See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)  , the See also:

• GREAT

great Jewish lawgiver, See also:

• PROPHET (Irpo4i ri7s)

prophet and mediator, and See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of the Israelites from See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt to the eastern See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of the promised See also:

• LAND

land . The records of his See also:

• LIFE

life and See also:

• WORK

work are noticed in the articles See also:

• EXODUS, BOOK OF
• EXODUS, THE

EXODUS, See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

NUMBERS, See also:

• DEUTERONOMY

DEUTERONOMY, where the several See also:

• SOURCES

sources of the narratives are described . He appears in See also:

• MIDIAN (properly Madyan, so Sept.)

Midian at the " See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount of See also:

• GOD

God " (See also:

• HOREB

Horeb) dwelling with its See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest See also:

• JETHRO (or JETHER, Exod. iv. 18)

Jethro (q.v.), one of whose seven daughters he married, thus becoming the See also:

• FATHER

father of Gershom and Eliezer . Of his earlier life it was said that he was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in Egypt of Levite parents, and when the See also:

• PHARAOH (Par'oh)

Pharaoh commanded that every new-born male See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child of the See also:

• HEBREWS, EPISTLE TO THE

Hebrews should be killed, he was put into a See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest and See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast upon the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile . He was found by Pharaoh's daughter, and his (step-)See also:

• SISTER

sister Miriam contrived that he should be nursed by his See also:

• MOTHER

mother; on growing up he killed an See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian who was oppressing an Israelite, and this becoming known, he sought See also:

• REFUGE

refuge in See also:

• FLIGHT

flight . The See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story of the youth of See also:

• MOSES (Gr. Mwvo c, Mcoo-i3s)
• MOSES, ASSUMPTION OF

Moses is, as is commonly the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case with great heroes, of secondary origin; moreover, the circumstances of his See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth as related in Exod. ii. find numerous See also:

• PARALLELS

parallels in See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend elsewhere, e.g. in the story of the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical See also:

• SARGON

Sargon (L . W . See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King, See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Bab . See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

Kings, ii . 87 sqq.), in the myths of See also:

• OSIRIS

Osiris and many others (see, at length, A . Jeremias's Das Alte Test. See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im Lichte See also:

• DES

des See also:

• ALIEN (Lat. alienus)

alien Orients, 1906, pp . 408 sqq.; Bab. im N .

Test. p . 30 seq.) . The story of the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of Moses by the Egyptian princess appealed to later See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination (See also:

• JOSEPHUS, FLAVIUS (c. 37-C. 95?)

Josephus, See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

Ant. ii . 9, 10; Acts vii . 20—22), and many fanciful fables See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew up around this and the other biblical statements . The name MOsheh, explained by the fact that the princess " See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew him " (mdshah) out of the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters, means properly " one who draws "; a derivation from Eg. See also:

• MES

mes(u), " child, " finds more favour, but is not certain . At the See also:

• HOLY

holy mount, Moses received the divine See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

revelation and was commissioned to bring the See also:

• PEOPLE

people a three-days' See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey out of Egypt to See also:

• SACRIFICE (from Lat. sacrificium; sacer, holy, and facere, to make)

sacrifice at this spot (Exod. iii . 12, 18; v . 3; viii . 27) . The deity revealed himself in a new name, Yahweh, and with signs and wonders fortified Moses for his task . On his return he experienced a remarkable incident which is obscurely associated with the rite of See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision.' The plagues with which the reluctant Pharaoh was coerced culminated in the destruction of all the first-born, and See also:

• ISRAEL (Hebrew for " God strives " or " rules "; see Gen. xxxii. 28; and the allusion in Hosea xii. 4)

Israel escaped to the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea .

The pursuing Egyptians were drowned, and the miraculous preservation of the chosen people at the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

critical moment marks the first See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in the See also:

• NATIONAL

national See also:

• HISTORY

history.2 (See Exonus, THE.) The other events need not be detailed . Kadesh (holy) was ' Exod. iv . 24—26; it possibly explains the transference of the rite from the bridegroom to the new-born son . For a See also:

• RECENT

recent discussion, see H . P . See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, Journ . Bib . Lit . (1906), pp . 14—24; and the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article CIRCUMCISION (with J . G . Frazer's See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay in the See also:

• INDEPENDENT

Independent See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review 1904, pp .

