See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, See also:

• LAT

Lat. musculus, diminutive of See also:

• MUS

mus, See also:

• MOUSE

mouse, applied to small See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea See also:

• FISH (O. Eng. fist, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch visch, Ger. Fisch, Goth. fisks, cognate with the Lat. piscis)
• FISH, HAMILTON (1808-1893)

fish and mussels)  , a See also:

• TERM

term applied in See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England to two families of Lamellibranch Molluscs—the marine Mytilacea, of which the edible See also:

• MUSSEL (0. Eng. muscle, Lat. musculus, diminutive of mus, mouse, applied to small sea fish and mussels)

mussel, Mytilus edulis, is the representative; and the fresh-See also:

• WATER

water Unionidae, of which the See also:

• RIVER

river mussel, Unio pictorum, and the See also:

• SWAN (A. S. swan and swan, Icel. svanr, Du. zwaart, Ger. Schwan)
• SWAN, J
• SWAN, JOHN MACALLAN (1847-1910)
• SWAN, SIR JOSEPH WILSON (1828– )

swan mussel, Anodonta cygnea, are the See also:

• COMMON

common See also:

• BRITISH

British examples . It is not obvious why these fresh-water forms have been associated popularly with the Mytilacea under the name mussel, unless it be on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the frequently very dark See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of their shells . They are somewhat remote from the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea mussels in structure, and have not even a common economic importance . The sea mussel (Mytilus edulis) belongs to the second See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the class See also:

• LAMELLIBRANCHIA (Lat. lamella, a small or thin plate, and Gr. /3payxia, gills)

Lamellibranchia (q.v.), namely the Filibranchia, distinguished by the comparatively See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of the gill-filaments, which, whilst adhering to one another to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form gill-plates, are yet not fused to one another by concrescence . It is also remarkable for the small See also:

• SIZE

size of its See also:

• FOOT

foot and the large development of two glands in the foot—the byssus-forming and the byssus-cementing glands . The byssus is a collection ofhorny threads by which the sea mussel (like many other Lamellibranch or bivalve molluscs) fixes itself to stones, rocks or submerged See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, but is not a permanent means of See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment, since it can be discarded by the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, which, after a certain amount of locomotion, again fixes itself by new secretion of byssus from the foot . Such See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement is more frequent in See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young mussels than in the full-grown . Mytilus possesses no siphonal See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube-like productions of the margin of the See also:

• MANTLE

mantle-skirt, nor any notching of the same, representative of the siphons which are found in its fresh-water ally, the Dreissensia polymorpha . Mytilus edulis is an exceedingly abundant and widely distributed form . It occurs on both sides of the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic and in the Mediterranean See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . It presents varieties of form and colour according to the See also:

• DEPTH

depth of water and other circumstances of its See also:

• HABITAT (a French word derived from habiter, Lat. habitare, to dwell)

habitat . Usually it is found on the British See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast encrusting rocks exposed at See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low tides, or on the See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat surfaces formed by sandbanks overlying See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay, the latter See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of colonies being known locally as " scalps." Under these conditions it forms continuous masses of individuals closely packed together, sometimes extending, over many acres of See also:

• SURFACE

surface and numbering millions .

The readiness with which the young Mytilus attaches itself to wicker-See also:

• WORK

work is made the means of artificially cultivating and securing these molluscs for the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market both in the See also:

• BAY

Bay of See also:

• KIEL

Kiel in See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and at the mouth of the See also:

• SOMME

Somme and other spots on the coast of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France . Natural scalps are subject to extreme vicissitudes: an See also:

• AREA

area of many acres may be destroyed by a See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of current producing a See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand or See also:

• SHINGLE

shingle over the See also:

• SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp, or .by exposure to See also:

• FROST (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch, vorst, Ger. Frost, from the common Teutonic verb meaning " to freeze," Dutch, vriezcn, Ger. frieren; the Indo-European root is seen in Lat. pruina, hoar-frost, cf. prurire, to itch, burn, pruna, burning coal, Sans
• FROST, WILLIAM EDWARD (1810–1877)

frost at low See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide in See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter, or by See also:

• ACCUMULATION (from Lat. accumulare, to heap up)

accumulation of decomposing See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable See also:

• MATTER

matter . The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief localities of natural scalps on the British coast are See also:

• MORECAMBE

Morecambe Bay in See also:

• LANCASHIRE

Lancashire and the flat eastern shores, especially that of the See also:

• WASH, THE

Wash of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, and similar shallow bays . These scalps are in some cases in the hands of private owners, and the See also:

• FISHERIES

Fisheries See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department has made arrangements by which some local authorities, e.g . :the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation of See also:

• BOSTON
• BOSTON, THOMAS (1676-1732)

Boston, can See also:

• LEASE (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. laxare, to loosen)

lease layings to individuals for the purpose of artificial cultivation . The sea mussel is scarcely inferior in commercial value to the See also:

• OYSTER

oyster . In 1873 the value of mussels exported from See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp alone to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris to be used as human See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food was £280,000 . In See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain their chief See also:

• CONSUMPTION (Lat. consumere)

consumption is in the deep-sea See also:

• LINE

line See also:

• FISHERY (LAW OF)

fishery, where they are held to be the most effective of all baits . Twenty-eight boats engaged in See also:

• HADDOCK (Gadus aeglefinus)

haddock-fishing at See also:

• EYEMOUTH

Eyemouth used between See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1882 and May 1883 920 tons of mussels (about 47,000,000 individuals), costing nearly £1800 to the fishermen, about one-See also:

• HALF

half of which sum was expended on the See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage of the mussels . The quantity of mussels landed on Scottish coasts has decreased in See also:

• RECENT

recent years owing to the decline in the line fisheries . In 1896 the quantity was over 243,000 cwts., valued at £14,950; in 1902 it was only 95,663 cwts., valued at £5976 . In the See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics for England and See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales mussels are not separately distinguished .

