See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

BARON See also:

• BARON MUNCHAUSEN

MUNCHAUSEN  . This name is famous in See also:

• LITERARY

literary See also:

• HISTORY

history on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the amusingly mendacious stories known as the Adventures of See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron See also:

• MUNCHAUSEN, BARON

Munchausen . In 1785 a little See also:

• SHILLING

shilling See also:

• BOOK

book of 49 pages was published in See also:

• LONDON

London (as we know from the See also:

• CRITICAL (in alphabetical order of authors)

Critical See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

Review for See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1785), called Baron Munchausen's Narrative of his Marvellous Travels and See also:

• CAMPAIGNS

Campaigns in See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . No copy is known to exist, but a second edition (apparently identical) was printed at See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1786 . The publisher of both these See also:

• EDITIONS

editions was a certain See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith, and he then sold it to another bookseller named Kearsley, who brought out in 1786 an enlarged edition (the additions to which were stated in the 7th edition not to be by the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original author), with illustrations under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of Gulliver Reviv'd: the Singular Travels, Campaigns, Voyages, and Sporting Adventures of Baron Munnikhouson, commonly pronounced Munchausen; as he relates them over a See also:

• BOTTLE (Fr. bouteille, from a diminutive of the Lat. butta, a flask; cf. Eng. " butt ")

bottle when surrounded by his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends . Four editions rapidly succeeded, and a See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation by the poet Gottfried See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August See also:

• BURGER, GOTTFRIED AUGUST (1748-1794)

Burger, from the fifth edition, was printed at See also:

• GOTTINGEN

Gottingen in 1786 . The seventh See also:

• ENGLISH

English edition (1793), which is the usual See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text, has the moral sub-title, Or the See also:

• VICE

Vice of Lying properly exposed, and had further new additions . In 1792 a Sequel appeared, dedicated to See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce, the See also:

• AFRICAN

African traveller, whose Travels to Discover the See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile (1790) had led to incredulity and ridicule . As See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time went on Munchausen increased in popularity and was translated into many See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages . Continuations were published, and new illustrations provided (e.g. by T . See also:

• ROWLANDSON, THOMAS (1756–1827)

Rowlandson, 1809; A . Crowquill, 1859; A .

See also:

• CRUIKSHANK, GEORGE (1792–1878)

Cruikshank, 1869; the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French artist See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard, 1878; Gustave See also:

• DORE, LOUIS AUGUSTE GUSTAVE (1832-1883)

Dore, 1862; W . See also:

• STRANG, WILLIAM (1859- )

Strang and J . B . See also:

• CLARK, FRANCIS EDWARD (1851- )
• CLARK, GEORGE ROGERS (1752—1818)
• CLARK, JOHN BATES (1847— )
• CLARK, JOSIAH LATIMER (1822—1898)
• CLARK, SIR ANDREW
• CLARK, SIR JAMES (1788—1870)
• CLARK, THOMAS (1801—1867)
• CLARK, WILLIAM (1770-1838)
• CLARK, WILLIAM GEORGE (1821—1878)

Clark, 1895) . The theme of Baron Munchausen, the " drawer of the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long-See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow " See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

par excellence, has become See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• COMMON

common stock of the See also:

• WORLD

world's See also:

• STORY, JOHN (c. 1510-1571)
• STORY, JOSEPH (1779-1845)
• STORY, ROBERT HERBERT (1835-1907)
• STORY, WILLIAM WETMORE (1819—1895)

story-telling . The original author was at first unknown, and until 1824 he was generally identified with Burger, who made the German translation of 1786 . But Burger's biographer, Karl von See also:

• REIN

Rein-hard, in the See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin Gesellschafter of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1824, set the See also:

• MATTER

matter at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest by stating that the real author was See also:

• RUDOLF (otherwise known as Basso NOROK and Gannon)

Rudolf Erich See also:

• RASPE, RUDOLF(MOW, (737-1794)

Raspe (q.v.) . Raspe had apparently become acquainted at Gottingen with Hieronymus Karl See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich, Freiherr von Munchhausen, of Bodenwerder in See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover . This Freiherr von Munchhausen (1720-1797) had been in the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian service and 11 served against the See also:

• TURKS

Turks, and on retiring in 176o he lived on his estates at Bodenwerder and used to amuse himself and his friends, and See also:

• PUZZLE

puzzle the quidnuncs and the dull-witted, by See also:

• RELATING

relating extraordinary instances of his prowess as soldier and sportsman . His stories became a byword among his circle, and Raspe, when hard up for a living in London, utilized the See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion for his little brochure . But his narrative owed much also to such See also:

• SOURCES

sources, known to Raspe, as Heinrich See also:

• BEBEL, FERDINAND AUGUST (184o— )

Bebel's Facetiae bebelianae (1508), J . P .

