See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a See also:

• GNAT (0. Eng. gnat)

gnat, diminutive of mosca, a See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly)  , a See also:

• TERM

term originally applied to many See also:

• SPECIES

species of small See also:

• BLOOD

blood- A, Larva of Anopheles . F, See also:

• FEMALE

Female Anopheles costalis, B, Pupa of Anopheles . Loew . C, Larva of Stegomyia . G, See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

Head of 9 Culex . D, Pupa of Culex . H, Head of ' Anopheles . E, See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

Egg-See also:

• FLOAT (in O. Eng. floc and flota, in the verbal form f eotan; the Teutonic root is flut-, another form of flu-, seen in " flow," cf. " fleet "; the root is seen in Gr. a-M e, to sail, Lat. pluere, to rain; the Lat, fluere and fluctus, wave, is not connect

float and further enlarged J, Head ofd Culex . detached egg of Culex . K, Eggs of Anopheles . sucking See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

DIPTERA (q.v.), belonging to various families, but now by See also:

• COMMON

common consent restricted to those known to naturalists as Culicidae, or gnats . Before the See also:

• YEAR

year 1899 mosquitoes had never been collected systematically, and had received little See also:

• NOTICE

notice from entomologists, so that but few genera and comparatively few species were known .

Although it had See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long been suspected that these See also:

• INSECTS

insects were in some way connected with See also:

• MALARIA

malaria and other diseases, while that the species now called Stegomyia calopus was the See also:

• CARRIER
• CARRIER, JEAN BAPTISTE (1956-1794)

carrier of yellow See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever had been asserted by See also:

• FINLAY, GEORGE (1799-1875)

Finlay as See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early as 1881, it was not until the closing years of the 19th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century that the brilliant researches of See also:

• ROSS
• ROSS, ALEXANDER (1699-1784)
• ROSS, GEORGE WILLIAM (1841- )
• ROSS, JOHN, or KOOESKOOWE (179o-1866)
• ROSS, ROBERT (1766-1814)
• ROSS, SIR HEW DALRYMPLE (1779-1868)
• ROSS, SIR JAMES CLARK (1800-1862)
• ROSS, SIR JOHN (1777-1856)

Ross in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, and of Grassi and others in See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy, directed the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of the whole civilized See also:

• WORLD

world to mosquitoes as the exclusive agents in the dissemination of malarial fever . The result has been that in subsequent years mosquitoes have been collected, studied and described by naturalists and medical men in all parts of the globe . Nearly too genera and about 700 species of mosquitoes are now recognized, but in all See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability the See also:

• TOTAL

total number of species is not less than moo . In See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance mosquitoes resemble many harmless midges (Chironomidae), but may be distinguished by the following characters . (r) The prolongation of the See also:

• LOWER

lower See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip or labium into a prominent See also:

• PROBOSCIS

proboscis, which in the female See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex contains the full See also:

• COMPLEMENT (Lat. complementum, from complere, to fill up)

complement of piercing See also:

• ORGANS

organs found in blood-sucking Diptera, namely paired mandibles, paired maxillae, a tubular hypopharynx (the common outlet of the salivary glands), and an upper lip or See also:

• LABRUM (Lat. for " lip ")

labrum . (2) The presence of variously formed scales on the See also:

• BODY

body and its appendages: the head is clothed with scales, the See also:

• THORAX (Gr. BWpaE, breastplate, also the part of the body covered by it)

thorax with hairs or scales, and the See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

abdomen with either hairs or scales, or both; the legs and See also:

• VEINS

veins of the wings are always covered with scales, and the palpi are often (as in some Anophelinae) conspicuously scaly . (3) The fact that the costal or marginal vein runs completely See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the wing . The wings exhibit six See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal veins (seven in Heptaphlebomyia), two of which are characteristically forked . The antennae, usually See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle-See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush shaped (plumose) in the male sex, are less hairy in the female . The palpi vary in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form and in the number of their component segments, and the proboscis, though usually straight, may be curved (as in Megarhinus) or otherwise modified in shape . In dividing the Culicidae into genera reliance is placed chiefly , upon characters derived from the scales on the three divisions of the body and on the wings . A fairly satisfactory See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt at grouping the genera has been made by Lutz (19o4), who divides the See also:

• FAMILY

family in the first See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place into the Euculicidae, with a piercing proboscis (i.e. all See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary mosquitoes), and the Culicimorphae or forms with-out a piercing proboscis (Mochlonyx, Corethra, &c.) .

