See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• JAMES MUSPRATT (1793-1886)

MUSPRATT (1793-1886)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British chemical manufacturer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin on the 12th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1793 . At the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a wholesale druggist, but his See also:

• APPRENTICESHIP (from Fr. apprendre, to learn)

apprenticeship was terminated in 1810 by a See also:

• QUARREL

quarrel with his See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master, and in 1812 he went to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain to take See also:

• PART

part in the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War . Lack of See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence prevented him from getting a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission in the See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry, but he followed the British See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army on See also:

• FOOT

foot far into the interior, was laid up with See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever at See also:

• MADRID

Madrid, and, narrowly escaping See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, succeeded in making his way to See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon . There he joined the See also:

• NAVY

navy, but after taking part in the See also:

• BLOCKADE
• BLOCKADE (Fr. blocus, Ger. Blokade)

blockade of See also:

• BREST

Brest he was led to See also:

• DESERT

desert, through the harshness of the discipline on the second of the two See also:

• SHIPS

ships in which he served . Returning to Dublin about 1814, he began the manufacture of chemical products, such as hydrochloric and acetic acids and See also:

• TURPENTINE (in M. Eng. turbentine, adapted through the O. Fr. turbentine or terebentine from Lat. terebinthina, sc. resina, resin of the terebinth, Gr. eepiOtvOos or eippavOos)

turpentine, adding prussiate of potash a few years later . He also had in view the manufacture of See also:

• ALKALI

alkali from See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt by the Leblanc See also:

• PROCESS

process, but on the one See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand he could not command the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital for the plant, and on the other saw that Dublin was not well situated for the experiment . In 1822 he went to See also:

• LIVERPOOL
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS
• LIVERPOOL, EARLS OF

Liverpool, which was at once a See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• PORT

port and within easy reach of salt and See also:

• COAL

coal, and took a See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease of an abandoned See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass-See also:

• WORKS

works on the See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal in See also:

• VAUXHALL

Vauxhall Road . At first he confined himself to prussiate of potash, until in 1823, when the tax on salt was reduced from 15s. to 2s. a See also:

• BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel, his profits enabled him to erect See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead-See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers for making the sulphuric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid necessary for the Leblanc process . In 1828 he built works at St See also:

• HELEN

Helen's and in 183o at See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton; at the latter See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place he was See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long harassed by litigation on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the damage done by the hydrochloric acid emitted from his factory, and finally in 185o he See also:

• LEFT

left it and started new works at See also:

• WIDNES

Widnes and See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

Flint . In 1834-1835, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• TENNANT, CHARLES (1768-1838)
• TENNANT, SMITHSON (1761-1815)
• TENNANT, WILLIAM (1784-1848)

Tennant, he See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur mines in See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily, to provide the raw material for his sulphuric acid; but on the See also:

• IMPOSITION (from Lat. imponere, to place or lay upon)

imposition of the Neapolitan See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of a prohibitive See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty on sulphur See also:

• MUSPRATT, JAMES (1793-1886)

Muspratt found a substitute in See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron See also:

• PYRITES

pyrites, which was thus introduced as the raw material for the manufacture of sulphuric acid . He was always anxious to employ the best scientific See also:

• ADVICE (Fr. avis, from Lat. ad, to, and visum, viewed)

advice available and to try every novelty that promised See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage . He was a See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close friend of See also:

• LIEBIG, JUSTUS VON, BARON (1803-1873)

Liebig, whose See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• MANURES

manures were compounded at his works .

He died at See also:

• SEAFORTH, EARL OF

Seaforth See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, near Liverpool, on the 4th of May 1886 . After his retirement in 1857 his business was continued in the hands of four of his ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . His eldest son, See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• SHERIDAN
• SHERIDAN, PHILIP HENRY (1831-1888)

SHERIDAN MUSPRATT (1821–1871), studied See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry under See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• GRAHAM, SIR GERALD (1831–1899)
• GRAHAM, SIR JAMES ROBERT GEORGE
• GRAHAM, SYLVESTER (1794-1851)
• GRAHAM, THOMAS (1805-1869)

Graham at See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow and See also:

• LONDON

London and under Liebig at See also:

• GIESSEN

Giessen, and in 1848 founded the Liverpool See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College of Chemistry, an institution for training chemists, of which he also acted as director . From 1854 to 186o he was occupied in preparing a See also:

• DICTIONARY

dictionary of Chemistry .. . as applied and See also:

• RELATING

relating to the Arts and Manufactures, which was translated into See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German and See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian, and he published a See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of See also:

• PLATTNER, KARL FRIEDRICH (1800-x858)

Plattner's See also:

• TREATISE

treatise on the See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow-See also:

• PIPE

pipe in 1845, and Outlines of See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

Analysis in 1849 . His See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• WORK

work included a See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research on the sulphites (1845), and the preparation of toluidine and nitro-See also:

• ANILINE, PHENYLADIINE, or AMINOBENZENE, (C6H5NH2)

aniline in 1845–1846 with A . W . See also:

• HOFMANN, AUGUST WILHELM VON (1818-1892)
• HOFMANN, JOHANN CHRISTIAN KONRAD VON (1810—1877)
• HOFMANN, MELCHIOR (c. 1498—1543-4)

Hofmann .