JOHANNES VON See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• JOHANNES VON MULLER (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

MULLER (1752-1809)  , Swiss historian, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 3rd of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1752 at Neunkirch, near See also:

• SCHAFFHAUSEN
• SCHAFFHAUSEN (Fr. Schaffhouse)

Schaffhausen, where his See also:

• FATHER

father was pastor . In 1760 the See also:

• FAMILY

family removed to Schaffhausen . In his youth his maternal See also:

• GRAND

grand-father, Schoop (d . 1757), roused in him an See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of his See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of eight he is said to have written a history of Schaffhausen, and at eleven he knew the names and See also:

• DATES

dates of all the See also:

• KINGS, FIRST AND SECOND BOOKS OF

kings of the four See also:

• GREAT

great monarchies . His ardour for See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical studies was further stimulated by See also:

• SCHLOZER, AUGUST LUDWIG VON (1735-1809)

Schlozer, when See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller went (1769) to the university of See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen, nominally to study See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology . In See also:

• JULY

July 1771 he undertook a See also:

• SKETCH (directly adapted from Dutch schets, which was taken from Ital. schizzo, a rough draft, Lat. schedium, something hastily made, Gr. oxE&os, sudden, off-hand, axeb6v, near by; Ger. Skizze and Fr. esquisse are from the same source)

sketch of Swiss history (no detailed history of See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland having so far been written) for a publisher of See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle, but his theological studies and the preparation of a Latin dissertation on the Bellum cimbricum (publ. See also:

• ILL

ill 1772) prevented much progress . In See also:

• APRIL

April 1772 he passed his theological examination, and soon after became See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek at the Collegium Humanitatis . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early in 1774, on the See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice of his friend See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor de See also:

• BONSTETTEN, CHARLES VICTOR DE (1745-1832)

Bonstetten, he gave up this See also:

• POST

post and became See also:

• TUTOR (Lat. tutor, guardian, tueri, to watch over, protect)

tutor in the Tronchin family at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva . But in 1775 he resigned this position also, and passed his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time with various See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends in Geneva and See also:

• VAUD (Ger. Waadt)

Vaud, engaged in carrying his historical See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme into effect . Having accumulated much material, he began the actual compositionof his See also:

• WORK

work in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring of 1776, and the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing in the summer of 1777 . But difficulties arose with the See also:

• CENSOR (from Lat. censere, assess, estimate; in Gr. rt s ris)

censor, and matters came to a standstill .

In 1778-1779 Muller delivered a brilliant set of lectures on See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general history, which were not published till 1839 under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Vierundzwanzig See also:

• BUCHER, LOTHAR (1817–1892)

Bucher allgemeiner Geschichte . In 1780 the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume (extending to 1388) of his Geschichten der Schweizer appeared, nominally at See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston (to avoid the censor), though really at See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern; and it was well received . In 1781 he published at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, in See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, his .Essais historiques . He was on his way back to Switzerland when the See also:

• LANDGRAVE (Ger. Landgraf, from Land, " a country" and Graf, "count" )

landgrave of See also:

• HESSE
• HESSE (Lat. Hessia, Ger. Hessen)

Hesse See also:

• CASSEL
• CASSEL, or KASSEL

Cassel named him professor of history . He stayed at Cassel till 1783, See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing in 1782 his Reisen der Pdpste, a See also:

• BOOK

book wherein certain leanings towards Romanism are visible . On his return to Geneva (1783) he accepted the post of reader to the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of his old See also:

• PATRON

patron, Tronchin, and occupied himself with remodelling his published work of 1780 . In See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to improve his See also:

• FINANCIAL

financial position, he accepted early in 1786 the post of librarian to the elector-See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• MAINZ (Fr. Mayence)

Mainz, who bestowed many important offices upon him and obtained his See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation to See also:

• NOBILITY

nobility from the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor in 1791 . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1786 he issued vol. i . (reaching to 1412) and two years later vol. ii . (to 1436) of the definitive See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of his Swiss history, which was received with great praise . In 1787 he issued an important See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract, Zur Darstellung See also:

• DES

des Fiirstenbundes . But in See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1792 Mainz was taken by the French, so that Muller had to seek for another post .

In See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1793 he entered the service of the emperor as an imperial aulic councillor . At See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna he spent many years, becoming See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief librarian of the imperial library in 1800, and in 1795 he issued vol. iii . (to 1443) of his Swiss history . In 1804 he became historiographer, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war councillor, and member of the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy at Berlin . In 18o5 vol. iv . (to 1475) appeared . But in 18o6 he became strongly inclined towards See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, by whom he was received in See also:

• AUDIENCE (from Lat. audire, to hear)

audience (Nov . ,8o6), and from whom he accepted (end of 1807) the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state for the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• WESTPHALIA (Ger. Westfalen)
• WESTPHALIA, TREATY OF

Westphalia, exchanging this position early in 18o8 for the posts of privy councillor and general director of public instruction . At the end of ,8o8 he published vol. v . (to 1489) of his great work . He died at Cassel on the 29th of May 1809 . His Swiss History now possesses a See also:

• LITERARY

literary value only, but it was an excellent work in every way for the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century .

Muller's See also:

• WORKS

works were published under the care of hir brother at See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen, in 27 vols . (1810-1819), and re-issued, in 40 vols., at See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart (1831-1835) . The Swiss History was re-issued at See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig and See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich, in 15 vols . (1824–1853), with continuations by Glutz-Blozheim (to 1517), See also:

• HOTTINGER, JOHANN HEINRICH (162o–1667)

Hottinger (to 1531), Vulliemin (to 1712), and Monnard (to 1815) . A French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German edition (as above) appeared, in 18 vols., at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and Geneva (1837–1851) . See the See also:

• BIOGRAPHIES

biographies by See also:

• HEEREN, ARNOLD HERMANN LUDWIG (1760–1842)

Heeren (1809), Daring (1835) and Monnard (1839); also in G. v . Wyss's Geschichte der Historiographie in der Schweiz (Zurich, 1895), pp . 305-311, and in the Festschrift der Stadt Schaffhausen (Schaffhausen, 1891), pt. v. pp . 83-99 . F . See also:

• SCHWARZ (or SCHWARTZ), CHRISTIAN FRIEDRICH (1726-1798)
• SCHWARZ, KARL (1812–1885)

Schwarz's pamphlet, J. von Muller and See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

seine Schweizergeschichte (See also:

• BALE
• BALE, JOHN (1495-1563)

Bale, 1884), traces the See also:

• GENESIS
• GENESIS (Gr. 'ybeo-es, becoming; the term being used in English as a synonym for origin or process of coming into being)

genesis of the History . Mailer's letters to Fiisslin (1i71–1807) were issued at Zurich (1812), and those to Ch .

See also:

• BONNET
• BONNET, CHARLES (172o–1793)

Bonnet, &c., at Stuttgart (1835) . Those addressed to him by various friends were published by See also:

• MAURER, GEORG LUDWIG VON (1790-1872)

Maurer-See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

Constant, in 6 vols . (Schaffhausen, 1839–1840); and those written to him (1789-1809) by his brother, J . G . Muller, appeared, under the editorship of E . See also:

• HAUG, MARTIN (1827–1876)

Haug, at See also:

• FRAUENFELD

Frauenfeld, in 2 vols . (1891-1892) . (W . A . B ..