NAME (O. Eng. mama; cognate forms in See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages are Dutch naam, Ger. Name, &c., but the word is See also:

• COMMON

common to all Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European languages; cf. Gr. ovoya, See also:

• LAT

Lat. nomen, Sans. ndman, &c.)  , the distinguishing appellation by which a See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place, thing or class of persons or things is known . See also:

• LOCAL

Local Names.—The study of names and of their survival in See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization enables us in some cases to ascertain what peoples inhabited districts now tenanted by races of far different speech . Thus the names of mountains and See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

rivers in many parts of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England are See also:

• CELTIC

Celtic—for example, to take See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar instances, See also:

• USK
• USK, THOMAS (d. 1388)

Usk, Esk and See also:

• AVON

Avon . There are also local names (such as See also:

• MONA

Mona, See also:

• MONMOUTH (Welsh Mynwy)
• MONMOUTH, BATTLE OF (1778)
• MONMOUTH, JAMES SCOTT
• MONMOUTH, ROBERT CAREY, 1ST EARL OF (c. 1560-1639)

Monmouth, Mynwy and others) which seem to be See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of tribes even older than the Celtic See also:

• STOCKS

stocks, and " vestiges of non-See also:

• ARYAN

Aryan See also:

• PEOPLE

people, whom the Celts found in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession both on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent and in the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles."' The later See also:

• ENGLISH

English name is sometimes the See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, perhaps unconscious, of the earlier Celtic appellation, often added to the more See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient word . Penpole Point in See also:

• SOMERSET, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SOMERSET, EDMUND BEAUFORT, DUKE OF (c. 1404–1455)
• SOMERSET, EDWARD SEYMOUR, DUKE OF (c. 1506–1552)
• SOMERSET, LORD ROBERT EDWARD HENRY (1776-1842)
• SOMERSET, ROBERT CARR (or KER), EARL OF (e. 1590-1645)

Somerset is an obvious example of this redoubling of names . The pre-Aryan place-names of the See also:

• AEGEAN

Aegean are much discussed by philologists . Such a name as Corinthos, with all other words in nthos, as hyacinthos, is thought to be pre-Hellenic . The See also:

• RIVER

river-names See also:

• GADE, NIELS WILHELM (1817-189o)

Gade, Ver, Test and many other monosyllabic river-names in the See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home counties, appear to be neither English nor Celtic, but have been neglected, being known to few but anglers and rustics . As to the meaning and nature of ancient local names, they are as a See also:

• RULE

rule purely descriptive . A river is called by some word which merely signifies " the See also:

• WATER

water "; a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill has a name which means no more than " the point," " the See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak," " the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle." Celtic names are often of a more romantic See also:

• TONE, THEOBALD WOLFE (1763-1798)

tone, as Ardnamurchan, " the promontory by the See also:

• GREAT

great ocean," an admirable description of the bold and steep headland which breasts the See also:

• WASH, THE

wash of the See also:

• ATLANTIC

Atlantic . As a See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general rule the surviving Celtic names, chiefly in See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales and See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland, all contain some wide meaning of poetic appropriateness . The English names, on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, commonly See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state some very See also:

• SIMPLE

simple fact, and very frequently do no more than denote See also:

• PROPERTY

property, such and such a See also:

• TOWN

town or See also:

• HAMLET

hamlet, " ton " or " See also:

• HAM

ham," is the property of the Billings, Uffings, Tootings, or whoever the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early English settlers in the See also:

• DISTRICT

district may have been .

The same See also:

• ATTACHMENT

attachment to the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea of property is exhibited in even the local names of See also:

• PETTY, SIR WILLIAM (1623-1687)

petty See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields in English parishes . Occasionally one finds a See also:

• BIT (from the verb " to bite," either in the sense of a piece bitten off, or an act of biting, or a thing that bites or is bitten)

bit of See also:

• HALF

half-humorous description, as when a sour, starved and weedy See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

plot is named " starvacre "; but more usually fields are known as " See also:

