MOROCCO  (See also:

• EA(nar...), (p.s„,.,.)
• EA(psr...), (p, „...)• (pqr...)

Ea MAG11RIB EL AKSA, " The Farthest See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West," i.e. of the See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• WORLD

world), an See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, bounded on the N. by the Mediterranean, on the E. by See also:

• ALGERIA
• ALGERIA (Algerie)

Algeria, on the S . (indefinitely) by the See also:

• SAHARA

Sahara, and on the W. by the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic as far See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south as See also:

• WAD

Wad Dra'a . Its landward limits can only be vaguely defined . The eastern frontier towards Algeria, determined by the treaty of 1844, is a purely conventional See also:

• LINE

line starting from the mouth of a small stream called the Skis and See also:

• RUNNING

running across See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country in a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general S.S.E. direction . In 1900 this was given a See also:

• WESTERLY

westerly trend to the south of the See also:

• ATLAS

Atlas by the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of the Figig, Igli and That oases by See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . The See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern boundaries expand and See also:

• CONTRACT
• CONTRACT (Lat. contract us, from contrahere, to draw together, to bind)

contract according to the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power and acivity of the central authorities . Behm and See also:

• WAGNER, ADOLF (1835- )
• WAGNER, RUDOLPH (1805-1864)
• WAGNER, WILHELM RICHARD (1813-1883)

Wagner, who included Figig, That, Kenatsa and other oases, estimated (in 1882) the then See also:

• AREA

area of the sultanate at 305,548 sq. m . The See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance of many of the tribes within this See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass is questionable and intermittent, and the loss of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district from Figig to That, which is not accurately defined, has considerably reduced the area . Morocco is • still the portion of See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Africa about which See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information is most defective, and all maps are still to a considerable extent composed of unscientific material eked out by probabilities and conjecture . The Mediterranean See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

Coast Lands.—The seaward aspect of Morocco only is known in detail . To the Mediterranean it preseirts for about 200 M. the rugged See also:

• PROFILE

profile of the Rif hills (still unexplored), which generally end in lines of cliff broken at intervals by narrow sweeps of sandy See also:

• BEECH

beech, but occasionally open up into beautiful and fertile valleys., About 6 m. west of the Skis lies the mouth of the See also:

• RIVER

river Mulwiya.! and to m. farther on, opposite Cabo del Agua (See also:

• RAS

Ras Sidi Bashir), is a See also:

• GROUP

group of dry and barren islands, owned by See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, known as See also:

• CHAFFARINAS, or ZAFFARINES

Chaffarinas or Jazair Zafran (See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish See also:

• LAS

las Chafarinas), which protect the best roadstead on the Rif coast . Between Point Quiviana and See also:

• MELILLA

Melilla runs a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low and sandy See also:

• SHORE

shore in front of a See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt See also:

• MARSH (O. F. mersc, for merisc, a place full of "meres" or pools; cf. Ger. Meer, sea, Lat. mare)
• MARSH, ADAM (ADAM DE MARISCO) (d. c. 1258)
• MARSH, GEORGE PERKINS (1801-1882)
• MARSH, HERBERT (1757–1839)
• MARSH, NARCISSUS (1638-1713)
• MARSH, OTHNIEL CHARLES (1831-1899)

marsh, the See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar Chica of the Spaniards .

Melilla (Meliliya) is a fortified See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock convict station or presidio, held by the Spaniards since 1497, forming a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula connected by lines of rampart with Fort See also:

• ROSARIO

Rosario on the heights behind . The See also:

• FINE

fine semicircular See also:

• BAY

bay of Alhucemas is the seaward end of one of the most beautiful valleys in the Rif, clothed with verdure and dotted with hamlets., A Spanish presidio occupies one of the larger of the Alhucemas islands (Al-Mazemma), which are identified with the Ad See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

