See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of See also:

• BAVARIA (Ger. Bayern)

Bavaria, and the third largest See also:

• TOWN

town in the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• EMPIRE

Empire . It is situated on an elevated See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, on the See also:

• RIVER

river See also:

• ISAR (identical with Isere, in Celtic " the rapid ")

Isar, 25 M . N. of the See also:

• FOOT

foot-hills of the See also:

• ALPS

Alps, about midway between See also:

• STRASSBURG, or STRASBURG (French Strasbourg)

Strassburg and See also:

• VIENNA (Ger. Wien; Lat. Vindobona)
• VIENNA, CONGRESS OF (1814-1815)

Vienna . Owing to its lofty site (1700 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea) and the proximity of the Alps, the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate is changeable, and its mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual temperature, 49° to 500 F., is little higher than that of many places much farther to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north . The annual rainfall is nearly 30 in . See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich lies at the centre of an important network of See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways connecting it directly with Strassburg (for See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris), See also:

• COLOGNE (Ger. Koln, or officially, since 1900, Coln)

Cologne, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, See also:

• ROSENHEIM

Rosenheim (for Vienna) and See also:

• INNSBRUCK

Innsbruck (for See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy via the See also:

• BRENNER

Brenner pass), which converge in a central station . Munich is divided into twenty-four municipal districts, nine-teen of which, including the old town, See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Isar, while the suburban districts of Au, Haidhausen, Giesing, Bogenhausen and Ramersdorf are on the opposite bank . The old town, containing many narrow and irregular streets, forms a semicircle with its See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter towards the river, while See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round its periphery has sprung up the greater See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• MODERN

modern Munich, including the handsome See also:

• MAXIMILIAN
• MAXIMILIAN (1832—1867)

Maximilian and See also:

• LUDWIG, KARL FRIEDRICH WILHELM (1816—1895)
• LUDWIG, OTTO (1813-1865)

Ludwig districts . The walls with which Munich was formerly surrounded have been pulled down, but some of the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates have been left . The most interesting is the Isartor and the Karlstor, restored in 1835 and adorned with frescoes . The Siegestor (or See also:

• GATE

gate of victory) is a modern See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch of See also:

• CONSTANTINE

Constantine at See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, while the stately See also:

• PROPYLAEA (Ilp6sruXov, 1pol- mala)

Propylaea, built in 1854-1862, is a See also:

• REPRODUCTION

reproduction of the gates of the Athenian See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

Acropolis . Munich owes its architectural magnificence largely to See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis I. of Bavaria, who ascended the See also:

• THRONE

throne in 1825, and his successors; while its collections of See also:

• ART

art entitle it to See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank with See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden and Berlin .

Most of the modern buildings have been erected after celebrated prototypes of other countries and eras, so that, as 'has been said by Moriz See also:

• CARRIERE, MORITZ (1817-1895)

Carriere, a walk through Munich affords a picture of the See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture and art of two thousand years . In carrying out his plans Louis I. was seconded by the architect See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo von Klenze, while the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external decorations of See also:

• PAINTING

painting and See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture were mainly designed by See also:

• PETER
• PETER (Lat. Petrus from Gr. irfpos, a rock, Ital. Pietro, Piero, Pier, Fr. Pierre, Span. Pedro, Ger. Peter, Russ. Petr)
• PETER (PEDRO)
• PETER, EPISTLES OF
• PETER, ST

Peter von See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius, Wilhelm von See also:

• KAULBACH, WILHELM VON (1805-1874)

Kaulbach and See also:

• SCHWANTHALER, LUDWIG MICHAEL (1802-1848)

Schwanthaler . As opportunity offers, the narrow streets of the older city are converted into broad, straight boulevards, lined with palatial mansions and public buildings . The hygienic improvement effected by these changes, and by a new and excellent See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply, is shown by the mortality averages—4o•4 per thousand in 1871-1875, 30.4 per thousand in 1881-1885, and 20.5 per thousand in 1903-1904 . The architectural See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style which has been principally followed in the later public buildings, among them the See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law courts, finished in 1897, the German bank, St See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin's See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital, as well as in numerous private dwellings, is the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• ROCOCO, or ROCAILLE

Rococo, or See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance, adapted to the traditions of Munich architecture in the 17th and 18th centuries . A large proportion of the most notable buildings in Munich are in two streets, the Ludwigstrasse and the Maximilianstrasse, the creations of the monarchs whose names they See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear . The former, three-quarters of a mile See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 40 yds. wide, chiefly contains buildings in the Renaissance style by See also:

• FRIEDRICH, JOHANN (1836— )

Friedrich von Gartner . The most striking of these are the palaces of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

Duke Max and of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Luitpold; the Odeon, a large See also:

• BUILDING

building for concerts, adorned with frescoes and See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble busts; the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office; the royal library, in the Florentine palatial style; the Ludwigskirche, a successful reproduction of the Italian Romanesque style, built in 1829-1844, and containing a huge See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco of the Last See also:

• JUDGMENT

Judgment by Cornelius; the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum; and, lastly, the university . At one end this See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street is terminated by the Siegestor, while at the other is the Feldherrenhalle (or See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of the marshals), a copy of the Loggia dei See also:

• LANZI, LUIGI (1732–1810)

Lanzi at See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, containing statues of See also:

• TILLY, JOHANN TZERCLAES, COUNT OF (1559-1632)

Tilly and See also:

• WREDE, KARL

Wrede by Schwanthaler . Adjacent is the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of the Theatines, an imposing though somewhat over-ornamented example of the Italian Rococo style; it contains the royal See also:

• BURIAL

burial vault . In the Maximilianstrasse, which extends from Haidhausen on the right bank of the Isar to the Max-See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph Platz, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Maximilian II. tried to introduce an entirely novel style of domestic architecture,formed by the See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of older forms . At the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east end it is closed by the Maximilianeum, an extensive and imposing edifice, adorned externally with large sculptural See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups and internally with huge paintings representing the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief scenes in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• WORLD

world .

Descending the street, towards the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west are passed in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession the old buildings of the Bavarian See also:

• NATIONAL

national museum, the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government buildings in which the Composite style of Maximilian has been most consistently carried out, and the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint . On the north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the Max-Joseph Platz lies the royal See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace, consisting of the Alte Residenz, the K6nigsbau, and the Festsaalbau . The Alte Residenz See also:

• DATES

dates from 16or to 1616; its apartments are handsomely fitted up in the Rococo style, and the private See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel and the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury contain several crowns and many other interesting and valuable See also:

• OBJECTS

objects . The Festsaalbau, erected by Klenze in the Italian Renaissance style, is adorned with mural paintings and sculptures, while the Konigsbau, a reduced copy of the Pitti Palace at Florence, contains a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of admirable frescoes from the Niebelungenlied by See also:

• JULIUS

Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld . Adjoining the palace are two theatres, the Residenz or private See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, and the handsome Hoftheater, accommodating 2500 spectators . The Allerheiligen-Hofkirche, or See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court-church, is in the See also:

• BYZANTINE

Byzantine style, with a Romanesque See also:

• FACADE

facade . The Ludwigstrasse and the Maximilianstrasse both end at no See also:

• GREAT

great distance from the Frauenplatz in the centre of the old town . On this square stands the Frauenkirche, the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral church of the See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of Munich-See also:

• FREISING

Freising, with its lofty See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola capped towers dominating the whole town . It is imposing from its See also:

• SIZE

size, and interesting as one of the few examples of indigenous Munich art . On the adjacent Marienplatz are the old town-hall, dating from the 14th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century and restored in 1865, and the new town-hall, the latter a magnificent modern See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic erection, freely embellished with statues, frescoes, and stained-See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass windows, and enlarged in 1900-1905 . The See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column in the centre of the square was erected in 1638, to commemorate the defeat of the Protestants near See also:

• PRAGUE (Ger. Prag; Bohemian Praha)

Prague by the Bavarians during the See also:

• THIRTY

Thirty Years' War . Among the other churches of Munich the chief See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place is due to St See also:

• BONIFACE (Bonifacius)
• BONIFACE, SAINT (680-754)

Boniface's, an admirable copy of an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian See also:

• BASILICA

basilica .