• THOMPSON
• THOMPSON, FRANCIS (1860-1907)
• THOMPSON, LAUNT (1833-1894)
• THOMPSON, SIR HENRY, BART
• THOMPSON, SIR JOHN SPARROW (1844-1894)
• THOMPSON, THOMAS PERONNET (1783-1869)
• THOMPSON, WILLIAM HEPWORTH (18ro–1886)

Thompson's great See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field," " See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

Smith's small field," " the fouracre," or the like . The name of some See also:

• FARMER, RICHARD (1735–1787)

farmer or See also:

• PEASANT (O. Fr. paysant, Mod. paysan; Lat. pagensis, belonging to the pagus or country; cf. " pagan ")

peasant owner or squatter of ancient date survives for centuries, attached to what was once his property . Thus the See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of local names has a See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical value . The names indicate the various races (Celtic, See also:

• ROMAN

Roman and English in Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain) who have set in the See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form of names the See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal of their possession on the See also:

• SOIL

soil . Again, the meanings of the names illustrate the characters of See also:

• ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839–1900)

Elton, Origins of English See also:

• HISTORY

History, p . 165; Rhys, Lectures on Celtic See also:

• PHILOLOGY

Philology, pp . 181, 182.the various races . The See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans have See also:

• LEFT

left names connected with camps (castra, chesters) and military roads; the English have used simple descriptions of the baldest See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, or have exhibited their attachment to the idea of property; the Celtic names (like those which the red men have left in See also:

• AMERICA

America, or the blacks in See also:

• AUSTRALIA

Australia) are musical with poetic See also:

• FANCY (a shortened form, dating from the 15th century, of " fantasy," which is derived through the O. Fr. fantasie, modern fantaisie. from the Latinized form of the Gr. cbavraoia, Oavrai'ecv, Oat Pais, to show)

fancy, and filled with See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the aspects and the sentiment of nature . The British See also:

• RACE

race carries with it the ancient names of an older people into every continent, and titles perhaps originally given to places in the British Isles by men who had not yet learned to See also:

• POLISH

polish their weapons of See also:

• FLINT
• FLINT, AUSTIN (1812-1886)
• FLINT, or FLTNTSHTRE (sir Gallestr)
• FLINT, ROBERT (1838- )
• FLINT, TIMOTHY (1780-1840)

flint may now be found in Australia, America, See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa and the islands of the farthest seas . Local names were originally imposed in a handy local manner . The settler or the See also:

• GROUP

group of See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave-men styled the neighbouring river " the water," the neighbouring hill " the peak," and these terms often still survive in relics of See also:

• TONGUES, GIFT OF, or GLOSSOLALIA (yXwova, tongue, aXeiv, speak)

tongues which can only be construed by the learned .

See also:

• PERSONAL

Personal Names.—The history of personal names is longer and more. complex, but proceeds from beginnings almost as simple . But in personal names the complexity of human See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, and the See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual processes of tangling and disentangling the threads of varied human interest, soon come in, and personal names are not imposed once and for all . Each See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man in very early See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies may have many names, in different characters and at different periods of his See also:

• LIFE

life . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest personal names which we need examine here are those which indicate, not an individual, but a group, held together by the conscious sense or less conscious sentiment of kindred, or banded together for reasons of convenience . An examination of customs prevalent among the most widely separated races of See also:

• ASIA

Asia, Africa, Australia and America proves that See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups conceiving themselves to be originally of the same See also:

• KIN (0. E. cyn, a word represented in nearly all Teutonic languages, cf. Du. kunne, Dan. and Swed. kon, Goth kuni, tribe; the Teutonic base is kunya; the equivalent Aryan root gan- to beget, produce, is seen in Gr. 'yEvos, Lat. genus, cf. "kind")

kin are generally styled by the name of some See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal or other See also:

• OBJECT

object (animate or inanimate) from which they claim descent . This object is known as the " totem " (see See also:

• TOTEMISM

TOTEMISM) . The groups of supposed kin, however widely scattered in local See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution, are known as wolves, bears, turtles, suns, moons, cockatoos, reeds and what not, according as each group claims descent from this or that stock, and some-times wears a See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark representing this or that animal, plant or natural object . Unmistakable traces of the same See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit of naming exist among Semitic and See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic races, and even among Greeks and Romans . The names chosen are commonly those of See also:

• OBJECTS

objects which can be easily See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude yet recognizable way, and easily expressed in the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of gesture . In addition to the totem names (which indicate, in each example, supposed See also:

• BLOOD

blood-kindred), local aggregates of men received local names . We hear of the " hill-men," " the cave-men," " the See also:

• BUSH

bush-men," " the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast-men," the " men of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain," precisely as in the old See also:

• ATTIC (i.e. "in the Attic style ")

Attic divisions of Aktaioi, Pediaioi and so forth . When a tribe comes to recognize its own unity, as a rule it calls itself by some See also:

• TERM

term meaning simply " the men," all other tribes being regarded as barbarous or inferior .

Probably other neighbouring tribes also See also:

• CALL (from Anglo-Saxon ceallian, a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch kallen, to talk or chatter)

call themselves " the men " in another See also:

• DIALECT (from Gr. Sia stcror, conversation, manner of speaking, &aXeyec6at, to converse)

dialect or language, while the people in the neighbourhood are known by an opprobrious epithet, as Rakshasas among the early Aryan dwellers in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, or See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo (raw-eaters) La the far See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American continent . Tribal names in Australia are often taken from the tribal term for " yes " or " no "; cf . See also:

• LANGUEDOC

Languedoc . Leaving social for personal names, we find that, among most uncivilized races, a name (derived from some incident or natural object) is given at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth by the parents of each new-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born See also:

• INFANT (in early forms enfaunt, enfant, through the Fr. enfant, from Lat. infans, in, not, and fans, the present participle of fari, to speak)

infant . Occasionally the name is imposed before the See also:

• CHILD
• CHILD, FRANCIS JAMES (1825-1896)
• CHILD, L
• CHILD, LYDIA MARIA (1802-1880)
• CHILD, SIR FRANCIS (1642-1713)
• CHILD, SIR JOHN (d. 1690)
• CHILD, SIR JOSIAH (163o - 1699)

child is born, and the proud parents call themselves See also:

• FATHER

father and See also:

• MOTHER

mother of such an one before the expected infant See also:

• SEES

sees the See also:

• LIGHT

light . In most cases the name (the earliest name) denotes some phenomenon of nature; thus Dobrizhofer met in the forests a See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young man styled " See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

Gold See also:

• FLOWER (Lat. flos, floris; Fr. fleur)
• FLOWER, SIB

flower of See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day," that is, " See also:

• DAWN (the 16th-century form of the earlier " Jawing " or " dawning," from an old verb " daw," O. Eng. dagian, to become day; cf. Dutch dagen, and Ger. tagen)

Dawn," his father having been named " See also:

• SUN
• SUN (0. Eng. sonne, Ger. sonne. Fr. soleil, Lat. sol, Gr. ijXior, from which comes helio- in various English compounds)

Sun." Similar names are commonly given by the natives of Australia, while no names are more See also:

• COMMON

common among North-American See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians than those derived from sun, See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, See also:

• CLOUD (from the same root, if not the same word, as " clod," a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages for a mass or lump; it is first applied in the usual sense in the late 13th century; the Anglo-Saxon chid is only used in the sense of " a ma

cloud and See also:

• WIND
• WIND (a common Teut. word, cognate with Skt. vats, Lat. ventus, cf. " weather," to be of course distinguished from to " wind," to coil or twist, O.Eng. windan, cf. "wander," "wend," &c.)

wind . The names of See also:

• SAVAGE
• SAVAGE, MINOT JUDSON (1841– )
• SAVAGE, RICHARD (d. 1743)

savage persons are not permanent . The name `Hpb&oTos `A)tKapvaeoebs, OovKvbi fs d 'See also:

• ATH, or AATII

Ath vaios, and some-times the name of the deme (see CLEISTi1ENES), e.g . Ar7µoo'O vr7s Ilatavebs, Nicknames denoting See also:

• MENTAL

mental or bodily defects or striking peculiarities (e.g. See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour of See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair) were also favourite methods of discrimination (e.g . ; , avebs, yellow) . Roman Names.—Towards the end of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic See also:

• FREE

free-born Romans were distinguished by three names and two (or even four) secondary indications . In an inscription the name of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero is given in the following form: M .

