KARL WILHELM VON See also:

• KARL WILHELM VON NAEGELI (1817-1891)

NAEGELI (1817-1891)  , Swiss botanist, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born on the 27th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1817 near See also:

• ZURICH
• ZURICH (Fr. Zurich; Ital. Zurigo)

Zurich . He studied See also:

• BOTANY (from Gr. l3or6v17, plant; ,66vicety, to graze)

botany under A . P. de Canclolle at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva, and graduated with a botanical thesis at Zurich in 1840 . His See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention having been directed by M . J . See also:

• SCHLEIDEN, MATTHIAS JAKOB (1804-1881)

Schleiden, then See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of botany at See also:

• JENA

Jena, to the microscopical study of See also:

• PLANTS

plants, he engaged more particularly in that See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . Soon after See also:

• GRADUATION (see also GRADUATE)

graduation he became Privatdozent and subsequently professor extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary, in the university of Zurich; in 1852 he was called to fill the See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of botany in the university of See also:

• FREIBURG

Freiburg-in-See also:

• BREISGAU

Breisgau; and in 1857 he was promoted to See also:

• MUNICH (Ger. Munchen)

Munich, where he remained as professor until his See also:

• DEATH

death on the ' 1th of May 1891 . Among his more important contributions to See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science were a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of papers in the Zeitschrift fiir wissenschaftliche Botanik (1844–'846); See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die neuern Algensysleme (1847); Gattungen einzelliger Algen (1849); Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen (1855–'858), with C . E . See also:

• CRAMER, JOHANN BAPTIST (1771—1858)
• CRAMER, JOHN ANTONY (1793—1848)
• CRAMER, KARL VON (1818—r9o2)

Cramer; Beitrage zur wissenschaftlichen Botanik (1858–1868); a number of papers contributed to the Royal Bavarian See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

Academy of Sciences, forming three volumes of Botanische Mitteilungen (1861–1881); and, finally, his See also:

• VOLUME

volume, Mechanisch-physiologische Theorie der Abstammungslehre, published in 1884 . The more striking of his many and varied discoveries are embodied in the Zeitsch. See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur wiss . Bot .

In this we begin with See also:

• NAEGELI, KARL WILHELM VON (1817-1891)

Naegeli's See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown's See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus to the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal families of Cryptogams, and the assertion of its universal occurrence in plants, together with the recognition of its vesicular structure . There is further his investigation of the " mucous layer " (Schleimschicht) lining the See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall 'of all normal cells, where he shows that it consists of granular " mucus," which, at an earlier See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, filled the See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell-cavity, and which differs chemically from the cell-wall in that it is nitrogenous . This layer he proved to be never absent from living cells—to be, in fact, itself the living See also:

• PART

part of the cell, a discovery which was simultaneously (1846) made by See also:

• HUGO, GUSTAV VON (1764–1844)
• HUGO, VICTOR MARIE (1802-1885)

Hugo von See also:

• MOHL, HUGO VON (1805–1872)
• MOHL, JULIUS VON (1800–1876)

Mohl (1805–1872), who gave to the living See also:

• MATTER

matter of the plant-See also:

• BODY

body the name " See also:

• PROTOPLASM

protoplasm." In connexion with these discoveries, Naegeli controverted Schleiden's view of the universality of See also:

• FREE

free-cell-formation as the mode of cell-multiplication, and showed that in the vegetative See also:

• ORGANS

organs, at least, new cells are formed by See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division . In the Zeitschrift, too, is Naegeli's most important algological See also:

• WORK

work—such as the See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on Caulerga, which brought to See also:

• LIGHT

light the remarkable unseptate structure of the Siphoneae, and his research on Delesseria, which resulted in the discovery of growth by a single apiL.al cell . This discovery led Naegeli on to the study of the growing-point in other plants . He consequently gave the first accurate See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the apical cell, and of the mode of growth of the See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem in various Mosses and Liverworts . Subsequently he observed that in Lycopodiuria and in See also:

• ANGIOSPERMS

Angiosperms the growing-point has no apical cell, but consists of a small-celled See also:

• MERISTEM (Gr. Aquas-6s, divided or divisible)

meristem, in which the first differentiation of the permanent tissues can be traced . One of the most remarkable discoveries recorded in the Zeitschrift is that of the antheridia and spermatozoids of Ferns and of Pilularia . The Beitrage zur wiss . Botanik consists almost entirely of researches into the See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

anatomy of vascular plants, while the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main feature of the Pflanzenphysiologische Untersuchungen is the exhaustive work on the structure, development and various forms of See also:

• STARCH

starch-grains . The Botanische Mitteilungen include a number of papers in all departments of botany, many of them being continuations and extensions of his earlier work . In his Theorie der A bstammungslehre Naegeli introduced the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of a definite material basis for See also:

• HEREDITY

heredity; the substance he termed " idioplasm." His theory of See also:

• EVOLUTION

evolution is that the idioplasm of any one See also:

• GENERATION (from Lat. generare, to beget, procreate; genus, stock, race)

generation is not identical with that of either its progenitors or its progeny: it is always increasing in complexity, with the result that each successive generation marks an advance upon its predecessor .

Hence variation takes See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place determinately, and in the higher direction only.; while variability is the result of See also:

• INTERNAL

internal causes, and natural selection plays but a small part in evolution . Whereas, on the Darwinian theory, all organization is adaptive, according to Naegeli the development of higher organization is the outcome of the spontaneous evolution of the idioplasm . More detailed accounts of Naegeli's See also:

• LIFE

life and work are to be found in Nature, 16th See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1891, and in Proc . See also:

• ROY, WILLIAM (1726-1790)

Roy . See also:

• SOC

Soc., vol. li . (S . H .