It is adorned with a See also:

• CYCLE
• CYCLE (Gr. KUK)^os, a circle)

cycle of religious paintings by Heinrich von See also:

• HESS
• HESS, HEINRICH HERMANN JOSEF, FREIHERR VON (1788-1870)

Hess (1798-1863), and the See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome is supported by sixty-four monoliths of See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

grey Tyrolese marble . The See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of Au, in the Early Gothic style, contains gigantic stained-glass windows and some excellent See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood-See also:

• CARVING

carving; and the church of St See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John in Haidhausen is another See also:

• FINE

fine Gothic structure . St See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael's in the Renaissance style, erected for the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits in 1583-1595, contains the See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument of See also:

• EUGENE

Eugene See also:

• BEAUHARNAIS
• BEAUHARNAIS, EUGENE DE (1781-1824)

Beauharnais by See also:

• THORWALDSEN, BERTEL (1770.1844)

Thorwaldsen . The facade is divided into storeys, anc the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general effect is by no means ecclesiastical . St Peter's is interesting as the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest church in Munich (12th century), though no trace of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original basilica remains . Among newer churches the most noticeable are the Evangelical church of St See also:

• LUKE
• LUKE, GOSPEL OF ST

Luke, a Transitional building, with an imposing dome, finished in 1896, and the Gothic parochial church of the Giesing suburb, with a See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower 312 ft. high and See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich interior decorations (1866-1884) . The valuable collections of art are enshrined in handsome buildings, mostly in the ,Maximilian suburb on the north side of the town . The old Pinakothek, erected by Klenze in 1826-1836, and somewhat resembling the Vatican, is embellished externally with frescoes by Cornelius and with statues of twenty-four celebrated painters from sketches by Schwanthaler . It contains a valuable and extensive collection of pictures by the earlier masters, the chief treasures, being the early German and Flemish See also:

• WORKS

works and the unusually numerous examples of See also:

• RUBENS, PETER PAUL (1577-164o)

Rubens . It also affords See also:

• ACCOMMODATION (Lat. accommodare, to make fit, from ad, to, cum, with, and modus, measure)

accommodation to more than 300,000 engravings, over 20,000 drawings, and a large collection of vases . Opposite stands the new Pinakothek, built 1846-1853, the frescoes on which, designed by Kaulbach, show the effects of See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind and See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather . It is devoted to works by painters of the last century, among which Karl Rottmann's See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek landscapes are perhaps the most important .

The See also:

• GLYPTOTHEK (from Gr. y?tnrros, carved, and OiiKf, a place of storage)

Glyptothek, a building by Klenze in the Ionic style, and adorned with several groups and single statues, contains a valuable series of sculptures, extending from See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian and See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian monuments down to works by Thorwaldsen and other modern masters . The celebrated Aeginetan See also:

• MARBLES

marbles preserved here were found in the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of See also:

• AEGINA
• AEGINA (EGINA or ENGIA)

Aegina in 1811 . Opposite the Glyptothek stands the See also:

• EXHIBITION

exhibition building, in the Corinthian style, it was finished in 1845, and is used for periodic exhibitions of art . In addition to the museum of See also:

• PLASTER

plaster casts, the Antiquarium (a collection of Egyptian, Greek and See also:

• ROMAN

Roman antiquities under the roof of the new Pinakothek) and the Maillinger collection, connected with the See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical museum, Munich also contains several private galleries . Fore-most among these stand the See also:

• SCHACK, ADOLF FRIEDRICH, GRAF VON (1815-1894)

Schack See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

Gallery, bequeathed by the founder, See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count Adolph von Schack, to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William II. in 1894, rich in works by modern German masters, and the Lotzbeck collection of sculptures and paintings . Other structures and. institutions are the new buildings of the art association; the See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy of the plastic arts (1874-1885), in the Renaissance style; and the royal See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal (Zeughaus) with the military museum . The Schwanthaler museum contains See also:

• MODELS

models of most of the great sculptor's works . The immense scientific collection in the Bavarian national museum, illustrative of the See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march of progress from the Roman See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period down to the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, compares in completeness with the similar collections at See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• KENSINGTON

Kensington and the Musee de See also:

• CLUNY, or CLUGNY

Cluny . The building which now houses this collection was erected in 1894-1900 . On the walls is a series of well-executed frescoes of scenes from Bavarian history, occupying a space of 16,000 sq. ft . The ethnographical museum, the See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of coins, and the collections of fossils, minerals, and See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and See also:

• OPTICAL

optical See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, are also worthy of mention . The art See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union, the oldest and most extensive in Germany, possesses a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good collection of modern works .

