See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

WERNER See also:

• WERNER MUNZINGER (1832-1875)

MUNZINGER (1832-1875)  , Swiss linguist and traveller, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Olten in See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland, on the 21st of See also:

• APRIL

April 1832 . After studying natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science, See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages and See also:

• HISTORY

history, at See also:

• BERN (Fr. Berne)

Bern, See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich and See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, he went to See also:

• EGYPT

Egypt in 1852 and spent a See also:

• YEAR

year in See also:

• CAIRO
• CAIRO (Arabic Misr-al-Kahira, or simply Misr)

Cairo perfecting himself in Arabic . Entering a See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• MERCANTILE (or COMMERCIAL) AGENCIES

mercantile See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, he went as See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader of a trading expedition to various parts of the Red See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea, fixing his quarters at See also:

• MASSAWA, or MASSOWAII

Massawa, where he acted as French See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul . In 1855 he removed to Keren, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• BOGOS (BILENs)

Bogos, in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• ABYSSINIA (officially ETHIOPIA)

Abyssinia, which See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country he explored during the next six years . In 1861 he joined the expedition under T. von See also:

• HEUGLIN, THEODOR VON (1824-1876)

Heuglin to Central See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa, but separated from him in See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November in See also:

• NORTHERN

northern Abyssinia, proceeding along the Gash and See also:

• ATBARA (Bahr-el-Aswad, or Black River)

Atbara to See also:

• KHARTUM

Khartum . Thence, having meantime succeeded Heuglin as leader of the expedition, he travelled in 1862 to See also:

• KORDOFAN

Kordofan, failing, however, in his See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt to reach See also:

• DARFUR

Darfur and See also:

• WADAI

Wadai . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe in 1863, See also:

• MUNZINGER, WERNER (1832-1875)

Munzinger returned to the north and north-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east border-lands of Abyssinia, and in 1865, the year of the See also:

• ANNEXATION (Lat. ad, to, and nexus, joining)

annexation of Massawa by Egypt, was appointed See also:

• BRITISH

British consul at that town . He rendered valuable aid to the Abyssinian expedition of 1867-68, among other things exploring the almost unknown Afar country . In See also:

• ACKNOWLEDGMENT (from the old acknow, a compound of on- and know, to know by the senses, which passed through the forms oknow, aknow and acknow; acknowledge is formed on analogy of " knowledge ")

acknowledgment of his services he received the C.B . In 1868 he was appointed French consul at Massawa, and in 1871 was named by the See also:

• KHEDIVE

khedive See also:

• ISMAIL (1830-1895)

Ismail See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of that town with the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• BEY (a modern Turk. word, the older form being beg, cf. Pers. baig)

bey . In 187o, with See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain S . B .

See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles, Munzinger visited See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia . As governor of Massawa he annexed to Egypt the Bogos and Hamasen provinces of northern Abyssinia, and in 1872 was made See also:

• PASHA

pasha and governor-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the eastern See also:

• SUDAN (Arabic Bilad-es-Sudan, country of the blacks)

Sudan . It is believed that it was on his See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice that Ismail sanctioned the Abyssinian enterprise, but on the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war assuming larger proportions in 1875 the command of the See also:

• EGYPTIAN

Egyptian troops in northern Abyssinia was taken from Munzinger, who was selected to command a small expedition intended to open up communication with Menelek, See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of See also:

• SHOA

Shoa, then at enmity with the See also:

• NEGUS

negus Johannes (King See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John) and a potential ally of Egypt . Leaving Tajura See also:

• BAY

Bay on the 27th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1875 Munzinger started for See also:

• ANKOBER

Ankober with a force of 350 men, being accompanied by an See also:

• ENVOY (Fr. envoye, " sent ")

envoy from Menelek . The See also:

• DESERT

desert country to be traversed was in the hands of hostile tribes, and on reaching See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Aussa the expedition was attacked during the See also:

• NIGHT

night by See also:

• GALLAS
• GALLAS, MATTHIAS, COUNT OF CAMPO, DUKE OF LUCERA (1584-1647)

Gallas—Munzinger, with his wife and nearly all his companions, being killed . Munzinger's contributions to the knowledge of the country, See also:

• PEOPLE

people and languages of north-eastern Africa are of solid value . See Proc . R.G.S., vol. xiii.; Journ . R.G.S., vols. xxxix., xli. and xlvi . (obituary See also:

• NOTICE

notice) ; Petermanns Mitteilungen for 1858, 1867, 1872, et seq . ; Dietschi and \Veber, See also:

• WERNER, ABRAHAM GOTTLOB (1750-1817)
• WERNER, ANTON ALEXANDER VON (1843– )
• WERNER, FRIEDRICH LUDWIG ZACHARIAS (1768–1823)

Werner Munzinger, ein Lebensbild (1875); J. v . See also:

• KELLER, ALBERT (1845- )
• KELLER, GOTTFRIED (1819-1890)
• KELLER, HELEN ADAMS (188o- )

Keller-See also:

• ZSCHOKKE, JOHANN HEINRICH DANIEL (1771-1848)

Zschokke, Werner Munzinger Pasha (1890) .

Munzinger published the following See also:

• WORKS

works: Uber See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die Sitten and das Becht der Bogos (1859); Ostafrikanische Studien (1864; 2nd ed., 1883; his most valuable See also:

• BOOK

book) ; Die deutsche Expedition in Ostafrika (1865) ; Vocabulaire de la langue de See also:

• TIGRE

Tigre (1865), besides papers in the See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical serials referred to, and a memoir on the northern See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders of Abyssinia in the Zeitschrift See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur allgemeine Erdkunde, new See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series, vol. iii .