204-218) . 2 The plagues appear to have been amplified . In Exod. iv. three signs are given: the See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand of Moses is stricken with leprosy and restored (the sign for Moses) ; his See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod becomes a See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent (cf. vii . 8—13, the sign for Pharaoh) ; and the See also:

• WATER

water is turned into See also:

• BLOOD

blood (cf. vii . 17 sqq.) . If Pharaoh still remains obdurate his first-born is threatened (iv . 21 sqq.) . As regards the See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of the Red Sea, a perfectly rationalizing explanation can be found: with a strong See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind its waters could temporarily recede and permit a passage (see Journ . Viet . Inst. See also:

• XXVI

xxvi . 28; xxviil . 268, 277) .

To the Israelites, however, it was a See also:

• MIRACLE (Lat. miraculum, from mirari, to wonder)

miracle, an unexpected intervention on the See also:

• PART

part of Yahweh, and the first of many marvels which he performed on behalf of the people of his choice . To rationalize this or any of the See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series misses the whole point of the religious history . the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre . This was the See also:

• SCENE (Fr. scene, Lat. scaena, Gr. oflvil, a tent or booth, a stage or scene)

scene of the strife " at Meribah (striving) where Yahweh " sheaved himself holy " (Num. xx . I—13); a parallel See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account joins the name with Massah (trial, See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof) where Yahweh " proved " the people (Exod. xvii . 1–7) . These two names (Deut. ix . 22, xXxn . 51) with their' significant meanings recur with varying nuances (Ps. lxxxi . 7, xcv . 8 seq.) . Here also in the See also:

• WILDERNESS

wilderness of Shur, and possibly at En-mishpat (well of See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment, i.e .

Kadesh, Gen. xiv . 7), Yahweh made for Israel " See also:

• STATUTE

statute and judgment " and " proved them." This is apparently viewed as the See also:

• GOAL

goal of the three-days' journey (Exod. xv . 22–25) . In this See also:

• DISTRICT

district the defeat of the See also:

• AMALEKITES

Amalekites is more naturally located (Exod. xvii.; cf . I Sam. See also:

• XXVII

xxvii . 8) and here, finally, for some cause, now obscured, Moses and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother See also:

• AARON

Aaron (q.v.) incurred Yahweh's displeasure (Num. xx . 12, xxvii . 14; Deut. xxxii . 51; Ps. cvi . 3) . Pisgah or Mt See also:

• NEBO, or NABU (" the proclaimer ")

Nebo (the name suggests a See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign god), to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-east of the Dead Sea became the scene of the See also:

• DEATH

death of Moses; his See also:

• BURIAL

burial-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place was never known (Deut. xxxiv.) . In estimating the work of one who stands at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head. of the religious and legal institutions of Israel, it is necessary to refrain from interpreting the traditions from a See also:

• MODERN

modern legal standpoint or in the See also:

• LIGHT

light of subsequent ideas and beliefs for which the sources themselves give no authority .

Much confusion has been caused by attributing to Moses more than the See also:

• PENTATEUCH

Pentateuch itself claims, and by misunderstanding the meaning of later references (See also:

• MAT (O. Eng. meatt, from late Lat. mattes, whence Ital. mallet, Ger. and Dan. matte, Du. mat, &c.)

Mat. xix . 8; See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark vii . So, x . 5; xii . 26; See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke xx . 37; See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John vii . 22) . Moreover, it is necessary to allow that the. traditions See also:

• RELATING

relating to both Moses and Aaron underwent See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change . The priesthoods of See also:

• SHILOH
• SHILOH, BATTLE OF

Shiloh and See also:

• DAN

Dan could boast of an illustrious origin (I Sam. ii . 27 seq., See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

Judges xviii . 3o), but the religious practices associated with the former especially were not those of the purest type . When Aaron himself is connected with the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of the See also:

• GOLDEN

golden See also:

• CALF
• CALF, THE GOLDEN

calf, and when to Moses is attributed a brazen serpent which the reforming king See also:

• HEZEKIAH (Heb. for " [my] strength is [of] Yah ")

Hezekiah was the first to destroy, it is evident that religious conceptions See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed in the course of ages .