Sex Insulas of the itineraries . Another Spanish presidio crowns the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island rock Pefion de Velez; and in the valley off which it lies stood a See also:

• TOWN

town known to the Spaniards as Velez de See also:

• GOMERA

Gomera, to the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs as Badis,which continued to be a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of importance in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The so-called Bay of See also:

• TETUAN (TETTAwAN)

Tetuan (Tettawan)—the town is just visible from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea—is little more than the straight stretch of coast between Cape Mazari on the south and Cape See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

Negro or Negrete on the north; but the prominence of these two headlands gives it an See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of See also:

• DEPTH

depth . From Cape Negro northwards to See also:

• CEUTA (Arabic Sebta)

Ceuta the most notable See also:

• OBJECT

object is the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of See also:

• JEBEL (plur. jibed)

Jebel Musa, which, though situated on the Strait of See also:

• GIBRALTAR

Gibraltar, towers above the intervening hills . Ceuta (Sibta), the most important of the Spanish settlements in Morocco, occupies a peninsula—the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, Mt Acho, See also:

• STANDING

standing about 4 M. out to sea, and the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck being low and narrow . It marks the eastern end of the strait . Westwards, the first point of.See also:

• INTEREST

interest is again Jebel Musa, the Elephas of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo, and the Apes' See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

Hill of See also:

• ENGLISH

English charts . About 20 m. farther along the coast lies the Bay of See also:

• TANGIER (locally TANJAH)

Tangier (Tanja), one of the finest harbours in Morocco . West from Tangier runs the Jebel Kebir (rising to a little over moo ft.), the seaward extremity of which forms Cape Spartel, the north-west See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle of the See also:

• AFRICAN

African See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent, known to the ancients as Ampelusia or See also:

• COTES, ROGER (1682-1716)

Cotes Promontorium . The lighthouse, 312 ft. above sea-level, built in 1865 at the cost of the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan of Morocco, and maintained at the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint expense of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, France, See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and Spain, is the only one on the western coast . It is provided with a fixed intermittent See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• LIGHT

light, visible for 36 m .

The Atlantic Coast Line.—The Atlantic coast of Morocco is remarkable for its regularity; it has not a single gulf or noteworthy See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary; the capes are few and for the most See also:

• PART

part feebly marked . Southward from Cape Spartel the shore sinks rapidly till it is within a few feet of the sea-level . In the low cliff which it forms about 42 M. from the lighthouse there is a great See also:

• QUARRY

quarry, which from remote antiquity has yielded the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand-See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills used in the Tangier district . A stretch of low marshy ground along the Tahaddart estuary—W . Muharhar and W. el-Kharrub—agrees with ScyIax's Gulf of Cotes (See also:

• TISSOT, JAMES JOSEPH JACQUES (1836-1902)
• TISSOT, PIERRE FRANCOIS (1768–1854)

Tissot) . Eight m. farther lies Azila, the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient Colonia Julia See also:

• CONSTANTIA

Constantia Zilis, with a Moorish and Jewish See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of about 1200 . For the next 16 m., between Azila and See also:

• LARAISH (El Araish)

Laraish (Laraiche), the coast has a tolerably bold background of hills, Jebel Sarsar forming an important landmark for the latter town which, with its Phoenician, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval remains, is historically one of the most interesting places in Morocco . A line of reddish cliffs about 300 ft. high runs south for about 10 m. from the W . Lekkus, at whose mouth the town is built; then the coast sinks till it reaches the See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine of Mulai Bu Selham on an See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence 220 ft. high . Between Mulai Bu Selham (often wrongly called " Old Mamora") and a similar height crowned by the See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of Sidi 'Abd See also:

• ALLAH

Allah Jelali lies the outlet of the See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake (Marja Zarka), to or 12 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . Farther south, and separated from the sea by an unbroken line of rounded hills (230–260 ft.), is the much more extensive See also:

• LAGOON (Fr. lagune, Lat. lacuna, a pool)

lagoon of Ras ed-Dura, which in the dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season becomes a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of marshy See also:

• MERES, FRANCIS (1565-1647)

meres, but in the See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy season fills up and discharges into the Sebu . Eastward it is connected with the Marjat el-Gharb, fed by the W .

