See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)  , the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• PRAYER (from Lat. precari, entreat; Ital. pregaria, Fr. priere)
• PRAYER, BOOK OF COMMON

prayer in the I, Kibleh . 5, See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

Fountain for See also:

• ABLUTION (Lat. ablutio, from abluere, " to wash off ")

ablution . 2, See also:

• MINBAR, or MIMBAR

Minbar . 6, 6, Rooms built later . 3, See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

Tomb of `Amr . 7, See also:

• MINARET (from the Arabic mandrat ; manar or miner is Arabic for a lighthouse, a tower on which liar, fire, is lit)

Minaret . 4, See also:

• DIKKA

Dikka . 8, Latrines . See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion, consisting generally of a large open See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court (sahn) surrounded by arcades (liwan), with a fountain (mida-a) in the centre of the court, for the ablutions necessary before prayer . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal feature in the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque is the See also:

• NICHE (through Fr. niche from Ital. nicchia, nicchio, shell; possibly from Lat. mitulus, a sea-mussel; cf. " napkin " from mappa)

niche (See also:

• MIHRAB

mihrab), which is sunk in a See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall built at right angles to a See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• DRAWN

drawn from See also:

• MECCA (Arab. Makkah)

Mecca, and indicates the direction towards which the Moslem should turn when engaged in prayer . The arcades in front of the Mecca niche were sometimes of considerable See also:

• DEPTH

depth, and constituted the prayer chamber (maksura), portions of which were occasionally enclosed with lattice See also:

• WORK

work . By the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the niche was the See also:

• PULPIT (from Lat. pulpitum, a staging, platform: equivalents are Fr. chaire d'eglise, Ital. pulpito, Ger. Kanzel)

pulpit (minbar), and some-times in front of the latter a See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform (dikka) raised on columns, from which chapters from the See also:

• KORAN

Koran were read to the See also:

• PEOPLE

people .

Most mosques have endowed See also:

• PROPERTY

property, which is administered by a See also:

• WARDEN

warden (nazir), who also appoints the imams and other officials . The larger mosques have two imams: one is called (in See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia and See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt) the khatib, and he preaches the See also:

• SERMON (Lat. sermo, a discourse)

sermon on Fridays (the Moslem See also:

• SABBATH

Sabbath) ; the other, the ratib, reads the Koran, and recites the five daily prayers, See also:

• STANDING

standing See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the mihrab, and leading the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

congregation, who repeat the prayers with him, and closely follow his postures . The imams do not See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a priestly See also:

• SECT

sect; they generally have other occupations, such as teaching in a school or keeping a See also:

• SHOP

shop, and may at any See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time be dismissed by the warden, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case they lose the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• IMAM

imam . Moslem See also:

• WOMEN

women, as a See also:

• RULE

rule, are expected to say their prayers at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, but in some few mosques they are admitted to one See also:

• PART

part specially screened off for them . The earliest mosque erected was that at Mecca, which consisted of a See also:

• GREAT

great court, in the centre of which was the Ka'ba or See also:

• HOLY

Holy See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone . The court was surrounded with arcades, all of which constituted the prayer chamber, so that its See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is necessarily different to the normal type; the existing buildings date only from the first See also:

• HALF

half of the 17th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, as the whole mosque was destroyed by a torrent in 1626 . The normal type referred to is best represented in the mosque of `Amr (see 'AMR-See also:

• IBN

IBN-EL-See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ASS) at Fostat, See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo; built in A.D . 643 it still retains its See also:

• ORIGINAL

original arrangement, though partly rebuilt and increased in its dimensions . The mosque (see fig . 1), now in a somewhat ruined See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, covers an See also:

• AREA

area of about 130,000 sq. ft. with an open court, 240 ft. sq., and a See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary or prayer chamber, io6 ft. deep, there being a central See also:

• AVENUE (the past participle feminine of Fr. avenir, to come to)

avenue and ten aisles on either side . The columns and capitals were all taken from See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient buildings, See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine, and they carry See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches of different forms, semicircular, pointed and horseshoe . The columns and other materials of the mosque of el-Aksa at See also:

• JERUSALEM (Heb. ^S0-r, Yerushalaim, pronounced as a dual)
• JERUSALEM, SYNOD OF (1672)

Jerusalem were taken by Abdalmalik (A.D .