See also:

• LANGE, ANNE FRANCOISE ELIZABETH (1772—1816)
• LANGE, ERNST PHILIPP KARL (1813—1899)
• LANGE, FRIEDRICH ALBERT (1828—1875)
• LANGE, JOHANN PETER (1802-1884)

Lange's Deliciae academicae (1665), a See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section of which is called Mendacia ridicula, See also:

• CASTIGLIONE, BALDASSARE (1478–1529)
• CASTIGLIONE, CARLO OTTAVIO, COUNT (1784–1849)
• CASTIGLIONE, GIOVANNI BENEDETTO (1616–1670)

Castiglione's Cortegiano (1528), the Travels of the Finkenritter, attributed to Lorenz von Lauterbach in the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century, and other See also:

• WORKS

works of this sort . Raspe can only be held responsible for the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the book; the additions were made by book-sellers' hacks, from such sources as See also:

• LUCIAN (d. 312)
• LUCIAN [Aowaavos] (c. A.D. 120-180)

Lucian's See also:

• VERA, AUGUSTO (1813-1885)

Vera historia, or the Voyages inraginaires (1787), while suggestions were taken from Baron de Tott's See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs (Eng. trans . 1785), the contemporary aeronautical feats of Montgolfier and See also:

• BLANCHARD, SAMUEL LAMAN (1804-1845)

Blanchard, and any topical " sensations " of the mement, such as Bruce's explorations in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . Munchausen is thus a medley, as we have it, a classical instance of the fantastical mendacious literary genre . See the introduction by T . Seccombe to See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence and Bullen's edition of 1895 . Adolf Ellisen, whose See also:

• FATHER

father visited Freiherr von Munchhausen in 1795 and found him very uncommunicative, brought out a German edition in 1849, with a valuable See also:

• ESSAY, ESSAYIST (Fr. essai, Late Lat. exagium, a weighing or balance; exigere, to examine; the term in general meaning any trial or effort)

essay on pseudology in See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general . There is useful material in Carl See also:

• MULLER, FERDINAND VON, BARON (1825–1896)
• MULLER, FRIEDRICH (1749-1825)
• MULLER, GEORGE (1805-1898)
• MULLER, JOHANNES PETER (18o1-1858)
• MULLER, JOHANNES VON (1752-1809)
• MULLER, JULIUS (18oi-1878)
• MULLER, KARL OTFRIED (1797-1840)
• MULLER, LUCIAN (1836-1898)
• MULLER, WILHELM (1794-1827)
• MULLER, WILLIAM JAMES (1812-1845)

Muller-Fraureuth's See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die deutschen Liigendichtungen auf Miinchhausen (1881) and in See also:

• GRIESBACH
• GRIESBACH, JOHANN JAKOB (1745-1812)

Griesbach's edition of Burger's translation (1890) . MUNCH-BELLINGHAUSEN, ELIGIUS See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

FRANZ See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

JOSEPH, FREIHERR VON (1806-1871), See also:

• AUSTRIAN

Austrian poet and dramatist (who wrote under the See also:

• PSEUDONYM (Gr. >l ev&,vuµos, having a false name, ¢Evirls, false and ovoµa, name)

pseudonym " Friedrich See also:

• HALM, CARL FELIX (18o9-1882)

Halm "), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CRACOW (Pol. Krakov; Ger. Krakau)

Cracow on the 2nd of See also:

• APRIL

April 18o6, the son of a See also:

• DISTRICT

district See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge . Educated at first at a private school in See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna, he afterwards attended lectures at the university, and in 1826, at the early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of twenty, married and entered the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government service . In 184o he became Regierungsrat, in 1845 Hofrat and custodian of the royal library, in 1861 See also:

• LIFE

life member of the Austrian Herrenhaus (upper chamber), and from 186g to 1871 was See also:

• INTENDANT (from Lat. intendens, pres. part. of intendere, to apply the mind to, to watch over; cf. " superintendent ")

intendant of the two See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court theatres in Vienna . He died at Hutteldorf near Vienna on the 22nd of May 1871 .

Munch-Bellinghausen's dramas, among them notably Griseldis (1835; publ . 1837; filth ed .. 1896), Der See also:

• ADEPT (if used as a substantive pronounced adept, if as an adjective adept; from Lat. adeptus, one who has Attained)

Adept (1836; publ . 1838), See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens (1838), Der Sohn der Wildnis (1842; loth ed., 1896), and Der See also:

• FECHTER, CHARLES ALBERT (1824–1879)

Fechter von See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna (1854; publ . 1857; 6th ed., 1894), are distinguished by elegance of See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language, melodious versification and See also:

• CLEVER

clever construction, and were for a time exceedingly popular . His poems, Gedichte, were published in See also:

• STUTTGART

Stuttgart, 185o (new ed., Vienna . 1877) . His works, Si rmtliche Werke, were published in eight volumes (1856-1864), to which four See also:

• POSTHUMOUS

posthumous volumes were added in 1872 . Ausgewahlte Werke, ed. by A . Schlossar, 4 vols . (1904) . See F .

Pachler, Jugend and Lehrjahre See also:

• DES

des Dichters F . Halm (1877); J . Simiani, Gedenkblatter an F . Halm (1873) . Halm's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence with Enk von der See also:

• BURG

Burg has been published by R . Schachinger (1890) .