Meda . On the south See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the outlet of the Sebu lies Mehediya (otherwise misnamed New Mamora or Mehduma) founded by 'Abd el-Mumin, and named after the Muwahhadi See also:

• MANDI

Mandi . It was held by Spain from 1614 to 1681 . Twenty See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

miles farther is the mouth of the Bu Ragrag, with See also:

• SALLI (Sla)

Salli (Sla) on the north side, long famous for its piracies, and still one of the most fanatical places in the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire, and on the south side See also:

• RABAT (Ribat)

Rabat, with its conspicuous See also:

• HASSAN

Hassan See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, and Sheila with its interesting ruins . Onward for too m. to Point Azammur and the mouth of the Um er-Rabi'a river a line of hills skirts the sea; the shore is for the most part low, and, with the exception of capes at Fedala (a small See also:

• VILLAGE

village, originally a See also:

• PORT

port, partly rebuilt by Mulai See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail, and completed by ,Mahommed XVII., who opened it to Europeans between 176o and 1773) and See also:

• DAR

Dar el-Baida or See also:

• CASABLANCA (Dar el Baida, " the white house ")

Casablanca, it runs in a straight line west-south-west . Azammur (See also:

• BERBER

Berber for " The See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

Wild See also:

• OLIVES, MOUNT OF, or MOUNT OLIVET ("Opus 'EXc uwos or riov 'EXauav; mod. Jebel-et-Tur)

Olives," viz. of the See also:

• SHEIKH, or SHAIKH

Sheikh Bu Shaib)—once the frontier town of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• FEZ (Fes)

Fez—stands on an eminence about 11 m. from the sea on the south side of the See also:

• URN (Lat. urna, either from root of urere, to burn, being made of burnt clay, or connected with urceus, Gr. I5pxa, jar)

Urn er-Rabi'a, here some 15o ft. wide, deep and red, with an obstructing See also:

• BAR
• BAR (0. Fr. barre, Late Lat. barra, origin unknown)
• BAR, CONFEDERATION OF
• BAR, FRANCOIS DE (1538-1606)
• BAR, THE

bar . The bay of See also:

• MAZAGAN (El Jadida)

Mazagan, a few miles to the south, curves westward with a boldness of sweep unusual on this coast . About 8 m. to the south, and less than t m. inland, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the extensive ruins of Tit, a town which proved a See also:

• THORN (O. Eng. porn, cf. Du. doorn, Ger. Dorn, &c)
• THORN (Polish Torun)

thorn in the side of the Portuguese of Mazagan till they destroyed it . At Cape Blanco (so called from its white cliffs) the coast, which bulged out at Cape Mazagan, again bends south to resume much the same general direction for 55 m. to Cape Cantin . On this stretch the only point of interest is the site of the vanished Walidiya, formerly El-Ghait, with an excellent See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, formed by an extensive lagoon, which by a little dredging would become the safest See also:

• SHIPPING

shipping station on the whole Morocco seaboard . About 18 m. farther lies See also:

• SAFFI

Saffi (Asfi), the most picturesque spot on the west coast, with the high walls and quare towers of its Portuguese fortifications shown to See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage by the ruggedness of the site . Sixty miles farther south lies See also:

• MOGADOR (Es-Sueira)

Mogador, beyond which the coast becomes more and more inaccessible and dangerous in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, being known to navigators as the " See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

Iron Coast." From Cape Sim (Ras Tagriwalt), to m. south of Mogador, the direction is due south to Cape Ghir (Ighir Ufrani), the termination of Jebel See also:

• IDA (d. 559)

Ida u Taman, a See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur of the Atlas .