69o) from the ruins of Justinian's See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary on See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• SION [Ger. Sitten]

Sion, and the central avenue or See also:

• NAVE

nave built with them presents the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian church; it however runs See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south, the Mecca niche being at the south end; originally there were seven aisles on each side, now reduced to three . The Kubbet-es-Sakhra, or See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

Dome of the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock, at Jerusalem, is only a See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine erected over the sacred rock, so that the title often ascribed to it as " the mosque of See also:

• OMAR (c. 581-644)

Omar " is misleading . The mosque of the Omayyads in See also:

• DAMASCUS

Damascus was built by the See also:

• CALIPH, CALIF

Caliph Walid in A.D . 705 on the See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of the basilican church of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John: its plan differs therefore from the normal type in that its arcades run See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east and See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west, and the See also:

• TRANSEPT (from Lat. trans, across, and septum, enclosure; synonymous terms in other languages are Fr. croisee, nef transversee; Ital. crociata; Ger. Querbau, Quersch&)

transept in the centre becomes the prayer chamber . The Mecca niche is sunk in the See also:

• DOORWAY (corresponding to the Gr. Iran, Lat. porte)

doorway of a Roman See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple which formerly occupied the same site, and the substructure of the minaret at the south-west See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle is of still more ancient date . The great court on the north side has a lofty See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round it, so that in many respects it follows the normal type . The mosque of Abmad Ibn Tulun, in Cairo (A.D . 879), is the first mosque erected in which the materials were not taken from ancient buildings; it has therefore a See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• INTEREST

interest as being the earliest genuine example of the Mahommedan See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style (see See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

ARCHITECTURE: Mahommedan) . The walls, piers and arches, are all built in See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick, covered with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco, a great portion of which is preserved down to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . The plan is of the normal type, with a great court in the centre, a prayer chamber four aisles deep on the Mecca side (south-east), and a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle on the other three sides . All the arches are pointed and slightly horseshoe, preceding therefore by about two and a half centuries the introduction of the pointed See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . The piers carrying the arches have shafts at their angles, the earliest examples known, and the decoration of the walls consists of friezes, See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders, and See also:

• IMPOST (through the O. Fr. from Lat. impositum, a thing laid upon another; the modern French is impot)

impost-bands, all enriched with conventional patterns interwoven with cufic characters and modelled in stucco .

The windows in the See also:

• OUTER

outer walls are filled with pierced stone screens of geometrical See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design . The architect is said to have been a Coptic Christian who deprecated the destruction of ancient buildings to obtain columns and blocks of stone, and who undertook to design a mosque which should be built entirely in brick, which when coated with stucco and appropriate decorative designs would See also:

• RIVAL

rival its predecessors . The next important mosque is that of See also:

• KAIRAWAN (KEROUAN)

Kairawan in See also:

• TUNISIA (Regency of Tunis)

Tunisia, which was founded by Sidi Okba in A.D . 675, but was partly rebuilt and added to in the following two centuries . Its court covers an area of 38,000 sq. ft., and its prayer chamber is 150 ft. deep, having a central avenue and eight aisles on each side . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief interest of the mosque at Kairawan lies in its being the prototype of the great mosque at See also:

• CORDOVA (Span. C6rdoba)
• CORDOVA (Span. Cordoba; Lat. Corduba)

Cordova, which was built by Abdarrahman in A.D . 780; the earliest portion of the mosque is the prayer chamber (.135 ft. wide by 220 ft. deep), which is in front of the entrance gateway to the great court, and consists of a central avenue with five aisles on each side . In A.D . 961 this aPeet portion was extended 150 ft. in the See also:

• REAR

rear by Hakim II., the mihrab and Mecca wall being rebuilt; about 20 years later a further enlargement was made, and eight more aisles were added along the whole eastern side, so that the prayer chamber covered an area of over 148,000 sq. ft . In the 13th century a portion of Hakim's addition was pulled down to make way for the first See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral, which was dedicated to the Virgin . The most beautiful portion of the mosque, however, still exists in the prayer chamber of Hakim, where are to be found the earliest examples of the cusped arch and the origin of many of the geometrical patterns in stucco at the See also:

• ALHAMBRA, THE

Alhambra . The mosque of el Azhar, " the splendid," was begun about A.D .

