FRIDTJOF See also:

• FRIDTJOF NANSEN (1861– )
• NANSEN, HANS (1598-1667)

NANSEN (1861– )  , See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian scientist, explorer and statesman, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Froen near See also:

• CHRISTIANIA (officially KRISTIANIA)

Christiania on the loth of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1861 . His childhood was spent at this See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place till his fifteenth See also:

• YEAR

year, when his parents removed to Christiania, where he went to school . He entered Christiania university in 188o, where he made a See also:

• SPECIAL

special study of See also:

• ZOOLOGY (from Gr. Nov, a living thing, and ?byos, theory)

zoology; in See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1882 he joined the sealing-See also:

• SHIP

ship " See also:

• VIKING

Viking " for a voyage to See also:

• GREENLAND (Danish, &c., Gronland)

Greenland See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters . On his return in the same year he was appointed See also:

• CURATOR (Lat. for " one who takes care," curare, to take care of)

curator of the See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen Museum, under the eminent physician and zoologist See also:

• DANIEL
• DANIEL (DANIL)
• DANIEL, BOOK
• DANIEL, GABRIEL (1649-1728)

Daniel See also:

• CORNELIUS
• CORNELIUS, CARL AUGUST PETER (1824-1874)
• CORNELIUS, PETER VON (1784–1867)

Cornelius Danielssen (1815–1894) . In 1886 he spent a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time at the zoological station at See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples . During this time he wrote several papers and See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs on zoological and histological subjects, and for one See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper on " The Structure and See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

Combination of the Histological Elements of the Central See also:

• NERVOUS

Nervous See also:

• SYSTEM

System " (Bergen, 1887) the Christiania university conferred upon him the degree of See also:

• DOCTOR (Lat. for " teacher ")

doctor of See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy . But his voyage in the " Viking " had indicated Greenland as a possible See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field for exploration, and in 1887 he set about preparations for a See also:

• CROSSING

crossing of the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-field which covers the interior of that See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country . The possibility of his success was discountenanced by many See also:

• ARCTIC (Gr. "ApKroc, the Bear, the northern constellation of Ursa Major)

Arctic authorities, and a small See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant he had asked for was refused by the Norwegian See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but was provided by Augustin See also:

• GAME

Game], a See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant of See also:

• COPENHAGEN (Danish Kjobenhavn)

Copenhagen, while he paid from his private means the greater See also:

• PART

part of the expenses of the expedition . As companions See also:

• NANSEN, FRIDTJOF (1861– )
• NANSEN, HANS (1598-1667)

Nansen had See also:

• OTTO

Otto See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Neumann See also:

• SVERDRUP, JOHAN (1816--1892)

Sverdrup (b . 1855), See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain O . C . Dietrichson (b .

1856), a third compatriot, and two Lapps . The expedition started in May 1888, proceeding from See also:

• LEITH

Leith to See also:

• ICELAND (Dan. Island)

Iceland, and there joining a sealing-ship See also:

• BOUND, or BOUNDARY (from O. Fr. bonde, Med. Lat. bodena or butina, a frontier line)

bound for the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast of Greenland . On the 17th of See also:

• JULY

July Nansen decided to leave the ship and force a way through the ice-See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt to the See also:

• LAND

land, about to m. distant, but the party encountered great difficulties owing to ice-pressures, went adrift with the ice, and only reached the land on the 19th, having been carried far to the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south in the See also:

• INTERVAL

interval . They made their way See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north again, along the coast inside the See also:

• DRIFT (from "drive ")

drift ice, and on the 16th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August began the ascent of the inland ice . Suffering severely from storms, intense See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold, and other hardships, they reached the highest point of the See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey (8920 ft.) on the 5th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September, and at the end of the See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month struck the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west coast at the Ameralik See also:

• FJORD, or FIORD

Fjord . On reaching the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of Godthaab it was found that the party must See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter there, and Nansen used the opportunity to study the Eskimos and gather material for his See also:

• BOOK

book, See also:

• ESKIMO, ESKIMOS

Eskimo See also:

• LIFE

Life (See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation, See also:

• LONDON

London, 1893) . The party returned See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in May 1889, and Nansen's book, The First Crossing of Greenland (English translation, London, 1890), demonstrates the valuable scientific results of the journey . A See also:

• REPORT (O.Fr. report or raport, modern rapport, from O.Fr. reporter, mod. rap porter, Lat. reportare, to bring back, in poetical use only, of bringing back an account, news, &c.)

report of the scientific results was published in Petermanns Mitteilungen (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1892) . On his return from Greenland Nansen accepted the curatorship of the Zootomic Museum of Christiania university . In September 1889 he married Eva, daughter of See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• MICHAEL
• MICHAEL (1596-1645)
• MICHAEL (Hebrew Sn,q, " Who is like God? ")

Michael Sars of Christiania university, and a noted See also:

• SINGER, SIMEON (1846-1906)

singer (d . 1907) . In 1890 he propounded his See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme for a polar expedition before the Norwegian See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society, and in 1892 he laid it before the Royal Geographical Society in London (see " How can the North Polar Region be crossed ?" Geogr .