Beyond this headland lies Agadir (Agadir Ighir), the See also:

• SANTA

Santa Cruz See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

Mayor or Santa Cruz de Berberia of the Spaniards, formerly known as the See also:

• GATE

Gate of the See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan.' It is a little town with white battlements three-quarters of a mile in circumference, on a steep eminence 600 ft. high . In the 16th century it was seized by the Portuguese; but in 1536 it was captured by Mulai Ahmad, one of the founders of the Sa'adi See also:

• DYNASTY (Gr. &vvaareta, sovereignty, the position of a hevnori7r, lord, ruler, from SuvaaBay to be able, Suvaµas, power)

dynasty . Some 6o m. farther south, at the mouth of a river known by the same name, is the roadstead of See also:

• MASSA

Massa, with a See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque popularly reputed the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of See also:

• JONAH
• JONAH, RABBI (ABULWALID MERWAN IBN JANAH, also R. MARINUS) (c. 996-c. 1050)

Jonah's restoration to terra firma . This port2 was regularly visited by the Genoese traders in the 16th century, who exported skins, See also:

• GUM (Fr. gomme, Lat. gommi, Gr. Kµµ1, possibly a Coptic word; distinguish " gum," the fleshy covering of the base of a tooth, in O. Eng. gbma, palate, cf. Ger. Gaumen, roof of the mouth; the ultimate origin is probably the root gha, to open wide, seen in

gum, See also:

• WAX

wax, See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• INDIGO (earlier indico, from Lat. indicum, the Indian sub-stance or dye; the Sans. name was niti, from nila, dark blue, and this through Arab. al-nil, annil, gives " aniline ")

indigo . Another 5o m. farther south lies Ifni, a landing-place easily recognizable by the shrine of Sidi Worzek, a few miles to the . English Afiles O [o to 40 So tzo i6o Red/ways ...................... ..•-++ See also:

• PRINCIPAL

Principal Routs —{ Ancient Sites pia See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

Character of the Interior.—The backbone of the country is the Great Atlas (Daren of the See also:

• BERBERS

Berbers), for which see ATLAS . The principal See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers take their rise in the Atlas Mountains, and the headwaters of the Mulwiya, the Sebu, the Urn er Rabi'a, the Dra'a and the Ziz all rise between 32° 20' and 32° 30' N., and between 3° 30' and 5° W . The Mulwiya (Mulucha and Malva of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny, &c.) is the river which the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French have long wished to make the western boundary of Algeria . Its course is largely unexplored See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save by native French officials . About 340 20' N . General Colvile found it some 200 yds. wide but quite 6° o~ C .

See also:

• SPORT (a contracted or shortened form of "disport," to amuse, divert oneself, O. Fr. se dis porter or deporter, to leave off work, hence to play, Lat. dis-, away, and portare, to carry; the origin of the meaning lies in the notion of turning away from ser

Sport W. rahTan ¢¢SSe ad,kns ! Aaila ldrakhea (El Araish Mulai Bu Suiham Morja ZarNa C.Gi.,Ughi.5 rani Agadir (Agadir, fgh W.Maxsal Ma .. X15': south of which is the Cape Non 3 of the Portuguese . The better known Cape See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun lies 5 or 6 m. north of the W . Nun, at'the mouth of which is Assaka, a port which the sultan of Morocco opened to See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in 1882, but closed after six months . From Assaka to the mouth of the Dra`a the country continues broken and fertile, but farther south it is flatter and more sandy, so that with the Dra`a the Sahara may be said to begin . ' This must not be confounded with Santa Cruz de Mar Pequena, a See also:

• POST

post established in 1476 somewhere on this coast by See also:

• HERRERA, FERNANDO DE (c. 1534-1597)
• HERRERA, FRANCISCO (1576-1656)

Herrera, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the See also:

• CANARY
• CANARY (Serinus canarius)

Canary Islands . After obtaining permission to re-occupy the post in 1861, the Spanish See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government was unable to identify it, though in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original site was the lagoon known as Puerto Cansado, much farther south . But this is now too remote a spot to be See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth colonizing, hence the See also:

• DESIRE

desire to substitute some other . Ifni, on old maps Gueder, was chosen (1878), there being some See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence to show that it was possibly the true Site of the ancient fort . a See Valentin See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand, Beschreibung West Afrikas (Mem. of the Acad. of See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, 3rd Class, pt. viii.) . 3 No, Non, Nor, Naum, Nat), are among the various readings .