970 by Jauhar, the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the Fatimite Caliph Moizz, who captured Fostat and founded el Kahira, the present See also:

• TOWN

town of Cairo . It was based, therefore, on the great mosque at Kairawan, and although more or less rebuilt, it still pre-serves its original plan . It has a special interest in being the chief university of the Moslem See also:

• WORLD

world, containing some thousands of students (mujawirin), for whom certain parts of the mosque ,(riwaq) are screened off, according to the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country from which they come . Thus special parts are re-served for natives of the various provinces of Egypt, of See also:

• MOROCCO

Morocco, See also:

• SYRIA

Syria, Arabia, See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, See also:

• TURKEY

Turkey, &c . Each student can, if he is too poor to hire lodgings, live, eat and See also:

• SLEEP (0. Eng. slcepan; Ger. schlafen; cf. Lat. labi, to glide, and " slip ")

sleep in the mosque . Each has a large See also:

• CHEST (Gr. Kiarl, Lat. cista, O. Eng. cist, test, &c.)

chest are piled against the walls to a height of seven or eight feet . The students pay no fees, but the richer ones give presents to the lecturers, who sit on the See also:

• MATTING

matting in various parts of the sanctuary or cloister, while the students sit round each lecturer in a circle . The usual course of study lasts for three years, though some students remain for much longer . The chief of the lecturers, called the Sheik el-Azhar, receives about £roo a See also:

• YEAR

year, the others little or nothing, as See also:

• REGULAR

regular pay . The Koran, sacred and See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law, See also:

• LOGIC (Xoy1K7, sc. rixvrt, the art of reasoning)

logic, See also:

• POETRY

poetry, See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic, with some See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and See also:

• GEOGRAPHY (Gr. yil, earth, and ypiickty, to write)

geography, are the chief subjects of study . Of other mosques in Cairo, the finest is that of See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan See also:

• HASAN

Hasan (fig . 2), completed in All .

1360 . It differs from the normal type in many respects, as it includes residences for various sects, so that portions of it, with the several storeys externally, resemble an immense See also:

• MANSION (through O. Fr. mansion, mod. maison, from Lat. mansio, dwelling-place, stage on a journey; manere, to remain)

mansion or warehouse, and this would seem to have led to an important See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change inside, as instead of a cloister of two or more aisles there are four immense halls all covered with pointed See also:

• BARREL (a word of uncertain origin common to Romance languages; the Celtic forms, as in the Gaelic baraill, are derived from the English)

barrel vaults . Beyond the Mecca wall is the tomb of the founder, covered with an immense dome . The entrance doorway on the north-east side is over 8o ft. in height, its See also:

• SUMMIT

summit being decorated with stalactite vaults, one of the grandest features in Mahommedan architecture, only equalled by the magnificent portals of the mosques in India The central square court, of moderate dimensions, with halls and great recesses, is followed in other examples in Cairo, among which the Tomb Mosque of Kait-See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

Bey (c . A.D . 1470) is the most graceful (fig . 3) . In this case the central court is roofed over, and has an octagon See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern in the centre; the recesses are covered with See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal ceilings carried on great beams, the whole being elaborately carved, coloured and gilded; the tomb is covered with the later type of dome, built in stone, and elaborately carved outside with delicate conventional patterns in reii,ef . Although the See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in A.D . 641 there are no remains of mosques there earlier than the 13th century, and the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest example at See also:

• TABRIZ

Tabriz is evidently, as far as its plan is concerned, a copy of a Byzantine church, departing entirely therefore from the normal plans.' The great mosque at See also:

• ISFAHAN (older form Ispahan)

Isfahan, built by Shah Abbas the Great (1585-1629), has one great court (225 ft. by 170 ft.) and two smaller ones, all with fountains in them . The prayer chamber is a lofty structure, quite unlike those of Egypt and Kairawan, with a dome 75 ft. in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and halls on each side divided into two aisles, each compartment being covered with a dome, in this respect also not following the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early normal type, in which domes were only found over tombs . The mosques of See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople are all copies more or less of S .

See also:

• SOPHIA (1630-1714)

Sophia: they have courts in front with a range of arcades round, and the centre portion forms the prayer chamber, the side aisles serving as passages . The central dome has but a slight See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation outside, but with the numerous cupolas round, and the minarets, it forms a picturesque See also:

• GROUP

group which is wanting in the mosques of Kairawan, Cordova, and other examples in North See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In India as in other countries the Mahommedans took See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the ancient buildings and adapted them to their religious requirements . The materials of the native styles of India, however, did not lend themselves to their utilization as in Syria, Egypt and North Africa, where the columns and capitals formed the substructure of the arcades which surrounded their courts . In the earliest mosque at old See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi, they adopted the piers and bracketed capitals of the Jaina builders, whom they probably employed to build their mosque . They, however, had no confidence in the arch, which, as the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu says, " never sleeps but is always tending to its own destruction," so that the pointed arch, which had almost become the See also:

• EMBLEM (Gr. Eµ3Xysa, something put in or inserted, from EµfiiXAew, to throw in)

emblem of the Mahommedan religion, had to be dispensed with for the covered aisles which surrounded the great court, and in the triple entrance gateway the form of an arch only was retained, as it was constructed with horizontal courses of See also:

• MASONRY

masonry for the haunches, and with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long slabs of stone resting one against the other at the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top . A similar construction was employed in the great mosque at See also:

• AJMERE, or AJMER

Ajmere, built A.D . 1200-1211 at the same time as the Delhi mosque . The objection to the arch is more clearly shown ' It is very generally held that this " See also:

• BLUE (common in different forms to most European languages)

Blue Mosque " See also:

• DATES

dates only from the 15th century (see TABRIZ) . Hasan, Cairo . I, 2, See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

Main entrance . 3, Court open to See also:

• SKY (M. Eng. skie, cloud; O. Eng. skua, shade; connected with an Indo-European root sku, cover, whence " scum," Lat. obscurus, dark, &c.)

sky .

4, 5, Fountains. in which to keep his 6, 6, North and south vaulted transepts (the dotted lines show the See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve clothes and books; these of the vault) . 8, 9, Dikka . lo, Sanctuary . II, Minbar . 12, Kibleh . 13, See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

Door to tomb . 14, Domed tomb-chamber . 15, Tomb within See also:

• SCREEN (usually, but very doubtfully, connected with Lat. scrinium, a box for holding books, from scribere, to write; a connexion with Ger. Schranke, barrier, has been suggested)

screen . 16, Kibleh . 17, 17, Minarets . 18, 19, 20, Various entrances to mosque . 21, Small rooms connected with service of the mosque .

22, Sultan's private entrance . 2, See also:

• LOBBY

Lobby and cisterns for ablution . 3, Great minaret . 4, Kibleh . 5, Minbar . 6, Sultan's tomb-chamber . 7, The tomb within a screen . 8, Dikka . (For - views of interior and exterior, see ARCHITECTURE.) in the entrance gateway of the Lal Darwaza or Red See also:

• GATE

Gate mosque at See also:

• JAUNPUR

Jaunpur, where an arch (of two rings of See also:

• OGEE (probably an English corruption of Fr. ogive, a diagonal groin rib, being a moulding commonly employed; equivalents in other languages are Lat. cyma-reversa, Ital. gola, Fr. cymaise, Ger. Kehlleisten)

ogee shape) is carried by a solid wall, built under it, which is pierced with three doorways with See also:

• BRACKET

bracket-capitals and architraves, returning therefore to See also:

• TRABEATED

trabeated construction . The covered aisles of the court of the Jumma Musjid at Jaunpur are in three storeys with piers, bracket-capitals and architraves, bearing therefore no resemblance to the arcades of Kairawan and Cordova, and constituting a different style . There is however one feature which throughout the Mahommedan mosques in India is always found, viz. the dome . But this also in India is built in horizontal courses, so that the form only and not the construction of the Cairene domes is followed .

The chief peculiarity of the mosques at See also:

• AHMEDABAD, or AHMADABAD

Ahmedabad is that, as the style progressed, it became more See also:

• INDIAN

Indian; in the Jumma Musjid (A.D . 1420) and the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen's mosque at See also:

• MIRZAPUR

Mirzapur, the pointed arch exists only in the facades of the prayer See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers; in the mosques built 30 to 40 years later the whole is constructed without a single arch, all the pillars have bracket-capitals, and the domes, which are of very slight elevation, are all built in the trabeated style . As a contrast to the Ahmedabad mosques, the Kadam Rasul mosque at See also:

• GAUR
• GAUR, or LAKHNAUTI

Gaur in See also:

• BENGAL
• BENGAL, BAY OF

Bengal possesses some characteristics which resemble those of the mosque of Tulun in Cairo, possibly due to the fact that it is entirely built in brick, with massive piers carrying pointed arches . The See also:

• CLIMAX, JOHN (c. 525–600 A.D.)

climax of Mahommedan work in India is reached in that of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul emperors at See also:

• AGRA

Agra, Delhi and See also:

• FATEHPUR, FATHIPUR

Fatehpur-Sikri, in which there is a very close resemblance in design to the mosques of Syria, Egypt, and Persia; the four-centred arch, which is in the Mogul style, finds general See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance, and was probably derived from See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian See also:

• SOURCES

sources . The mosque at Fatehpur-Sikri possesses in its great See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern gateway, built by See also:

• AKBAR, AKHBAR

Akbar in the second half of the 16th century, the masterpiece of Indo-Saracenci architecture . As a rule, the mosques of India followed the normal plan, with a great central court and aisles round and a prayer chamber in front of the Mecca wall, which in India is always at the west end . (R . P .