See also:

• JOURNAL
• JOURNAL (through Fr. from late Lat. diurnalis, daily)

Journal, vol. i.), by which time his preparations were well advanced . His theory, that a drift-current sets across the polar regions from See also:

• BERING (BEHRING), VITUS (1680-1741)

Bering Strait and the neighbourhood of the New See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia Islands towards the east coast of Greenland, was based on a number of indications, notably the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery (1884), on drift ice off the south-west coast of Greenland, of See also:

• RELICS (Lat, reliquiae, the equivalent of the English " remains " in the sense of a dead body)

relics of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American north polar expedition in the ship " See also:

• JEANNETTE

Jeannette," which sank N.E. of the New Siberia Islands in 1881 . His intention was therefore to get his See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel fixed in the ice to the north of Eastern Siberia and let her drift with it . His See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan was adversely criticized by many Arctic authorities, but it succeeded . The Norwegian See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament granted two-thirds of the expenses,and the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest was obtained by subscription from See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Oscar and private individuals . His ship, the " Fram " (i.e . " Forward "), was specially built of immense strength and See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, being pointed at See also:

• BOW (pronounced " bo ")

bow and stern and having sloping sides, so that the ice-floes, pressing together, should tend, not to crush, but merely to slip beneath and lift her . She sailed from Christiania on the 24th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1893 . Otto Sverdrup was See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master; See also:

• SIGURD (Sigur6r)

Sigurd See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott See also:

• HANSEN, PETER ANDREAS (1795-1874)

Hansen, a Norwegian See also:

• NAVAL

naval See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant, was in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the astronomical and meteorological observations; Henrik Greve Blessing was doctor and botanist; and among the rest was Frederik Hjalmar Johansen, lieutenant in the Norwegian See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, who shipped as fireman . On the 22nd of September the "Fram " was made fast to a See also:

• FLOE (of uncertain derivation; cf. Norse flo, layer, level plain)

floe in 78° 50' N.; 133° 37' E.; shortly afterwards she was frozen in, and the See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long drift began . She See also:

• BORE

bore the pressure of the ice perfectly . During the winter of 1894-1895 it was decided that an expedition should be made northward over the ice on See also:

• FOOT

foot in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring, and on the 14th, of March 1895 Nansen, being satisfied that the " Frain" would continue to drift safely, See also:

• LEFT

left her in 84° N., 101° 55' E., and started northward accompanied by Johansen .

On the 8th of See also:

• APRIL

April they turned back from 86° 14' N., the highest See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude then reached by See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man; and they shaped their course for See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

Franz Josef Land . They suffered many hardships, including shortage of See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food, and were compelled to winter on See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick See also:

• JACKSON
• JACKSON, ANDREW (1767-1845)
• JACKSON, CYRIL (1746-1819)
• JACKSON, FREDERICK GEORGE (186o– )
• JACKSON, HELEN MARIA (1831–1885)
• JACKSON, MASON (c. 1820-1903)
• JACKSON, THOMAS (1579-1640)
• JACKSON, THOMAS JONATHAN (1824-1863)
• JACKSON, WILLIAM (1730-1803)

Jackson See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

Island (so named by Nansen) in Franz Josef Land from the 26th of August 1895 to the 19th of May 1896 . They were uncertain as to the locality, but, after having reached 8o° N. on the south coast of the islands, they were travelling westward to reach See also:

• SPITSBERGEN (the name being Dutch is incorrectly, though commonly, spelled Spitzbergen)

Spitsbergen, when, on the 17th of June 1896, they See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with Frederick Jackson andhis party of the Jackson-Harmsworth expedition, and returned to See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway in his ship, the " Windward," reaching Vardo on the 13th of August . A See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later the " Fram " also reached Norway in safety . She had drifted north after Nansen had left her, to 85° 57', and had ultimately returned by the west coast of Spitsbergen . An unprecedented welcome awaited Nansen . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England he gave the narrative of his journey at a great See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting in the See also:

• ALBERT
• ALBERT (1490'1545)
• ALBERT (149o-1568)
• ALBERT (1522–1557)
• ALBERT (FRANCIS CHARLES AUGUSTUS ALBERT EMMANUEL) (1819—1861)
• ALBERT (FRIEDRICH RUDOLF ALBRECHT)
• ALBERT, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS
• ALBERT, MADAME (c. 2805—2846)

Albert See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

Hall, London, on the 8th of See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 1897, and elsewhere . He received a special See also:

• MEDAL (Fr. medaille, from Lat. metallum)

medal from the Royal Geographical Society, honorary degrees from the See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities of See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford and See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge, and a presentation of books (the " Challenger " Reports) from the See also:

• BRITISH

British government, and similar honours were paid him in other countries . The English version of the narrative of the expedition is entitled Farthest North (London, 1897), and the scientific results are given in The Norwegian North Polar Expedition 1893-1896; Scientific Results (London, &c., 1900 sqq.) . In 1905, in connexion with the crisis between Norway and See also:

• SWEDEN
• SWEDEN [Sverige]
• SWEDEN, NORWAY AND

Sweden, which was followed by the separation of the kingdoms, Nansen for the first time actively intervened in politics . He issued a manifesto and many articles, in which he adopted an attitude briefly indicated by the last words of a short See also:

• WORK

work published later in the year: " Any See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union in which the one See also:

• PEOPLE

people is restrained in exercising its freedom is and will remain a danger " (Norway and the Union with Sweden, London, 1905) . On the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of the Norwegian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy Nansen was appointed See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to England (1906), and in the same year he was created G.C.V.O.; but in 1908 he retired from his See also:

• POST

post, and became professor of oceanography in Christiania university .