MUSTAFA RESHID See also:

• PASHA

PASHA (1800-1858)  , See also:

• TURKISH

Turkish statesman and diplomatist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople in 1800 . He 1X . 4 them up and cut off the roots, beginning at one end of a See also:

• ROW, JOHN (c. 1525—1580)

row . From See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March the seeds. should be sown thickly in shallow boxes and placed in a warm See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house or See also:

• FRAME

frame, with a temperature not below 650 . Brassica See also:

• NIGRA, COSTANTINO, COUNT (1828-1907)

nigra occurs as a See also:

• WEED, THURLOW (1797—1882)

weed in See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste and cultivated ground throughout See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England and the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, but is a doubtful native . It is a large branching See also:

• ANNUAL

annual 2 to 3 ft. high with stiff, rather rough, See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem and branches, dark See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

green leaves ranging from lyrate below to lanceolate above, See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short racemes of small See also:

• BRIGHT, JOHN (1811-188g)
• BRIGHT, SIR CHARLES TILSTON

bright yellow See also:

• FLOWERS, ARTIFICIAL

flowers one-third of an See also:

• INCH (O. Eng. ynce from Lat. uncia, a twelfthpart; cf. " ounce," and see As)

inch in See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter and narrow smooth pods . B. See also:

• ALBA

alba is more restricted to cultivated ground and has still less claim to be considered a native of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain; it is distinguished from See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• MUSTARD

mustard by its smaller See also:

• SIZE

size, larger flowers and seeds, and spreading rough hairy pods with a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long curved See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak . The See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar pungency and odour to which mustard owes much of its value are due to an essential oil See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed by the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• WATER

water on two peculiar chemical substances contained in the black See also:

• SEED (from the root seen in Lat. serere, to sow)

seed . These bodies are a See also:

• GLUCOSIDE

glucoside termed by its discoverers myronate of See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium, but since called sinigrin, C1oH18KNS2010, and an albuminoid See also:

• BODY

body, myrosin . The latter substance in presence of water acts as a ferment on sinigrin, splitting it up into the essential oil of mustard, a potassium See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt, and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar . It is worthy of remark that this reaction does not take See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in presence of boiling water, and therefore it is not proper to use very hot water (above 120° F.) in the preparation of mustard . The explanation is that myrosin is decomposed by water above this temperature .

Essential oil of mustard is in chemical constitution an isothiocyanate of allyl C3H,NCS . It is prepared artificially by a See also:

• PROCESS

process, discovered by Zinzin, which consists in treating bromide of allyl with thiocyanate of ammonium and distilling the resultant thiocyanate of allyl . The seed of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white mustard contains in place of sinigrin a peculiar glucoside called sinalbin, CnH44N2S2Oi8, in several aspects analogous to sinigrin . In presence of water it is acted upon by myrosin, See also:

• PRESENT

present also in white mustard, splitting it up into acrinyl isothiocyanate, sulphate of sinapin and See also:

• GLUCOSE (from Gr. - twais, sweet)

glucose . The first of these is a powerful rubefacient, whence white mustard, although yielding no volatile oil, forms a valuable material for plasters . The seeds of Brassica juncea have the same constitution and properties as black mustard, as a substitute for which they are extensively cultivated in See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia; the plant is also cultivated abundantly in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India . Both as a table condiment and as a medicinal substance, mustard has been known from a very remote See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period . Under the name of ran; it was used by See also:

• HIPPOCRATES

Hippocrates in See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine . The See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form in which table mustard is now sold in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom See also:

• DATES

dates from 1720, about which See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time Mrs Clements of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham See also:

• HIT

hit on the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of grinding the seed in a See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

mill and sifting the See also:

• FLOUR

flour from the husk . The bright yellow See also:

• FARINA, SALVATORE (1846– )

farina thereby produced under the name of " Durham mustard " pleased the See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste of See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George I., and rapidly attained wide popularity . As it is now prepared mustard consists essentially of a mixture of black and white farina in certain proportions . Several grades of pure mustard are made containing nothing but the farina of mustard-seed, the See also:

• LOWER

lower qualities having larger amounts of the white cheaper mustard; and corresponding grades of a mixed preparation of equal See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, but containing certain proportions of wheaten or See also:

• STARCH

starch flour, are also prepared and sold as " mustard condiment." The mixture is See also:

• FREE

free from the unmitigated bitterness and sharpness of flavour of pure mustard, and it keeps much better .