The chief place among the scientific institutions is due to the academy of See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, founded in 1759 . The royal library contains over 1,300,000 printed volumes and 30,000 See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts . The See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory is equipped with instruments by the celebrated Josef See also:

• FRAUNHOFER, JOSEPH VON (1787-1826)

Fraunhofer . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the educational institutions of Munich stands the university, founded at See also:

• INGOLSTADT

Ingolstadt in 1472, removed to See also:

• LANDSHUT

Landshut in 1800, and transferred thence to Munich in 1826 . In addition to the four usual faculties there is a fifth—of See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• ECONOMY

economy . In connexion with the university are medical and other See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools, a priests' See also:

• SEMINARY (Lat. seminarium, from semen, seed)

seminary, and a library of 300,000 volumes . The See also:

• POLYTECHNIC (Gr. aroWus, many, and rEXvn, an art)

polytechnic See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute (Technische Hochschule) in 1899 acquired the See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege of conferring the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of technical science . Munich contains several gymnasia or See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar-schools, a military academy, a veterinary See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college, an agricultural college, a school for architects and builders, and several other technical schools, and a conservatory of See also:

• MUSIC

music . The general See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison in the suburb of Au is considered a See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model of its See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind; and there is also a large military prison . Among other public buildings, the crystal palace (See also:

• GLAS, GEORGE (1725-1765)
• GLAS, JOHN (1695-1773)

Glas-palast), 765 ft. in length, erected for the great exhibition of 1854, is now used, as occasion requires, for temporary exhibitions . The See also:

• WITTELSBACH

Wittelsbach palace, built in 1843-1850, in the Early See also:

• ENGLISH

English Pointed style, is one of the residences of the royal See also:

• FAMILY

family . Among the numerous monuments with which the squares and streets are adorned, the most important are the See also:

• COLOSSAL

colossal statue of Maximilian II. in the Maximilianstrasse, the equestrian statues of Louis I. and the elector Maximilian I., the See also:

• OBELISK (Gr. b/3EXivrcos, diminutive of OEMs, a spit)

obelisk erected to the 30,000 Bavarians who perished in See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon's expedition to See also:

• MOSCOW (Russian Moskva)
• MOSCOW, (Russian Moskva)

Moscow, the Wittelsbach See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain (1895), the monument commemorative of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace of 1871, and the marble statue of Justus See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig, the chemist, set up in 1883 .

The English See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

garden (Englischer Garten), to the north-east of the town, is 600 acres in extent, and was laid out by Count See also:

• RUMFORD, BENJAMIN THOMPSON, COUNT (1753-1814)

Rumford in imitation of an English See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

park . On the opposite bank of the Isar, above and below the Maximilianeum, extend the Gasteig promenades, commanding fine views of the town . To the south-west of the town is the Theresienwiese, a large See also:

• COMMON

common where the popular festival is celebrated in See also:

• OCTOBER

October . Here is situated the Ruhmeshalle or hall of fame, a Doric See also:

• COLONNADE

colonnade containing busts of eminent Bavarians . In front of it is acolossal See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of Bavaria, 170 ft. high, designed by Schwanthaler . The botanical garden, with its large See also:

• PALM (Lat. palma, Gr. iraX6.jn )
• PALM, JOHANN PHILIPP (1768-1806)

palm-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, the Hofgarten, surrounded with arcades containing frescoes of Greek landscapes by Rottmann, and the Maximilian park to the east of the Isar, See also:

• COMPLETE

complete the See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of public parks . The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of Munich in 1905 was 538,393 . The permanent See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers about 10,000 men . Of the population, 84% are Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic, 14% Protestants, and 2% See also:

• JEWS
• JEWS (Heb. Y8hudi, man of Judah; Gr. 'Iovbaiot; Lat. Judaei)

Jews . Munich is the seat of the archbishop of Munich-Freising and of the general See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CONSISTORY (Lat. consistorium, literally, a standing place, hence meeting place, waiting or audience chamber)

consistory for Bavaria . About twenty See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers are published here, including the Allgemeine Zeitung . Some of the festivals of the Roman Church are celebrated with considerable pomp; and the See also:

• PEOPLE

people also cling to various national fetes, such as the Metzgersprung, the Schaffiertanz, and the great October festival .

