See also:

• MUTTRA, or MATHURA

MUTTRA, or MATHURA  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and See also:

• DISTRICT

district of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India in the See also:

• AGRA

Agra See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division of the See also:

• UNITED

United Provinces . The city is on the right See also:

• BANK

bank of the See also:

• JUMNA, or JAMUNA

Jumna, 30 M. above Agra; it is an important railway junction . Pop . (1901), 60,042 . It is an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• TOWN

town, mentioned by Fa Hien as a centre of See also:

• BUDDHISM

Buddhism about A.D . 400; his successor Hsiian Tsang, about 65o, states that it then contained twenty Buddhist monasteries and five Brahmanical temples . See also:

• MUTTRA, or MATHURA

Muttra has suffered more from See also:

• MAHOMMEDAN

Mahommedan See also:

• PLUNDER

plunder than most towns of See also:

• NORTHERN

northern India . It was sacked by Mahmud of See also:

• GHAZNI

Ghazni in 1017–18; about 1500 See also:

• SULTAN (an Arabic word meaning " victorious " or " a ruler," sultat, dominion)

Sultan Sikandar See also:

• LODI

Lodi utterly destroyed all the See also:

• HINDU

Hindu shrines, temples and images; and in 1636 Shah Jahan appointed a See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor expressly to " See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp out See also:

• IDOLATRY

idolatry." In 1669–7o See also:

• AURANGZEB (1618-1707)

Aurangzeb visited the city and continued the See also:

• WORK

work of destruction . Muttra was again captured and plundered by Ahmad Shah with 25,000 Afghan See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry in 1756 . The town still fcrms a See also:

• GREAT

great centre of Hindu devotion, and large See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of pilgrims See also:

• FLOCK

flock annually to the festivals . The See also:

• SPECIAL

special cult of See also:

• KRISHNA (the Dark One)

Krishna with which the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood is associated seems to be of comparatively See also:

• LATE

late date . Much of the prosperity of the town is due to the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of a great See also:

• FAMILY

family of seths or native bankers, who were conspicuously loyal during the See also:

• MUTINY
• MUTINY (from an old verb " mutine," O. Fr. mutin, meutin, a sedition; cf. mod. Fr. emeute; the original is the Late Lat. mota, commotion, from movere, to move)

Mutiny .

Temples and bathing-stairs See also:

• LINE

line the See also:

• RIVER

river bank . The See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority are See also:

• MODERN

modern, but the See also:

• MOSQUE (through Fr. mosquie; Span. mezquila, from Arab. masjid, sajada, to adore)

mosque of Aurangzeb, on a lofty site, See also:

• DATES

dates from 1669 . Most of the public buildings are of See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone, handsomely carved . There are an See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• MISSION

mission, a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church, a museum of antiquities, and a See also:

• CANTONMENT (Fr. cantonnement, from cantonner, to quarter; Ger. Ortsunterkunft or Quartier)

cantonment for a British cavalry See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

Cotton, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper and pilgrims' charms are the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief articles of manufacture . The DISTRICT OF MUTTRA has an See also:

• AREA

area of 1445 sq. m . It consists of an irregular See also:

• STRIP

strip of territory lying on both sides of the Jumna . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level is only broken at the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-western See also:

• ANGLE (from the Lat. angulus, a corner, a diminutive, of which the primitive form, angus, does not occur in Latin; cognate are the Lat. angere, to compress into a bend or to strangle, and the Gr. ayKOS, a bend; both connected with the Aryan root ank-, to

angle by See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low ranges of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone hills . The eastern See also:

• HALF

half consists for the most See also:

• PART

part of a See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich upland See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, abundantly irrigated by See also:

• WELLS
• WELLS, CHARLES JEREMIAH (1798?–1879)
• WELLS, DAVID AMES (1828—1898)
• WELLS, HERBERT GEORGE (1866— )
• WELLS, SIR THOMAS SPENCER, 1ST BART

wells, See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers and canals, while the western portion, though rich in mythological association and antiquarian remains, is comparatively unfavoured by nature . For eight months of the See also:

• YEAR

year the Jumna shrinks to the dimensions of a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere rivulet, meandering through a See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand . During the rains, how-ever, it swells to a mighty stream, a mile or more in breadth . Formerly nearly the whole of Muttra consisted of pasture and woodland, but the roads constructed as See also:

• RELIEF

relief See also:

• WORKS

works in 1837–1838 have thrown open many large tracts of See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, and the task of reclamation has since proceeded rapidly .

The See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population in 1901 was 763,099, showing an increase of 7 % in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal crops are millets, See also:

• PULSE

pulse, cotton, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley and See also:

• SUGAR

sugar See also:

• CANE

cane . The See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine of 1878 was severely See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt . The eastern half of the district is watered by the Agra See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, which is navigable, and the western half by branches of the See also:

• GANGES (GANGA)

Ganges canal . A See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• RAJPUTANA

Rajputana railway, from Achnera to See also:

• HATHRAS

Hathras, crosses the district; the chord line of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East India, from Agra to See also:

• DELHI, DEHLI

Delhi. traverses it from See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north to south; and a new line, connecting with the Great See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula, was opened in 1905 . The central portion of Muttra district forms one of the most sacred spots in Hindu See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology . A See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of 84 kos around G4kul and See also:

• BRINDABAN

Brindaban bears the name of the Braj-Mandal, and carries with it many associations of earliest See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan times . Here Krishna and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother Balarama fed their See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle upon the plain; and numerous See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of antiquity in the towns of Muttra, Gobardhan, Gokul, Mahaban and Brindaban still attest the sanctity with which this See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• TRACT (from Lat. tractare, to treat of a matter, through Provencal tractat and Ital. trattato)

tract was invested . During the Buddhist See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period Muttra became a centre of the new faith . ' After the invasion of Mahmud of Ghazni the city See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell into insignificance till the reign of See also:

• AKBAR, AKHBAR

Akbar; and thenceforward its See also:

• HISTORY

history merges in that of the See also:

• JATS, or JUTS

Jats of See also:

• BHARATPUR, or BHURTPORE

Bharatpur, until it again acquired See also:

• SEPARATE

separate individuality under Suraj Mal in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the 18th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The Bharatpur chiefs took an active part in the disturbances consequent on the declining See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of the See also:

• MOGUL, MOCHAL, or MIGHAL

Mogul emperors, sometimes on the imperial See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side, and at others with the See also:

• MAHRATTAS

Mahrattas . The whole of Muttra passed under British See also:

• RULE

rule in 1804 .

See F . S . Growse, Mathura (See also:

• ALLAHABAD

Allahabad, 1883) .