MUSKAT See also:

• MUSKAT MUSCAT

MUSCAT  or MASKAT, a See also:

• TOWN

town on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of See also:

• ARABIA

Arabia, See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province- of See also:

• OMAN

Oman . Its value as a See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• BASE

base is derived from its position, which commands the entrance to the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf . The town of See also:

• GWADAR

Gwadar, the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• MAKRAN, or MEKRAN

Makran, belongs to See also:

• MUSCAT, MUSKAT

Muscat, and by arrangement with the See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

sultan the See also:

• BRITISH

British occupy that port with a See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph station of the Indo-Persian telegraph service . An See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• POLITICAL

political residency is established at Muscat . In See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position it is isolated from the interior of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The mountains rise behind it in a rugged See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, across which no road exists . It is only from Matrah, a See also:

• NORTHERN

northern suburb shut off by an intervening See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur which reaches to the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea, that See also:

• LAND

land communication with the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of Arabia can be maintained . Both Muscat and Matrah are defended from incursions on the land-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side by a wall with towers at intervals . Muscat See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose to importance with the Portuguese occupation of the Persian Gulf, and is noted for the extent of Portuguese ruins about it . Two lofty forts, of which the most easterly is called Jalali and the western Merani, occupy the summits of hills on either side the See also:

• COVE

cove overlooking the town; and beyond them on the seaward side are two smaller defensive See also:

• WORKS

works called Sirat . All these are ruinous . A See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low sandy See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus connects the See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock and fortress of Jalali with the mainland, and upon this isthmus stands the British residency .

The sultan's See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace is a three-storeyed See also:

• BUILDING

building near the centre of the town, a relic of Portuguese occupation, called by the See also:

• ARABS

Arabs El Jereza, a corruption of Igrezia (See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church) . This See also:

• TERM

term is probably derived from the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel once attached to the buildings which formed the Portuguese See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor's See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence and factory . The See also:

• BAZAAR (Pers. bazar, market)

bazaar is insignificant, and its most considerable See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade appears to be in a sweetmeat prepared from the See also:

• GLUTEN

gluten of See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize . Large quantities of See also:

• DATES

dates are also exported . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early history of Muscat is the history of Portuguese ascendancy in the Persian Gulf . When See also:

• ALBUQUERQUE
• ALBUQUERQUE, ALPHONSO

Albuquerque first burnt the See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place after destroying Karyat in 1508, Kalhat was the chief port of the coast and Muscat was comparatively unimportant . Kalhat was subsequently sacked and burnt, the See also:

• GREAT

great Arab See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque being destroyed, before Albuquerque returned to his See also:

• SHIPS

ships, " giving many thanks to our See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord." From that date, through 114 years of Portuguese ascendancy, Muscat was held as a naval station and factory during a See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period of See also:

• LOCAL

local revolts, Arab incursions, and See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish invasion by sea; but it was not till 1622, when the Portuguese lost See also:

• HORMUZ (Hurmuz, Ormuz, Ormus)

Hormuz, that Muscat became the headquarters of their See also:

• FLEET

fleet and the most important place held by them on the Arabian coast . In 165o the Portuguese were finally expelled from Oman . Muscat had been reduced previously by the humiliating terms imposed upon the See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison by the See also:

• IMAM

imam of Oman after a See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege in 1648 . For five years the Persians occupied Oman, but they disappeared in 1741 . Under the great ruler of Oman, Said See also:

• IBN

ibn Sultan (1804-1856), the fortunes of Muscat attained their See also:

• ZENITH (from the Arabic)

zenith; but on his See also:

• DEATH

death, when his See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom was divided and the See also:

• AFRICAN

African possessions were parted from western Arabia, Muscat declined . In 1883-1884, when See also:

• TURKI

Turki was sultan, the town was unsuccessfully besieged by the Indabayin and Rehbayin tribes, led by Abdul Aziz, the See also:

• BROTHER

brother of Turki .

In 1885 See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• MILES, NELSON APPLETON (1839— )

Miles, See also:

• RESIDENT

resident at Muscat, made a tour through Oman, following the footsteps of Wellsted in 1835, and confirmed that traveller's See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the fertility and See also:

• WEALTH

wealth of the province . In 1898 the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French acquired the right to use Muscat as a coaling station . See Stiffe, " Trading Ports of Persian Gulf," vol. ix . Geog . See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, and the political reports of the Indian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government from the Persian Gulf . Colonel Miles's explorations in Oman will be found in vol. vii . Geog . Journal (1896) . (T . H .