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hill called Cumorah, now commonly known as Mormon Hill . It seems almost certain that he told other and earlier stories of how he came to find the See also:

gold plates, and it is possible that before this time there was a See also:

story current in See also:

CANADA

Canada of the recovery of a " Gold Bible." It was not until the 22nd of September 1827 that (as he said) he dug up, on the hill near Manchester, a stone See also:

box, in which was a See also:

VOLUME

volume, 6 in. thick, made of thin gold plates 8 in. by 7 in., and fastened together by three gold rings . The plates were covered with small See also:

writing in characters which, it was said, See also:

PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

Charles See also:

ANTHON, CHARLES (1797-1867)

Anthon' declared were in the " reformed See also:

EGYPTIAN

Egyptian See also:

TONGUE (O. Eng. lunge)

tongue "; with the See also:

GOLDEN

golden See also:

BOOK

book Smith claimed that he found a breastplate of gold and a pair of supernatural See also:

SPECTACLES

spectacles, consisting of two crystals set in a See also:

SILVER

silver See also:

BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow, and called "Urim and Thummim "; by aid of these the mystic characters could be read . Being himself unable to read or write fluently, Smith employed as amanuenses: first See also:

Martin See also:

Harris (1793—1875); then his own wife, Emma; after the See also:

MIDDLE

middle of See also:

APRIL

April 1829, See also:

Oliver Cowdery, a blacksmith and school teacher; and See also:

David Whitmer (18o5—1888); to them, from behind a See also:

CURTAIN

curtain, he dictated a See also:

TRANSLATION

translation, for the See also:

PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

PUBLISHING

publishing of which Martin Harris paid, in spite of the continued opposition of his wife to the See also:

SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme . An edition of 5000 copies of The Book of Mormon' was printed See also:

early in 1830 in the printing See also:

OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the Wayne See also:

SENTINEL, or SENTRY

Sentinel at Palmyra . It was accompanied by " The Testimony of the Three Witnesses," a sworn statement of Oliver Cowdery, David Whitmer and Martin Harris that an angel of See also:

God had shown them the plates of which the book was a translation, and by " The Testimony of the Eight Witnesses," four of them Whitmers and three of them Smiths (Joseph's father and his See also:

BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers Hyrum and See also:

SAMUEL

Samuel) . Soon afterwards, according to Smith, the plates disappeared, being taken away by the angel Moroni .

The Book of Mormon, in which Joseph Smith was declared to be God's See also:

PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet," with all See also:

POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and entitled to all obedience, ' Martin Harris took a copy in Smith's See also:

hand of certain " caractors " (so Smith spelled it) to Dr Anthon, who at first thought it " a hoax upon the learned," but, after See also:

HEARING (formed from the verb " to hear," O. Eng. hyran, heron, &c., a common Teutonic verb; cf. Ger. Koren, Dutch hooren, &c.; the O. Tent. form is seen in Goth. hausjan; the initial h makes any connexion with " ear," Lat. audire, or Gr. &Kobew very doub

hearing the story of the See also:

DIAMOND

diamond spectacles and that Harris had been asked to pay for the publication of the book, said that it was a See also:

FRAUD (Lat. fraus, deceit)

fraud on Harris . He recognized the See also:

MISCELLANEOUS

miscellaneous and haphazard nature of the " caractors," of which facsimiles are given by See also:

RILEY, JAMES WHITCOMB (1853– )

Riley, p . 81, and Linn, p.4o . Riley thinks that the " caractors " were automatic writing, and that " unconscious cerebration played a large See also:

PART

part in the evolving of the gold See also:

PLATE

plate scheme." ' More than a dozen years afterwards Smith, when asked if " Mormon " was not connected with the See also:

Greek word for " hobgoblin " (" Mormo" is thus used in 17th-See also:

CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

ENGLISH

English), explained that it meant " more good," from the " Egyptian mon," " with the addition of more, or the contraction mor." professes to give the See also:

HISTORY

history of See also:

AMERICA

America from its first See also:

settlement by a See also:

COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of " Jaredites " from among the See also:

CROWD, CROUTH, CROWTH

crowd dispersed by the confusion of See also:

TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues at the See also:

TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

Tower of See also:

BABEL

Babel down to the See also:

YEAR

year 5 A.D . These settlers in course of time destroyed one an-other . In 600 B.C . Lehi, his wife, and four sons, with ten See also:

friends, all from See also:

Jerusalem, landed on the See also:

COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

CHILE, or CHILI (derived, it is said, from the Quichua chin , cold, or tchili, snow)

Chile . Upon the See also:

DEATH

death of Lehi, the divine See also:

APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment to the leadership of Nephi, the youngest son, roused the resentment of his See also:

elder brothers, who were in consequence condemned to have dark skins and to be an idle, mischievous See also:

RACE

race, the " Lamanites " or See also:

North-See also:

AMERICAN

American See also:

INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians . Between the Nephites and the bad See also:

HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews a fierce See also:

war was maintained for centuries, until finally, in spite of divine intervention in the See also:

PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of the risen Christ, who here founded a Church with the same organization " as was enjoyed on the Eastern Continent," the Nephites See also:

fell away from the true faith, and in 384 A.D. were nearly annihilated in a See also:

BATTLE

battle at the hill of Cumorah, in Ontario county, New York . Among the handful that escaped were Mormon and his son Moroni, the former of whom collected the sixteen books of records, kept by successive See also:

KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings and priests, into one volume, which on his death was supplemented by his son with some See also:

PERSONAL

personal reminiscences and by him buried in the hill of Cumorah, where he was divinely assured that the book would one day be discovered by God's chosen prophet . This is Smith's See also:

account of the book: it was a contention of the early See also:

ANTI, or CAMPA

anti-Mormons, now however discredited, that The Book of Mormon as published by Smith was rewritten with few changes from an unpublished See also:

ROMANCE

romance, The See also:

MANUSCRIPT

Manuscript Found, written before 1812 by See also:

Solomon Spaulding' (1761–1816), a See also:

MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister and See also:

IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron-founder who had become greatly interested in the pre-historic mounds of See also:

OHIO

Ohio and wrote a romance to explain their origin and the See also:

HEBREW

Hebrew origin of the North-American Indians . The See also:

style of the book is poor; the speeches of See also:

PRIMITIVE

primitive See also:

INDIAN

Indian chiefs are filled with the phraseology of the 19th-century See also:

CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp-See also:

MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting; there are See also:

long extracts from the See also:

Westminster See also:

CONFESSION (Lat. confessio, from confiteor, acknowledge, confess)

Confession, and a speech of Nephi contains a statement of See also:

DOCTRINE

doctrine which corresponds with heretical views held in Smith's own time in the See also:

PRESBYTERY

presbytery of See also:

Geneva, in which his See also:

home See also:

lay .

The time was singularly favourable to the See also:

FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding of a new sect: religious unrest and receptiveness were prevalent; and western New York was the See also:

SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the See also:

FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of various new communities between 1789, when Jemima See also:

Wilkinson founded " Jerusalem " in See also:

Yates county, New York, and 1848, when the See also:

Fox sisters gave their first spiritualistic manifestations about ten See also:

MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles from Joseph Smith's home . His book and his claim to divine authority, upheld by frequent revelations, soon See also:

drew many followers to Smith . A Church was formally organized on the 6th of April 1830 at Fayette, See also:

SENECA

Seneca county, New York; and in See also:

JUNE

June a See also:

CONFERENCE

conference of about See also:

THIRTY

thirty members met at Fayette . Smith and Cowdery had previously (May, 1829) baptized each other, in alleged accordance with the instruction of See also:

John the Baptist,who had ordained them, conferring " the priesthood of See also:

AARON

Aaron "; while See also:

Peter, See also:

James and John afterwards made them priests of " the See also:

order of Melchisedec." ' It was supposed that See also:

Sidney Rigdon had been a compositor in a See also:

Pittsburg printing-office, that he had stolen Spaulding's manuscript from this office, or had made a surreptitious copy of it, and that he entered into a See also:

plot with Smith to use this material for a new Bible . In support of this are vague stories of a mysterious visitor to Smith at the time he was making his translation; and the See also:

ARGUMENT

argument that Smith did not, and Rigdon did, know enough to get the book in shape . But there is no actual See also:

PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof that Rigdon lived in Pittsburg or was employed in a printer's See also:

SHOP

shop there as early as when Spaulding's " copy " must have been See also:

LEFT

left with the printer; and there is no See also:

EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence that Rigdon knew anything of Mormonism until after the publication of The Book of Mormon . The See also:

DISCOVERY

discovery by Professor J . H . Fairchild, in 1884, in See also:

HONOLULU

Honolulu of a manuscript romance by Spaulding (now in the library of See also:

Oberlin See also:

COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, Ohio), which did not agree at all in style or See also:

MATTER

matter with The Book of Mormon, does not entirely See also:

settle the matter, as this romance is so different in See also:

CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character from the story read by Spaulding to some of his friends in 1811-1812, that if it was really Spaulding's, it must have been a later See also:

WORK

work than The Manuscript Found . Even, however, if it be true that Smith used Spaulding's story, his own additions to it must have been large, for parts of the Book seem autobiographic, and one incident seems to be based on the anti-Masonic excitement prevalent in New York See also:

state after the disappearance of See also:

William See also:

Morgan in 1826—ten years after the death of Solomon Spaulding . In See also:

OCTOBER

October 183o Smith sent out Parley See also:

Parker See also:

PRATT, ORSON (1811–1881)

Pratt (1807–1857), Oliver Cowdery, Ziba Peterson, and Peter Whitmer, jun., as missionaries . One of their first converts, in See also:

MENTOR

Mentor, Lake county, Ohio, was Sidney Rigdon (1793-'876), whom Pratt had formerly known, who had preached as a Baptist in 1819–1828—a part of this time in Pittsburg—who had then joined See also:

Alexander See also:

Campbell and See also:

Walter See also:

Scott in establishing the Disciples of Christ, and who was pastor of a church in Mentor .

Rigdon was baptized, became a Mormon See also:

LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader, and, after a " revelation " of December 183o, made a new translation of the Bible, in which prophecies of the coming of Joseph Smith and the nature of The Book of Mormon are inserted in the 50th See also:

CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of See also:

Genesis and the 29th chapter of See also:

Isaiah respectively . This translation was not published until 1866 and is not in use in the Mormon churches . In See also:

JANUARY

January 183 r Smith, who had been " persecuted " in his New York home, where several lawsuits, all unsuccessful, had been brought against him, accompanied Rigdon to Ohio, where at Kirtland (a few miles See also:

south-See also:

west of Mentor), Lake county, Ohio, the See also:

PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of the new sect was very successful, partly because Pratt and Rigdon were so well known to the Disciples in north-eastern Ohio . Smith at this time seems to have intended to make the New Jerusalem at Kirtland; there he established a See also:

general See also:

STORE (from O. Fr. estor or estoire, Late Lat. staurum or instaurum, stock, provisions, supply, from the late use of instaurare, to provide, properly to construct, renew, restore)

store, a See also:

steam saw-See also:

mill and a tannery, bought See also:

LAND

land, platted a See also:

GREAT

great city, and built a stone See also:

temple, which was consecrated in 1836 . But the church was " persecuted " again, especially by apostates; on the 25th of See also:

March 1832 Smith and Rigdon were tarred and feathered at Hiram,' See also:

PORTAGE

Portage county, where they were then living . In See also:

FEBRUARY

February 1834 the Church was fairly organized; already on the 8th of March 1833 Smith, Rigdon, and See also:

Frederick G . See also:

Williams had been styled the first See also:

PRESIDENCY

presidency, and were entrusted with the keys of the last See also:

KINGDOM

kingdom . About this time the licentiousness of Smith might have led to the See also:

DISSOLUTION (from Lat. dissolvere, to break up into parts)

dissolution of the Church but for Brigham See also:

Young (1801–1877), a Vermont painter and glazier, who was baptized in 1832 and soon afterwards was ordained elder . Young's indomitable will, per-suasive eloquence, executive ability, shrewdness and zeal soon made their See also:

INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence See also:

FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and, when a further step was taken in 1835 towards the organization of a See also:

HIERARCHY (Gr. iepos, holy, and apxe.v, to rule)

hierarchy by the institution of the See also:

QUORUM (Lat. for " of whom ")

quorum of the "twelve apostles,"3 who were sent out as proselytizing missionaries among the " gentiles," Young was ordained one of the Twelve and despatched to preach through-out the eastern states . In 1836 the Kirtland Safety Society See also:

BANK

Bank was organized (in accordance with a " revelation " to Smith); as it was unchartered it issued notes under the name of "The Kirtland Safety Society anti-BANx-See also:

ing Co."; but in March 1837 Rigdon and Smith, the secretary and treasurer, were charged with violating the state See also:

law against unchartered See also:

banks, and they were convicted in October; the society appealed, claiming that it was not a bank but an association, but in See also:

NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November the " bank " suspended payments and in See also:

Jan . 1838 Smith and Rigdon left the state for See also:

MISSOURI

Missouri . In 1836–1837 there had been a deter-See also:

MINED

mined See also:

ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to depose Smith and make David Whitmer See also:

head of the Church; Rigdon and Young successfully opposed this See also:

MOVEMENT

movement, which was backed by Whitmer, Pratt, Williams and Harris .