The volatile oil distilled from black mustard seeds after maceration with water is See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Pharmacopeia under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title Oleum sinapis volatile . It is a yellowish or colourless pungent liquid, soluble only in about fifty parts of water, but readily so in See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether and in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol . From it is prepared, with camphor, See also:

• CASTOR

castor oil and alcohol, the linimenturn sinapis . The official sinapis consists of black and white mustard seeds powdered and mixed . The See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage of mixture depends upon the fact that the white mustard seeds have an excess of the ferment myrosin, and the black, whilst some-what deficient in myrosin, yield a volatile body as compared with the fixed product of the white mustard seeds . From this mixture is prepared the charta sinapis, which consists of See also:

• CARTRIDGE (corruption of Fr. cartouche)

cartridge See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper covered with a mixture of the See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder and the liquor caoutchouc, the fixed oil having first been removed by benzol, thus rendering the glucoside capable of being more easily decomposed by the ferment . Used internally as a condiment, mustard stimulates the salivary but not the gastric secretions . It increases the peristaltic movements of the See also:

• STOMACH (Gr. vrbsaxos from arbga, a mouth)

stomach very markedly . One drachm to See also:

• HALF

half an See also:

• OUNCE

ounce of mustard in a tumblerful of warm water is an efficient emetic, acting directly upon the gastric sensory nerves, long before any of the See also:

• DRUG
• DRUG (from Fr. drogue, a word common in Romance languages, cf. Span. and Ital. droga; the origin of the word is obscure, but may possibly be connected with Dutch droog, dry)

drug could be absorbed so as to reach the emetic centre in the medulla oblongata . The See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart and respiration are reflexly stimulated, mustard being thus the only stimulant emetic . Some few other See also:

• EMETICS (from Gr. inerucos, causing vomit)

emetics See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act without any appreciable depression, but in cases of poisoning with See also:

• RESPIRATORY

respiratory or cardiac failure mustard should never be forgotten . In contrast to this may be mentioned, amongst the See also:

• EXTERNAL

external therapeutic applications of mustard, its frequent See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of relieving vomiting when locally applied to the epigastrium .

The uses of mustard leaves in the treatment of See also:

• LOCAL

local pains are well known . When a marked See also:

• COUNTER

counter-irritant action is needed, mustard is often preferable to See also:

• CANTHARIDES, or SPANISH FLIES

cantharides in being more manageable and in causing a less degree of vesication; but the cutaneous damage done by mustard usually takes longer to heal . A mustard sitz See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

bath will often hasten and alleviate the initial See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of menstruation, and is sometimes used to expedite the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of the eruption in See also:

• MEASLES, (Morbilli, Rubeola; the M. E. word is maseles, properly a diminutive of a word meaning " spot," O.H.G. m¢sa, cf. " mazer "; the equivalent is Ger. Masern; Fr. Rougeole)

measles and scarlatina . The domestic remedy of hot water and mustard for See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children's feet in cases of See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold or threatened cold may be of some use in See also:

• DRAWING

drawing the See also:

• BLOOD

blood to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface and thus tending to prevent an excessive vascular See also:

• DILATATION (from Lat. dis-, distributive, and lotus, wide)

dilatation in the See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose or bronchi . The proportion of an ounce of mustard to a See also:

• GALLON

gallon of water is a See also:

• FAIR

fair one and easily remembered . But by far the most important therapeutic application of mustard is as a unique emetic .