Tullius M.f . M.n . M.pr . See also:

• CORNELIA (end cent. Bc.)

Cornelia tribu) Cicero . M (= See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus) is the prae:See also:

• WOMEN

women; Tullius, the nomen, the See also:

• GENTILE
• GENTILE, C

gentile or See also:

• FAMILY

family name; Cicero, the cognomen . This See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order, always preserved, is the correct one . M.f . (= Marci filius) , M.n . (= Marci See also:

• NEPOS, CORNELIUS (c. 99–24 B.C.)
• NEPOS, JULIUS

nepos), M.pr . (= Marci pronepos), See also:

• COR

Cor(neli a tribu) are only used in formal description . first given is ordinarily changed (at the ceremony answering to See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation in the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church) for some more appropriate and descriptive See also:

• NICKNAME

nickname, and that, again, is See also:

• APT

apt to be superseded by various " See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour-giving names " derived from various exploits . The common superstition against being " named " has probably produced the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom by which each individual has a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret name and is addressed, when possible, by some wide term of kinship—" See also:

• BROTHER

brother," " father " and the like .

The See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad See also:

• LUCK

luck which in Zulu customs as in Vedic myths attends the utterance of the real name is evaded by this See also:

• SYSTEM

system of addresses . Could we get a savage—an See also:

• IROQUOIS

Iroquois, for example—to explain his titles, we would find that he is, say, " See also:

• MORNING

Morning Cloud " (by birth-name), " Hungry See also:

• WOLF
• WOLF (Canis lupus)
• WOLF, FRIEDRICH AUGUST (1759-1824)
• WOLF, HUGO (1860-1903)
• WOLF, JOSEPH (1820-1899)

Wolf " (by confirmation name), " He that raises the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white See also:

• FELLOW

fellow's See also:

• SCALP (0. Dutch schelpe, a shell)

scalp " (by honour-giving name), of the See also:

• CRANE (in Dutch, Kraan; O. Ger. Kraen; cognate, as also the Lat. grus, and consequently the Fr. grue and Span. grulla, with the Gr. dpavos)
• CRANE, STEPHEN (1870-1900)
• CRANE, WALTER (1845– )
• CRANE, WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )

Crane totem (by kinship and hereditary name, as understood by ourselves) . When society grows so permanent that male kinship and paternity are recognized, the custom of patronymics is introduced . The totem °name gives place to a gentile name, itself probably a patronymic in form; or, as in See also:

• GREECE

Greece, the gentile name gives place to a local name, derived from the deme . Thus a Roman is called Coins; See also:

• JULIUS

Julius is his gentile name (of the See also:

• JULIAN (FLAVIUS CLAUDIUS JULIANUS) (331-363)

Julian See also:

• CLAN (Gaelic clann, O. Ir. cland, connected with Lat. planta, shoot or scion, the ancient Gaelic or Goidelic substituting k for p)

clan); See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar is a kind of hereditary nickname A See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek is See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides (the name usually derived from the grandfather), the son of Olorus, of the deme of Halimusia . This system of names answered the purposes of Greek and Roman civilization . In See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, among the Teutonic races, the stock-names (conceivably totemistic in origin) survive in English local names, which speak of the " ton " or " ham " of the Billings or Tootings . An examination of these names, as collected in See also:

• KEMBLE
• KEMBLE, JOHN MITCHELL (1807-1857)

Kemble's Anglo-See also:

• SAXONS

Saxons, proves that they were frequently derived from animals and See also:

• PLANTS

plants . Such English names as " See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

Noble Wolf " (See also:

• ETHELWULF

Ethelwulf), " Wolf of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War " and so forth, certainly testify to a somewhat See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive and fierce See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of society . Then came more vulgar nicknames and personal descriptions, as " See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

Long," " See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

Brown," " White " and so forth . Other names are directly derived from the occupation or See also:

• CRAFT (a word common to Teutonic languages for strength, or power; cf. Ger. Kraft)

craft (Smith, See also:

• FOWLER, CHARLES (1792-1867)
• FOWLER, EDWARD (1632-1714)
• FOWLER, JOHN (1826-1864)
• FOWLER, SIR JOHN (1817-1898)
• FOWLER, WILLIAM (c. 156o-1614)

Fowler, See also:

• SADLER (or SADLEIR), SIR RALPH (1507-1587)
• SADLER, MICHAEL THOMAS (1780-1835)

Sadler) of the man to whom they were given, and yet other names were derived from places . The noble and landowner was sailed " of " such and such a place (the See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German von and See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French de), while the humbler man was called not " of " but " at " such a place, as in the name " Attewell," or merely by the local name without the particle .