Although Moses was venerated as a prophet (Hos. xii . 13), a mediator (Jer. xv . 1) and a leader (Mic. vi . 4; Ira. lxiii . II), much of the legal See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure ascribed to him must belong on See also:

• INTERNAL

internal grounds (religious, ethical and sociological See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence) to a See also:

• POST

post-See also:

• MOSAIC (corresponding to Lat. opus musivum, from Gr. µovoeiov, an artificial grotto often decorated with mosaics; the word is only found in the sense of mosaic in late Greek, which generally uses k oXI yrlµa)

Mosaic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age . Many of the Mosaic See also:

• LAWS

laws find parallels and analogies in all ages outside the See also:

• SPHERE (Gr. vclsa?pa, a ball or globe)

sphere of Israelite See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence, notably in the laws codified several centuries previously by the Babylonian king Khammurabi (see BABYLONIAN See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

LAW) . The practice of finding in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient authority a precedent for institutions new and old (cf. the law of See also:

• BOOTY (apparently influenced by " boot," O. Eng. bot, ad-vantage or profit, through an adaptation from an earlier form cognate with Ger. Beute and Fr. butin)

booty, I Sam. See also:

• XXX

xxx . 25, with that ascribed to Moses in Num. xxXi . 25 sqq.) is quite in accordance with See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom and explains the growth of the See also:

• PRESENT

present extremely complex sources . But this very development of Mosaism implies the existence of an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus or substratum, although the recovery of its precise extent is very difficult . The legislation on Mt See also:

• SINAI

Sinai (Horeb) which apparently occupies a very important place in tradition (Exod. xx. sqq.) is really secondary (cf . W .

R . Smith, Prophets of Israel, p . III); more prominence is evidently to be ascribed to the influence of the See also:

• HALF

half-Arabian Jethro or Hobab, and this must be taken into See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration with what is known of Kenite and kindred clans (Exod. xviii.; Num. x . 29–33; see JETHRO; See also:

• KENITES

KENITES) I Yahweh appears to have been known to them before he revealed himself to Moses, and the ancestors of the Israelites are recognized as worshippers of Yahweh, but are on another level (Exod. vi . 3) . The traditions would seem to point to the institution of new principles in the See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion of Yahweh, and would See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate with it not merely Moses but those foreign elements which are subsequently found in Israel and See also:

• JUDAH

Judah . See See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

JEWS, § § 5, 14, 20 . I See K . Budde, Religion of Israel to the See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile, ch. i . According to Gen. iv . 26, so far from the name Yahweh having been made known to Israel by Moses (Exod. iii . 13 sqq., vi .

2 sqq.), the worship goes back to the earliest ages . Prolegomena is a conclusive elaboration of the initial stages of See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism .. All subsequent studies vary according to the writer's standpoint; W . R . Harper, See also:

• AMOS
• AMOS, SHELDON (1835–1886)

Amos and See also:

• HOSEA

Hosea (Internat . Critical Commentary), pp . 84 sqq., gives a convenient See also:

• SUMMARY

summary . Among particular discussions may be named See also:

• CHEYNE, THOMAS KELLY (1841— )

Cheyne, Ency . Bib. s.v., E . See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, Israeliten, pp . 1–103 ; and the mythological treatment by H . Winkler, Gesch .

Isr., ii . 86–95 A . Jeremias, Alte Test., loc. cit . ; and Ed . Stucken, Astralmythen d . Hebraer, &c., pp . 431 sqq . For Jewish and other legends (to which See also:

• JUDE, THE GENERAL EPISTLE OF

Jude 9 alludes), see See also:

• BEER

Beer, Leben Moses (1863), M . Grunbaum, Neue Beitrage z. sem . Sagenkunde (1893), pp, 152 sqq.; the See also:

• ASSUMPTION, FEAST OF

Assumption o,f Moses, ed . R . H .

See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles (1897) ; W . Tisdall, Sources of the Qur an (1905) ; and Ency . Bib. See also:

• COL
• COL (Fr. for " neck," Lat. collum)

col . 3218, § 21 (with references) . For the stories of See also:

• MANETHO (Mav40cov in an inscription of Carthage; MaveBees in a papyrus)

Manetho, &c., See also:

• EWALD, GEORG HEINRICH AUGUST VON (1803-1875)
• EWALD, JOHANNES (1743-1781)

Ewald, Hist . Isr., ii . 76 sqq . ; Kittel, Hist. i . 26 seq., may be supplemented by Willrich, Juden u . Griechen vor d. makkab . Erhebung (1895), pp . 53 sqq.; G .

See also:

• MASPERO, GASTON CAMILLE CHARLES (1846– )

Maspero, Rec. de travaux (1905), xxvii . 13 sqq., 22 seq . (S . A .