of an army opposing Napoleon, introduced Moreau to the See also:

• TSAR, or CZAR

tsar See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander . In the See also:

• HOPE, ANTHONY
• HOPE, THOMAS (c. 1770-1831)

hope of returning to See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France to re-establish the regime of popular See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, Moreau gave See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice to the allied sovereigns as to the conduct of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, but fortunately for his fame as a patriot he did not live to invade France . He was mortally wounded while talking to the tsar at the battle of See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden on the 27th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1813, and died on the 2nd of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September . He was buried at St See also:

• PETERSBURG

Petersburg . His wife received a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension from the tsar, and was given the See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of marechale by Louis XVIII., but his countrymen spoke of his " defection " and compared him to Dumouriez and Pichegru . Moreau's fame as a general stands very high, though he was far from possessing Napoleon's transcendent gifts . His combinations were skilful and elaborate, and his See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper always unruffled when most closely pressed . Moreau was a sincere republican, though his own father was guillotined in the Terror . He was fortunate in the moment of his See also:

• DEATH

death, though he would have been more so had he died in America .

He seems by his final words, " Soyez tranquilles, messieurs; c'est mon sort," not to have regretted being removed from his equivocal position as a general in arms against his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The literature on Moreau is copious, the best See also:

• BOOK

book being C . Jochmus, General Moreau—Abriss einer Geschichte seines Lebens and seiner Feldzuge (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1814) . A more See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary See also:

• WORK

work is A. de See also:

• BEAUCHAMP
• BEAUCHAMP, ALPHONSE DE

Beauchamp, See also:

• VIE

Vie politique, militaire, et rivee du General Moreau, translated by Philippart (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1814) • and there is a curious See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract on his death in See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, translated into See also:

• ENGLISH

English under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, Some Details Concerning General Moreau and his Last Moments, by See also:

• PAUL
• PAUL (PAULUS)

Paul Svinin (London, 1814) .