The " de " might also indicate merely the place of a person's birth or See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence; it was not a See also:

• PROOF (in M. Eng. preove, proeve, preve, &°c., from O. Fr . prueve, proeve, &c., mod. preuve, Late. Lat. proba, probate, to prove, to test the goodness of anything, probus, good)

proof of noblesse . If we add to these names patronymics formed by the addition of " son," and terms derived from Biblical characters (the latter adopted after the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation as a re-See also:

• ACTION

action against the names of See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

saints in the See also:

• CALENDAR

calendar), we have almost exhausted the See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• MODERN

modern English and See also:

• EUROPEAN

European names . A continual development of custom can be traced, and the See also:

• ANALYSIS (Gr. avci and Meta, to break up into parts)

analysis of any man's family and See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian names will See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead us beyond history into the See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners of races devoid of See also:

• LITERARY

literary records . (A . L.) Greek See also:

• NANTES
• NANTES, EDICT OF

Nantes.—The Greeks had only one, and no family, name; hence the name of a child was left to the discretion of the parents . The eldest son generally took the name of his paternal See also:

• GRAND

grand-father, girls that of their grandmother . Genuine patronymics (See also:

• PHOCION

Phocion, son of Phocus), analogous compounds (Thecphrastus, son of See also:

• THEODORUS, FLAVIUS MALLIUS

Theodorus), or names of similar meaning (Philumenus, son of See also:

• EROS

Eros) also occur . See also:

• ATHENAEUS

Athenaeus divides names generally into (I) 8eocb^bpa, chiefly dervatives or compounds of the names of gods (See also:

• DEMETRIUS

Demetrius, See also:

• APOLLONIUS

Apollonius, Theodorus, See also:

• DIODOTUS

Diodotus, Heraclitus, See also:

• DIOGENES

Diogenes); (2) idea, simple or variously compounded names, especially such as were of See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• OMEN (a Latin word, either connected with os, mouth, or more probably with auris (Gr. ois, ear; apparently, meaning " a thing heard " or " spoken ")

omen for a son's future career (See also:

• ARISTIDES
• ARISTIDES ['Apuvrei817s] (c. 530—468 B.C.)
• ARISTIDES, AELIUS
• ARISTIDES, APOLOGY OF
• ARISTIDES, QUINTILIANUS

Aristides, See also:

• PERICLES (49o-429 B.C.)

Pericles, See also:

• SOPHOCLES (495-406 B.c.)

Sophocles, See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander), although such hopes were frequently belied by the results . Instances of a subsequent See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change of name are not uncommon; thus, See also:

• PLATO

Plato and See also:

• THEOPHRASTUS

Theophrastus were originally Aristocles and Tyrtamus . To obviate the See also:

• AMBIGUITY (Fr. ambiguite, med. Lat. ambiguitas, from Lat. ambiguus, doubtful; ambi, both ways, agere, to drive)

ambiguity and confusion arising from the use of a single name, various expedients were adopted, the commonest being to add the father's name—0g7.eocNvris Ar77aoaOEVovs, 'Ahitf3ta6gs 6 KXeiviov . Sometimes the birthplace was added Praenomen (corresponding to the modern Christian name).—See also:

• VARRO, MARCUS TERENTIUS (116—27 B.C.)
• VARRO, PUBLIUS TERENTIUS

Varro gives a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of 32 praenomina, of which 14 had fallen out of use in See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla's time, the remaining 18 being confined to patrician families . Some of these appear to have been appropriated by particular families, e.g .