• It was another Cape Non to the south of Cape Bojador which seems to have given rise to the See also:

• PROVERB (Lat. proverbium, from pro, forth, publicly, verbum, word; the Greek equivalent is irapolµia, from 7rapa, alongside, and oiµos, way, road, i.e. a wayside saying; Ger. Sprichwort)

proverb, See also:

• QUERN

Quern pasar o cabo de Nao ou tornara ou ndo . See Bol. de la See also:

• SOC

Soc . Geogr . (See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, 1880), p . 316 . See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

Emery See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker ac . shallow; about 25 M. See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east of its source, where it is crossed by the route to Ziz, it is already a powerful stream with a deep See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed cut in the See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite rock, and shortly afterwards it is joined by the W . Sgimmel, a still larger affluent (See also:

• ROHLFS, FRIEDRICH GERHARD (1831—1896)

Rohlfs) . Of the lesser streams which flow into the Mediterranean it is enough to mention the W . Martil or See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin (otherwise W . Bu Sfiha, W . Ras, W .

Mejeksa), which falls into the Bay of Tetuan, and is identified with the Tamuda of Pliny and Thaluda of See also:

• PTOLEMY (CLAUDIUS PTOLEMAEUS)

Ptolemy . On the Atlantic seaboard there are a number of comparatively small streams north of the Sebu, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief of which is the winding W . Lekkus, with several tributaries . The Sebu (the Subur magnificus et navigabilis of Pliny) may be compared to the See also:

• THAMES

Thames in length and width, though not in steadiness and depth of current . At Meshra'at el-Ksiri, about 70 M. from its mouth, it is about to ft. deep in the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month of May and more than 46o ft. wide; and, though its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are 21 ft. high, extensive inundations occur . The See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide ascends as far as El-Kantara, 15 M. above Ma'See also:

• MORA, JOSE (1638-1725)
• MORA, or MORRA (Ital. delay)

mora, and See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• BARGES

barges with a small See also:

• DRAUGHT (from the common Teutonic word " to draw "; cf. Ger. 7'racht, load; the pronunciation led to the variant form " draft," now confined to certain specific meanings)

draught of See also:

• WATER

water could make their way to the See also:

• FORD, EDWARD ONSLOW
• FORD, JOHN (r586–c.1640)
• FORD, RICHARD (1796-1858)
• FORD, THOMAS (b. c. 158o)

ford just mentioned, and possibly even as far as Fez . Af luents of the Sebu are W . Mikkes and W . Redem (90 m. long) . The See also:

• SWIFT
• SWIFT, JONATHAN (1667—1745)

swift and muddy current of W . Beht usually loses itself in a swamp before it reaches the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main stream . The Bu Ragrag, which debouches between Rabat and Salli, is about the same length as the Beht, but of much more importance .