Probably in June 1837 (or in See also:

JULY

July 1838) there was organized under the leadership of See also:

CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain " Fear Not " (David W . See also:

PATTEN (adapted from Fr. patin, in modern usage meaning a " skate "; Med. Lat. patinus, Ital. pattino, of unknown origin; cf. patte, paw)

Patten) a See also:

BAND

band called " The Daughter of See also:

ZION, or SION (Heb. iiag, perhaps from runs " to be dry," nqs " to set up," or is " to protect "; Arabic analogies favour the meaning " hump," " summit of a ridge," and so " citadel ")

Zion " (see Mic. iv . 13), the " Big See also:

FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

Fan " (Jer. xv . 7), " Brothers of See also:

GIDEON (in Hebrew, perhaps " hewer " or " warrior ")

Gideon," and finally " Sons of See also:

Dan," or "Danites " (Gen. xlix . 17), See also:

BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound to secrecy under See also:

PENALTY (Lat. poena, punishment)

penalty of death, and formed to punish all who opposed the Church and its supreme head . Numerous crimes and outrages were attributed to them.' In the See also:

winter 2 Rigdon had formerly been well known and respected in Hiram, which was a stronghold of the Disciples; there he had taught Latin and Greek to the father of Mrs James Abram See also:

GARFIELD, JAMES ABRAM (1831-1881)

Garfield . 3 Young received at this time the See also:

TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of " The See also:

Lion of the See also:

Lord "; Lyman See also:

Wright and Parley Pratt, who also became apostles, were called respectively " The See also:

WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild See also:

Ram of the Mountains " and " The See also:

ARCHER, WILLIAM (1856— )

Archer of See also:

PARADISE (Gr. lrap6BEwos)

Paradise." ' The existence of this organization has been denied by Mormons, but there is abundant evidence that it did exist . See Linn, pp . 212–214, and See also:

Bancroft, pp . 124–126; the latter, friendly to the Mormons, says (p . 124) that of the existence of the Danites " there is no question." of 1830-1831 Pratt, Cowdery and two others had gone as far west as See also:

Jackson county, Missouri; in June 1831 Rigdon and Smith joined them there near what is now See also:

Independence and (in See also:

AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) laid corner-stones of Zion and of a Mormon temple; thereafter Mormon See also:

IMMIGRATION (from Lat. in, into, and tnigrare, to depart)

immigration to Missouri increased rapidly; and in the early part of 1838 Smith and Rigdon fled to the new settlement called Far West (now Kerr) in Caldwell county, Missouri, which had been made in 1836-1837 . Thither many of the saints had taken See also:

REFUGE

refuge, having been forcibly driven' from Independence and Big See also:

BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue in November and December 1833, and having been induced to remove from See also:

Clay county after staying there in 1833-1836 .

In Caldwell and Daviess counties Smith's troubles, however, continued to increase . His profligacy had repelled many of his leading supporters and bred See also:

INTERNAL

internal dissensions, while from the outside the brethren were harassed and threatened by the steadily growing hostility of the native Missourians . At Far West on the 4th of July 1838 Rigdon preached his " salt See also:

SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon " from Matt. v . 13, urging his hearers to wage " a war of extermination " on those who disturbed them . To such a height did the conflicts with the " gentiles " grow that they assumed the proportions of a See also:

CIVIL

civil war, and necessitated the calling out of the state See also:

MILITIA (Fr. milice, Ger. Miliz, from Lat. miles, soldier, militia, military service)

militia . A See also:

COMPANY

company of Danites from Far West put some Missourian militia to See also:

FLIGHT

flight but lost their own leader Captain Patten; the gentiles then attacked a Mormon settlement at Hawn's Mill (near Far West) and killed in See also:

COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold See also:

BLOOD

blood about a See also:

SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score of the Mormons . See also:

LATE

Late in October Far West surrendered to an overwhelming force of militia . Smith and Rigdon with others were arrested and imprisoned on a See also:

charge of See also:

TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason, See also:

MURDER

murder and See also:

FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony, and their followers to the number of 15,000 crossed over into See also:

ILLINOIS

Illinois and settled near See also:

Commerce, See also:

Hancock county . Smith, who succeeded in escaping from custody, had rejoined the Mormons in Illinois, and there they were cordially welcomed, especially by the politicians of both parties, who hoped to secure the Mormon See also:

VOTE

vote in the presidential See also:

CAMPAIGN

campaign of 1840; and when they founded (on the site of Commerce) the city of See also:

NAUVOO

Nauvoo, they readily obtained (Dec . 1840) from the state legislature a See also:

CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter which made the city practically See also:

INDEPENDENT

independent of the state See also:

government and gave Smith nearly unlimited civil power . He organized a military See also:

BODY

body called the Nauvoo See also:

LEGION (Lat. legio)

Legion (also incorporated by the legislature), of which he was See also:

COMMANDER

commander, being commissioned "See also:

LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-general " by the See also:

GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of Illinois in 1841; Smith allowed Dr John C . See also:

Bennett, an Illinois politician and a new convert, to be the city's first See also:

mayor .