Appius by the Claudii, Mamercus by the Aemilii . In the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of plebeian families there was greater See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude and a larger variety of names, but those which became ennobled followed the patrician usage . After the time of Sulla some of the old praenomina were revived, unless they are rather to be regarded as cognomina, which in some families displaced the praenomen proper, as in the case of a certain See also:

• AFRICANUS, SEXTUS JULIUS

Africanus See also:

• AEMILIUS, PAULUS (PAOLO Ea111.io) (d. 1529)

Aemilius See also:

• REGULUS, MARCUS ATILIUS

Regulus . The nomen (gentile, gentilicium) belonged to all the individual members of the gens and those in any way connected with it (wives, clients, freedmen) . In patrician gentes the nomina nearly all ended in -ius (-aeus, -emus, -eus), and are perhaps a sort of patronymic (Iulius from See also:

• IULUS

Iulus) . In some cases the name indicates the place of origin (See also:

• NORBANUS, GAIUS

Norbanus, Acerranus) ; -acus (Divitiacus) is See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar to Gallic, -na (See also:

• CAECINA

Caecina, Perperna) to See also:

• ETRUSCAN

Etruscan, -enus (Arulenus) to Umbrian names . See also:

• VERRES, GAIUS (c. 120-43 B.C.)

Verres as a gentile name stands by itself ; perhaps it was originally a cognomen . The cognomen (" surname ") was the name given to a Roman See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen as a member of a fanzilia or See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the gens, whereby the family was distinguished from other families belonging to the same gens . Cognomina were either of local origin (Calatinus, Sabinus) ; or denoted See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical peculiarities or moral characteristics (See also:

• CRASSUS (literally " dense," " thick," " fat ")

Crassus, See also:

• LONGUS

Longus, See also:

• LENTULUS

Lentulus, See also:

• LEPIDUS

Lepidus, Calvus, Naso); or they were really praenomina (Cossus, See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa) or derivatives from praenomina or cognomina (Sextinus, See also:

• CORVINUS, JANOS [JOHN] (1473–1504)

Corvinus, Laevinus) . The tria nomina (" three names ") in the well-known passage of See also:

• JUVENAL (DECIMUS JUNIUS JUVENALIS) (c. 60-140)

Juvenal (v. mg) was probably at that time a mark of ingenuitas rather than of nobilitas . In addition to these three See also:

• REGULAR

regular names, many Romans had a See also:

• FOURTH

fourth, cognomen secundum (agnomen was an introduction of the grammarians of the 4th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century) . These " second surnames " were chiefly bestowed in recognition of great achievements--Asiaticus, Africanus, Creticus, or were See also:

• PART

part of the terminology in cases of See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption .

Persons adopted took all the three names of their adoptive father, but at the same time, to keep his origin in mind, they added a second cognomen, a derivative in -anus or -inns from his old gentile name; thus, Publius See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Scipio Aemilianus, son of See also:

• LUCIUS

Lucius Aemilius Paullus, adopted by Publius Cornelius Scipio . After the time of Sulla, the derivative was no longer used, one of the old names being substituted without change—Marcus Terentius Varro See also:

• LUCULLUS

Lucullus . Under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire no fixed rule was observed, the most remarkable thing being the very large number of names See also:

• BORNE, KARL LUDWIG (1786–1837)

borne by one person (as many as ?5 occur on an inscription) . Especially in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army and amongst the See also:

• LOWER

lower orders, nicknames (signa, vocabula) are of frequent occurrence, Well-known examples are: Caligula; cedo alteram (" another stick, please ! " ), given to a See also:

• CENTURION (Lat. centuria)

centurion of flogging propensities; minus ad fen-um (" hand on See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword,") of See also:

• AURELIAN [Lucius DoMITIus AURELIANUS]

Aurelian when See also:

• TRIBUNE (med. Lat. tribune, from classical Lat. tribunal)

tribune . Women originally took the name of the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the family—See also:

• CAECILIA
• CAECILIA, VIA

Caecilia (filia) Metelli, Metella Crassi (uxor) . Later, f . (=filia) was added after the name of a daughter . Towards the end of the republic women are denoted by their gentile name alone, while under the empire they always have two—the nomen and cognomen of the father (Aemilia Lepida, daughter of . Lucius Aemilius Lepidus Paullus), or the nomen of both father and mother (See also:

• VALERIA, VIA

Valeria Attia, daughter of Attius See also:

• ATTICUS, TITUS POMPONIUS (109–32 B.c.)