Munich has long been celebrated for its See also:

• ARTISTIC

artistic handicrafts, such as bronze-See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding, glass-staining, silversmith's See also:

• WORK

work, and wood-carving, while the astronomical instruments of Fraunhofer and the mathematical instruments of Traugott Lieberecht von Ertel (1778-1858) are also widely known . See also:

• LITHOGRAPHY (Gr. MOOS, a stone, and ypakecv, to write)

Lithography, which was invented at Munich at the end of the 18th century, is extensively practised here . The other See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial products include See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall-See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, railway plant, machinery, gloves and artificial See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers . The most characteristic See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, however, is See also:

• BREWING

brewing . Four important markets are held at Munich annually . The city is served by an extensive electric See also:

• TRAMWAY

tramway See also:

• SYSTEM

system . History.—The See also:

• VILLA

Villa Munichen or See also:

• FORUM (Lat. from foris, " out of doors ")

Forum ad monachos, so called from the monkish owners of the ground on which it See also:

• LAY

lay, was first called into prominence by Duke See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion, who established a mint here in 1158, and made it the See also:

• EMPORIUM (a Latin adaptation of the Gr. Eµabpuov, from f)

emporium for the See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt coming from Hallein and See also:

• REICHENHALL

Reichenhall . The Bavarian See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of the Wittelsbach house occasionally resided at Munich, and in 1255 Duke Louis made it his capital, having previously surrounded it with walls and a See also:

• MOAT

moat . The town was almost entirely destroyed by See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire in 1327, after which the emperor Louis the Bavarian, in recognition of the See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty of the citizens, rebuilt it very much on the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale it retained down to the beginning of the 19th century . Among the succeeding rulers those who did most for the town in the erection of handsome buildings and the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation of schools and scientific institutions were See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert V., William V., Maximilian I., Max Joseph and See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• THEODORE
• THEODORE (602-690)
• THEODORE (Fedor) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1741–1796)
• THEODORE (Rus. Fedor, or Feodor)

Theodore . In 1632 Munich was occupied by Gustavus See also:

• ADOLPHUS, JOHN LEYCESTER (1795-1862)

Adolphus, and in 1705, and again in 1742, it was in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the Austrians . In 1791 the fortifications were razed .

Munich's importance in the history of art is entirely of modern growth, and may be dated from the acquisition of the Aeginetan marbles by Louis I., then See also:

• CROWN

crown prince, in 1812 . Among the eminent artists of this period whose names are more or less identified with Munich were Leo von Klenze (1784-1864), Joseph See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel Ohlmuller (1791-1839), Friedrich von Gartner (1792-1847), and Georg Friedrich Ziebland (18o0-1873), the architects; Peter von Cornelius (1783-1867), Wilhelm von Kaulbach (1804-1874), Julius Schnorr von Carolsfeld (1794-1872), and Karl Rottmann, the painters; and Ludwig von Schwanthaler, the sculptor . Munich is still the leading school of painting in Germany, but the romanticism of the earlier masters has been abandoned for See also:

• DRAWING

drawing and colouring of a realistic See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . Karl von See also:

• PILOTY, KARL VON (1826-1886)

Piloty (1826-1886) and Wilhelm See also:

• DIEZ
• DIEZ, FRIEDRICH CHRISTIAN (1794–1876)

Diez (1839-1907) long stood at the head of this school . See Mittheilungen See also:

• DES

des statistischen Bureaus der Stadt Munchen (vols. i.–v., 1875–1882); Soltl, Munchen mit seinen Umgebungen (1854); Reber, Bautechnischer Fiihrer durch See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Stadt Munchen (1876) ; Daniel, Handbuch der Geographie (new ed., 1895); Prantl, Geschichte der Ludwig-Maximilian Universitat (Munich, 1872) ; Goering, 3o Jahre Munchen (Munich, 1904) ; von See also:

• AMMON
• AMMON, CHRISTOPH FRIEDRICH VON (1766—185o)

Ammon, Die Gegend von Munchen geologisch geschildert (Munich, 1895) ; Kronegg, Illustrierte Geschichte der Stadt Munchen (Munich, 1903); the Jahrbuch See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur Munchener Geschichte, edited by Reinhardstottner and Trautmann (Munich, 1887-1894) ; Aufleger and Trautmann, Alt-Munchen in Bild and Wort (Munich, 1895) ; Rohmeder, Munchen als Handelsstadt (Munich, 1905) ; H . Tinsch, Das Stadtrecht von Munchen (See also:

• BAMBERG

Bamberg, 1891) ; F . Pecht, Geschichte der munchener Kunst See also:

• IM(K2+a2+h2—2 ah cos 0)

im 19 Jahrhundert (Munich, 1888) ; and Trautwein, Fi hrer durch Munchen (Both ed., 1906) . There is an English See also:

• BOOK

book on Munich by H . R . Wadleigh (1910) .