Many See also:

• THOU, JACQUES AUGUSTE DE [THUANUS] (1553-1617)
• THOU, NOM

thou-sand tons of mussels are wastefully employed as manure by the farmers on lands adjoining scalp-producing coasts, as in Lancashire and See also:

• NORFOLK
• NORFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Norfolk, three half-pence a See also:

• BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel being the See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price quoted in such cases . It is a curious fact, illustrative of the ignorant See also:

• PROCEDURE (Fr. procedure, from Lat. procedere, to go for-ward)

procedure and arbitrary fashions of See also:

• FISHER
• FISHER, ALVAN (1792–1863)
• FISHER, GEORGE PARK (1827-1909)
• FISHER, JOHN (c. 1469-1535)
• FISHER, JOHN ARBUTHNOT FISHER, 1ST BARON

fisher-folk, that on the Atlantic seaboard of the See also:

• UNITED

United States the sea mussel, Mytilus edulis, though common, is not used as bait nor as food . Instead, the soft clam, Mya arenaria, a Lamellibranch not used by See also:

• ENGLISH

English or See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian fishermen, though abundant on their shores, is employed as bait by the fishermen to the extent of 1i million bushels per annum, valued at £120,000 . At the mouth of the river See also:

• CONWAY (Conwy, or Aberconwy)
• CONWAY, HENRY SEYMOUR (1721-1795)
• CONWAY, HUGH
• CONWAY, MONCURE DANIEL (1832–1907)
• CONWAY, SIR WILLIAM MARTIN (1856– )

Conway in North Wales the sea mussel is crushed in large quantities in order to See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract pearls of an inferior quality which are occasionally found in these as in other Lamellibranch molluscs (See also:

• GWYN, NELL [ELEANOR] (1650-1687)

Gwyn See also:

• JEFFREYS, GEORGE JEFFREYS, 1ST BARON (1648-1689)

Jeffreys) . Mytilus edulis is considered of See also:

• FAIR

fair size for eating when it is 2 in. in length, which size is attained in three years after the spat or young mussel has fixed itself . Under favourable circumstances it will grow much larger than this, specimens being recorded of 9 in. in length . It is very tolerant of fresh water, fattening best, as does the oyster, in water of See also:

• DENSITY (Lat. densus, thick)

density I014 (the density of the water of the North Sea being 1026) . Experiments made by removing mussels from See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt water to brackish, and finally to quite fresh water show that it is even more tolerant of fresh water than the oyster; of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty mussels so transferred all were alive after fifteen days . Mytilus edulis is occasionally poisonous, owing to conditions not satisfactorily determined . The fresh-water Mussels, Anodonta cygnea, Unio pictorum, and Unio margaritiferus belong to the order Eulamellibranchia of Lamellibranch Molluscs, in which the anterior and posterior adductor muscles are equally See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed . An account of the See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy of Anodon is given in the See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article LAMELLIBRANCHIA . Unio differs in no important point from Anodonta in See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure .

The See also:

• FAMILY

family Unionidae, to which these genera belong, is of See also:

• WORLD

world-wide See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, and its See also:

• SPECIES

species occur only in ponds and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers . A vast number of species arranged in several genera and sub-genera have been distinguished, but in the British Islands the three species above named are the only claimants to the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of "fresh-water mussel." Anodonta cygnea, the See also:

• POND
• POND, JOHN (c. 1767-1836)

Pond Mussel or Swan Mussel, appears to be entirely without economic importance . Unio pictorum, the common river mussel (See also:

• THAMES

Thames), appears to owe its name to the fact that the shells were used at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time for holding water-colour paints as now shells of this species and of the sea mussel are used for holding See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver paint sold by artists' colourmen, but it has no other economic value . Unio margaritiferus, the See also:

• PEARL
• PEARL, THE

pearl mussel, was at one time of considerable importance as a source of pearls, and the pearl mussel fishery is to this See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day carried on under See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state regulations in See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden and See also:

• SAXONY
• SAXONY (Ger. Provinz Sachsen)

Saxony, and other parts of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . In See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland the pearl mussel fishery was also of importance, but has altogether dwindled into insignificance since the 9pening up of commercial intercourse with the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East and with the islands of the Pacific Ocean, whence finer and more abundant pearls than those of Unio margaritiferus are derived . In the last See also:

• FORTY

forty years of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century pearls were exported from the Scotch fisheries to Paris to the value of £too,000; See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round pearls, the size of a See also:

• PEA (Pisum)

pea, perfect in every respect, were See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth £3 or L4 . The pearl mussel was formerly used as bait in the See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen See also:

• COD

cod fishery .