It and the Urn er-RabI'a (See also:

• MOTHER

mother of grass), although their mouths are widely separated, drain the northern slopes of the central Atlas . The impetuous Um er-Rabl'a, with a rocky bed and many rapids, is perhaps as large as the Sebu . W. el-Abiael, W . Akhdar and W . Tessaut are the principal affluents . This last is separated by about ro m. only from the valley of the Tansift, the river which flows to the north of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• MARRAKESH (erroneously MOROCCO or MAROCCO CITY)

Marrakesh; and by the W . Nefis, the Asif el-Mal (Asif is Berber for river), the W . Usbi, and other smaller tributaries, receives the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters of about r8o m. of the Atlas range . The valley between",;the Atlas and the See also:

• ANTI, or CAMPA

Anti-Atlas is traversed by the W . See also:

• SUS

Sus, whose ever-flowing stream is sufficient to turn the whole district into a See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden . The Massa or W. al-Ghas, though its headwaters drain only one or two of the lesser valleys at the south-west end of the Anti-Atlas, is "about 5o yds. from See also:

• BANK

bank to bank at the mouth, with a depth at high water and in the proper channel of something over a See also:

• FATHOM

fathom." Farther south is the Assaka, known to European geographers as the W . Nun; and finally the W .

Dra'a is reached, which in length exceeds all the rivers of Morocco, but, except in See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, when the snows are melting in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, remains throughout its See also:

• LOWER

lower reaches a dry sandy channel . In the upper valleys however innumerable streams from the south side of the main See also:

• CHAIN (through the O. Fr. citable, chcene, &c., from Lat. catena)

chain of the Atlas, the W . Dades from the east, and the Asif Marghen, W. el-Molah, or Warzazet from the west, flow through populous and fertile valleys, and uniting to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the Dra`a cut their way southward through a See also:

• GORGE

gorge in the Jebel Soghar, which, as the name implies, is a lower range running parallel to the Atlas proper . For the next 130 M. the stream holds S.S.E., drained at every step by the See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation canals which turn this region into a See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green See also:

• OASIS (Gr. &toss, the name given by Herodotus to the fertile spots in the Libyan desert: it probably represents an Egyptian word, cf. Coptic ouahe, ouih, to dwell, from which the Egyptian Arabic sod is derived)

oasis, till at last it:, dwindling current bends westward to the sebkha (salt marsh) of Debaya . For a few See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks once a See also:

• YEAR

year the thaw-floods fill this shallow but extensive See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin and See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush onwards to the Atlantic; but in summer it dries up, and, like the bed of the river for some distance below, is covered with flourishing crops . From the south of the Atlas still farther east descend other streams, the W . Ziz (with its tributaries the W . Todgha and W . Gheris), the W . Ghir, the W . Kenatsa, &c., which, after watering the oases of Medghara, See also:

• TAFILALT, or TAFILET (i.e. " The Country of the Filali," as its inhabitants are called, because descended from the Arabian tribe of Hill, settled here in the 11th century)

Tafilalt (Sajilmasa), Kenatsa, &c., lose themselves in the sands of the Sahara . [See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology.—The Atlas Mountains, which are built up of a series of ridges rising to 12,000 ft. to the east of Morocco, form the backbone of the country .

The central and highest portions consist of slates, crystalline limestones and See also:

• SCHISTS (Gr. vxq'ecv, to split)

schists of Archean, Pre-See also:

• CAMBRIAN

Cambrian and possibly of Cambrian ages . They are much folded and broken through by numerous intrusions of basalts and diorites . The See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of Jebel Tezah is composed of See also:

• MICA

mica-schists and porphyries which appear to See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear closer resemblances to the metamorphic rocks of See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt than to the Archean crystalline formation of Central Africa . The strata of the central ridges are succeeded by a great thickness of See also:

• PURPLE

purple marls, red sandstones, conglomerates and calcareous rocks, occurring in faulted, folded and detached areas and recently considered to range from See also:

• SILURIAN

Silurian to Trias . Later palaeozoic rocks of Devonian and Carboniferous ages also form a broad See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone extending into the Sahara on the southern and south-eastern flanks . The whole of the Cretaceous See also:

• SYSTEM

system is represented by the shales and See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime-stones occurring between the coast and the edge of the See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau above Morocco, but do not enter into the See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition of the High Atlas . Moraines, made up largely of unstriated blocks of See also:

• PORPHYRY (IlopcPisptos) (A.D. 233-c. 304)

porphyry, have been reported from the Upper Atlas . At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of the mountains, extensive mounds of See also:

• BOULDER
• BOULDER (short for " boulder-stone," of uncertain origin; cf. Swed. bullersten, a large stone which causes a noise of rippling water in a stream, from bullra, to make a loud noise)

boulder beds are See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed on an immense See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale and were considered by Maw to belong to the Glacial See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

Epoch . Between Damnat and the sea, however, the signs of a former glaciation appear to be insignificant . No moraines occur here, and consequently the glacial origin of the boulder beds described by Maw has been disputed . They are probably alluvial cones brought down from the High Atlas and mountainous regions . From Mogador to 6o m. inland, and over the plains around Marrakesh, a tufaceous See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit forming a hard crust, several feet thick, follows every undulation of the ground .

Immense accumulations of tufa are met with in the See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone areas of the mountains . The chief tectonic structures which trend N . 2o° E. belong to the Alpine and Mediterraneansystems . The Cretaceous and See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary rocks are involved in these movements, which, however, were moulded on an earlier folding affecting the palaeozoic rocks of the Atlas region . The sundering of Africa from See also:

• EUROPE

Europe at the Straits of Gibraltar took place in See also:

• LATE

late Tertiary times; while the See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the See also:

• BARBARY

Barbary coast to a height of 5o to 70 ft. is of See also:

• RECENT

Recent date.] See also:

• CLIMATE

Climate.—The climate is See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good, and produces a See also:

• HARDY, ALEXANDRE (1569?-1631)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS DUFFUS (1804-1878)
• HARDY, SIR THOMAS MASTERMAN
• HARDY, THOMAS (1840- )

hardy See also:

• RACE

race . Shielded by the Atlas from the hot winds of the Sahara, the coast of the Atlantic offers great attractions to those suffering from See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest complaints . Tangier is a recognized See also:

• HEALTH

health resort, and Mogador and Rabat await development as such . See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

Rain falls only between See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September and See also:

• APRIL

April; on the Atlantic coast it is brought by the south-west See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind, and on the Mediterranean sometimes also by the east wind, or sharki, otherwise dry and somewhat trying to invalids . The wonderfully temperate climate of Mogador is due in a great measure to trustworthy trade-winds . In Tangier and Mogador the thermometer seldom rises over 8o° F. or sinks below 40°, although inland the extremes are much greater; and while on the plains or in low-lying cities the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat grows intense, See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow gleams on the Atlas nearly all the year See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round . The best months for visiting the interior are September (if rain has fallen), See also:

• OCTOBER

October, See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November and the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early part of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, or May and See also:

• JUNE

June . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna.—The See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of woodland keeps wild animals in check .

Besides the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion, which exists in very limited See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers—and, according to See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• PROVERBS, BOOK OF (Heb. Mishle Slzelomoh, " Proverbs of Solomon," abridged by the later Jews to Mishle; Septuagint, irapotpiai or II. EaX.; Lat. Vulg. Parabolae sal. and Liber proverbiorum)

proverbs, with diminished courage—the spotted See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard, See also:

• PANTHER

panther, hyaena, See also:

• JACKAL
• JACKAL (Turk. chakal)

jackal, See also:

• LYNX (Lat. Lynx, Gr. airy, probably connected with X hovewv, to see)

lynx, See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

fox, wild See also:

• BOAR (0. Eng. bar; the word is found only in W. Ger. languages, cf. Dutch beer, Ger. Eber)

boar, See also:

• PORCUPINE (Fr., pore-epic, " spiny pig ")

porcupine, See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope and gazelle are the most important . The audad or wild See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep is found in the more inaccessible parts of the Atlas . Rabbits swarm in the country to the north of the Bu Ragrag, and since 187o they have crossed this stream. which used to be their southern limit . See also:

• HARES

Hares are generally See also:

• COMMON

common . Rats are from See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to time a See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague to agriculturists, and the See also:

• JERBOA

jerboa is frequently met with . A See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of ground-See also:

• SQUIRREL
• SQUIRREL (Fr. ecureuil)

squirrel, the sibsib, occurs in the southern provinces . Monkeys of the same See also:

• SPECIES

species as those of Gibraltar frequent the neighbourhood of Jebel Musa or Apes' Hill . The common wild birds include blackbirds, goldfinches, linnets, greenfinches, See also:

• ROBINS, BENJAMIN (1707–1751)

robins, wagtails, skylarks and crested larks, swifts, magpies, cuckoos, lapwings, rollers, several shrikes, as well as turtle-doves, nightingales, jays and See also:

• BUFF (from Fr. bu.ffie, a buffalo)

buff-backed egrets . The See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-See also:

• SPARROW (0. Eng. spearwa; Icel. sporr; O.H.G. Sparo)

sparrow is not found; between Marrakesh and Mogador its place is taken by a beautiful See also:

• BIRD

bird (Emberiza strio lata), locally called tabib, or " See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor." The birds of See also:

• PREY (0. Fr. preie, mod. proie, Lat. praeda, booty, from prae and the root hed—seen in prehendere, prendere, to grasp)

prey include eagles, vultures, ospreys, buzzards, falcons, harriers, kestrels, kites, ravens and See also:

• HAWKS, FRANCIS LISTER (1798-1866)

hawks . Hawking is still indulged in by some of the country See also:

• GOVERNORS

governors, and the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors are very fond of See also:

• HUNTING (the verbal substantive from " hunt "; O. Eng. huntian, hunta; apparently connected with O. Eng. hentan, Gothic hinpan, to capture, O.H.G. hunda,booty)

hunting, many keeping greyhounds . The Barbary See also:

• PARTRIDGE (Du. Patrijs, Fr. perdrix, from Lat. perdix, apparently onomatopoeic from the call of the bird)
• PARTRIDGE, JOHN BERNARD (1861– )
• PARTRIDGE, WILLIAM ORDWAY (1861– )

partridge is the main resource of the sportsman, though he may also bag several other varieties of partridge, bustards, See also:

• GUINEA

guinea-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, plovers, See also:

• GROUSE

grouse, See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, See also:

• QUAIL (0. Fr. Quaille, Mod. Fr. Caille, Ital. Quaglia, Low Lat. Quaquila, Du. Kwakkel and Kwartel, Ger. Wachtel, Dan. Vagtel)

quail, See also:

• CURLEW (Fr. Courlis or Corlieu)

curlew, ducks and other water-fowl . Along the coast there is no lack of gulls, gannets, pelicans, flamingoes, herons, whimbrel, See also:

• OYSTER

oyster-catchers, &c .

Most towns have their See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony of storks . Several. venomous See also:

• SNAKES

snakes and two vipers are found, but are not common, and the same may be said of scorpions and tarantulas, but centipedes are more numerous . Human parasites are, however, most to be guarded against . Mosquitos give little trouble save in towns or near water . Invasions of locusts are serious, but intermittent . Lizards, chameleons, tortoises and frogs are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar See also:

• OBJECTS

objects; it is from Morocco that the small tortoises hawked about the streets of See also:

• LONDON

London are usually obtained . Of domestic animals the See also:

• MULE (Lat. mulus)

mule is the great beast of See also:

• BURDEN, or BURTHEN

burden, though camels, mares and asses are also employed . The See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse is usually a sturdy little See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, but far below the ancient reputation of the Barbary steed . It is seldom used as a draught animal . Roughly broken when See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young, his mouth is soon spoiled by barbarous bits, and his feet by square shoes . The finest animals are said to be bred in Shiadhma and Abda . In form and See also:

• SIZE

size the mules are much See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior and usually fetch two or three times the See also:

• PRICE