Atticus and Valeria Sextina) . Slaves originally had no name, but simply took their See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master'. praenomen in the genitive followed by -See also:

• POR

por (=puff): Marcipor, Publipor, Quintipor . Later, when the number of slaves was largely increased, by way of distinction names similar to those common in Greece (See also:

• NATIONAL

national, physical or moral qualities) or simply See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign names were given them .

The word Auer was subsequently replaced by serous and the form of the name ran: Aphrodisius Ploti Gai servus; under the empire, Eleutherus C . Julii Florentini (the natural order being preserved in the roaster's name) . When a slave exchanged one master for another, he adopted the name of his old master in an adjectival form in -anus . Cissus Caesaris (serous) Maecenatianus (formerly a slave of See also:

• MAECENAS, GAIUS (CILNIUS)

Maecenas) . Freedmen used their own name as a cognomen and took the nomen of him who gave them their freedom and any praenomen they pleased: L . Livius Andronicus, freedman it is usual, for purposes of publicity and See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence, to advertise the of M . Livius Salinator . In the time of Caesar, the freedman took the I change of name in the See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers and to execute a See also:

• DEED (in O. Eng. dead, from the stem of the verb " to do ")

deed See also:

• POLL

poll setting praenomen of the patronus and the gentile name of one of the See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends out the change, and enrol the same in the central See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the Supreme of the latter; thus, Cicero calls his slave See also:

• DIONYSIUS
• DIONYSIUS (c. 432–367 B.C.)

Dionysius M . See also:

• POMPONIUS, LUCIUS

Pomponius See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court . Dionysius as a token of friendship for T . Pomponius Atticus . Both in See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official authorization must be ob- (J .

H . F.) tained for any change of name . By the German See also:

• CODE (Lat. codex)

Code 1900 (s . 12) See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law.—The Christian name, i.e. the name given to a person on if the right to a new name is disputed by another or his interest is See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to See also:

• BAPTISM

baptism into the Christian church, See also:

• DATES

dates back to the injured thereby, the person entitled can compel the See also:

• ABANDONMENT (Fr. abandonnement, from abandonner, to abandon, relinquish; abandonner was originally equivalent to mettred banddn, to leave to the jurisdiction, i.e. of another, bandon being from Low Latin bandum, bannum, order, decree, " ban ")

abandonment a of the new name . early history of the Church . It has been said that the practice In England, a wife on See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage adopts the surname of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, of giving a name on baptism was possibly imitated from the disregarding entirely her See also:

• MAIDEN, or MAID

maiden surname; in Scotland the practice Jewish custom of giving a personal name at See also:

• CIRCUMCISION (Lat. circum, round, and caedere, to cut)

circumcision . In usually is for the wife to retain her maiden name for all legal purposes, England individuals were for long distinguished uished b Christian adding the name of her husband as an See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

alias . On remarriage the rule g g by is for the wife to adopt the name of the new husband, but an ex- names only, and the surname (see. below) or family name is still ception to this is tacitly recognized in the case of a See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title acquired by totally ignored by the Church' . As See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population increased and marriage when the holder remarries a commoner . This exception intercourse became general, it became necessary to employ some was very fully discussed in See also:

• COWLEY, ABRAHAM (1618-1667)
• COWLEY, HANNAH (1743-1809)
• COWLEY, HENRY RICHARD CHARLES WELLESLEY

Cowley v . Cowley, 1901, A.C . 450 .

Peers of the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom when See also:

• SIGNING

signing their names use only further name by which one man might be known from another, their surnames or See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage designations . It is merely a privileged and in See also:

• PROCESS

process of time the use of surnames became universal, the custom, which does not go back further than the See also:

• STUART, ARABELLA (1575-1615)
• STUART, GILBERT (1755-x828)
• STUART, JAMES EWELL BROWN (1833-1864)
• STUART, JOHN
• STUART, MOSES (1780-1852)
• STUART, SIR JOHN, COUNT

Stuart See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period. only exceptions in Englan