It has since been proposed to treat the Culicimorphae as a distinct family under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Corethridae, and it is probable that with this modification Lutz's See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme will meet with general See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance . The Euculicidae are divided into the Asiphonatae (=Anophelinae), the larvae of which have no See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory See also:

• SIPHON, or SYPHON (Lat. sipho; Gr. vi4xov, a tube)

siphon, and the Siphonatae, or forrns in which a respiratory siphon is See also:

• PRESENT

present in the larval See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state . The divisions of the Siphonatae are the Ankylorhynchae (genera with curved proboscis, e.g . Megarhinus and Toxorhynchites) and Orthorhynchae (genera with straight proboscis) . The latter again are divided into Metanopsilae (in which the metanotum or posterior region of the thorax is See also:

• BARE

bare) and Metanotrichae (in which the metanoturn is clothed with bristles or scales) . The Metanopsilae are made up of the Heteropalpae [palpi long in the male, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short in the female; sub-families Culicinae (Culex, &c.) and Heptaphlebornyinae (Heptaphlebomyia)l and Micropalpae [palpi short in both sexes; sub-families Aedinae (Aedes, &c.) and Haemagoginae (Haemagogus, Uranotaenia, &c.)l . The Metanotrichae are similarly divided on the basis of the palpal characters into two See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups, the Heteropalpae or Hyloconopinae (Joblotia, Rhynchomyia, &c.) and Micropalpae or Dendromyinae (Wyeomyia, Sabethes, Limatus, &c.) . The old genus Anopheles (characterized by the palpi being long in both sexes) is now divided into a number of genera according to the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character and shape of the scales on the different regions of the body and on the wings . These genera make up the sub-family Anophelinae, and together include over too species . The genus Culex, from which the family takes its name, though it has been similarly split up, is still in its restricted sense larger than any other, and some 200 species are comprised in it alone . Mosquitoes are found in all parts of the world . Even within the See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic Circle they are in many localities abundant and excessively bloodthirsty during the short summer .

Under such conditions the. deeply-rooted nature of the blood-sucking See also:

• INSTINCT

instinct is most remarkable; for insects whose ancestors for many generations may not have tasted blood will seek for it with the utmost keenness and pertinacity so soon as an opportunity presents itself . Some species are normally phytophagous, and the vast See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority, at any See also:

• RATE

rate, appear to be capable of continuing to exist and reproducing their See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind upon a purely vegetarian See also:

• DIET

diet . As a See also:

• RULE

rule the blood-sucking See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit is confined to the See also:

• FEMALES

females, but in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of a few species it is said to be common to both sexes . The thirst for blood is stimulated by See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and in temperate climates it is only during hot See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather that mosquitoes are troublesome . Some species of mosquitoes, such as the common See also:

• GNAT (0. Eng. gnat)

gnat (Culex pipiens), are rarely found away from human habitations; others seldom or never enter houses, but are met with either in more or less open See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, or in the recesses of forests and See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe and See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• AMERICA

America the continued existence of species is ensured by the See also:

• HIBERNATION (winter sleep)

hibernation of impregnated females, or else the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter is passed in the egg or occasionally in the larval state . In tropical climates with a well-marked dry See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season mosquitoes pass into a semi-dormant See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition during the See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period when there is little See also:

• WATER

water in which to See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit their eggs . Culicidae are by no means confined to See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low-lying districts, and have even been met with in the Himalayas at an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of 13,000 feet . The wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution of certain species is undoubtedly attributable to the agency of See also:

• SHIPS

ships and trains; under natural conditions mosquitoes seldom travel far from their breeding grounds,. although the See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of some species are greater than has been supposed . The preliminary stages of all mosquitoes are passed in water, either fresh or See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, stagnant or slightly moving . The nature of the breeding-place varies greatly according to the species, and while many of the mosquitoes that infest houses will breed even in the smallest accidental See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of water such as may have collected in a discarded bottle or See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin, the larvae of other species less closely associated with See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man are found in natural pools or ditches, at the margins of slow-moving streams, in collections of water in hollow trees and See also:

• BAMBOO

bamboo-stumps, or even in the water-receptacles of certain See also:

• PLANTS

plants . The eggs are usually deposited on the water itself, and while in the case of certain species, such as Culex pipiens or the widely distributed C. fatigans, they are agglutinated together in masses known as " boats " or " rafts " containing from 50 to 400 ova, those of others, such as the Anophelinae and many Culicinae (e.g .

Stegomyia calopus), are laid separately . The larvae are active and voracious little See also:

• GRUB

grub-like creatures (known in the See also:

• UNITED

United States as " wrigglers "), with large heads and jaws provided with a pair of brushes, which sweep See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food-particles into the mouth . Their food consists of See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal and See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable organisms, (Redrawn by permission from Farmers Bulletin 155, See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau of Ent., U.S . Dept. of See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.) See also:

• ALGAE

algae, and probably decaying vegetable See also:

• MATTER

matter; they are often cannibals, and feed on their own species . The larvae of species belonging to the Culicinae have a prominent breathing See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube, or respiratory siphon, on the penultimate (eighth) abdominal segment, and when taking in See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air hang head downwards (often nearly vertically) from the See also:

• SURFACE

surface film . Larvae of Anophelinae, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand—which are See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey, See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green or See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown in See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, and often extremely difficult to see—have no respiratory siphon and See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie almost horizontally at the surface; they frequently appear as though anchored by the tail to a See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed or other See also:

• OBJECT

object, and possess the curious See also:

• FACULTY (through the French, from the Lat. facultas, ability to do anything, from facilis, easy, facere, to do; another form of the word in Lat. facilitas, facility, ease, keeps the original meaning)

faculty of completely rotating the head so as to browse on the surface film . See also:

• MOSQUITO (Span. mosquito, a gnat, diminutive of mosca, a fly)

Mosquito pupae are See also:

• COMMA (Gr. Kbµµa, a thing stamped or cut off, from Koirrecv, to strike)

comma-shaped (see fig . I), and breathe by means of a pair of respiratory trumpets on the thorax . The majority of mosquitoes are dull in See also:

• HUE

hue, but certain species are brilliantly coloured or conspicuously banded or spotted with See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white . The Anophelinae have narrow bodies, and generally spotted wings, and when at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest keep body and proboscis in a straight See also:

• LINE

line, often at a considerable See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle with the supporting surface; in this way they can be distinguished from Culicinae, which have a humped-up thorax with which the proboscis forms an angle, and in the resting position keep the body parallel to the support . The disseminators of malaria are exclusively Anophelinae, but even among these it is only certain species that are dangerous, since the others appear to be incapable of acting as hosts of the parasites . Stegomyia calopus, on the other hand, a very widely distributed species and the almost certain carrier of yellow fever, belongs to the Culicinae .

In the case of See also:

• FILARIASIS

filariasis due to Filaria bancrofti, which is common throughout the Tropics, the embryos of the See also:

• PARASITE (From Gr. irapa, beside, Tiros food)

parasite are disseminated by various Culicinae and Anophelinae (Culex pipiens in See also:

• QUEENSLAND

Queensland; C. fatigans in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

West Indies; Myzomyia rossii in India; Pyretophorus costalis in a large portion of tropical See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa; &c.) . Six or seven species of mosquitoes are also the intermediate hosts of Filaria immitis, which infests the right See also:

• AURICLE (from Lat. diminutive of auris, ear)

auricle and pulmonary artery of the See also:

• DOG

dog, and occurs throughout the tropics, in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern Europe, the United States of America, and elsewhere . There is See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to believe that malaria, yellow fever and filariasis are not the only diseases disseminated by mosquitoes . (E . E .