C See also:

• C NAPHTHALENE

NAPHTHALENE  ,oH8, a See also:

• HYDROCARBON

hydrocarbon discovered in the " carbolic " and " heavy oil " fractions of the See also:

• COAL

coal-See also:

• TAR

tar distillate (see COAL-TAR) in 1819 by A . See also:

• GARDEN (from O. Fr. garden, mod. Fr. jardin; this, like our words " garth," a paddock attached to a building, and " yard," comes from a Teutonic word for an enclosure which appears in Gothic as gards and O. H. Ger. gart, cf. Dutch gaarde and Ger. .garten)

Garden . It is a product of the See also:

• ACTION

action of See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat on many organic compounds, being formed when the vapours of See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, camphor, acetic See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid, See also:

• ETHYLENE, or ETHENE, C2H4

ethylene, See also:

• ACETYLENE

acetylene,, &c., are passed through a red-hot See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube (M . See also:

• BERTHELOT, MARCELLIN PIERRE EUGENE (1827–1907)

Berthelot, Jahresb., 1851), or when See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum is led through a red-hot tube packed with See also:

• CHARCOAL

charcoal (A . Letny, Ber., 1878, II, p . 1210) . It may be synthesized by passing the vapour of phenyl butylene bromide over heated soda See also:

• LIME
• LIME (O. Eng. lim, Lat. limes, mud, from linere, to smear)

lime (B . Aronheim, See also:

• ANN

Ann., 1874, 171, p . 219); and by the action of ortho-xylylene bromide on See also:

• SODIUM [symbol Na, from Lat. natrium; atomic weight 23.00 (0=16)]

sodium ethane tetracarboxylic ester, the resulting tetra-hydronaphthalene tetracarboxylic ester being hydrolysed and heated, when it yields hydronaphthalene dicarboxylic acid, the See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt of which decomposes on See also:

• DISTILLATION (from the Lat. distillare, more correctly destillare, to drop or trickle down)

distillation into See also:

• NAPHTHALENE, C

naphthalene and other products (A. v . See also:

• BAEYER, JOHANN FRIEDRICH WILHELM ADOLF VON (1835– )

Baeyer and W . H . See also:

• PERKIN, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1838-1907)

Perkin, junr., Ber., 1884, 17, P .

451): See also:

• C6H4
• C6H4(CH213r)2

C6H4<CH2Br+Na•C(CO2R)2 C6Ha ~•CHCH2•C2•C(CO(CO22RH)2 )2 CioH8 C6H9`CHCH22•CH H•C0CO22HH C6H4`See also:

• CH2
• CH2(OH)

CH2•C(See also:

• CO2H

CO2H)2 " Nape," the back of the See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, is of doubtful origin; it may be a variant of " knap," a knob or protuberance . It is a colourless solid, which melts at 8o° C., and boils at 218° C . It crystallizes in the See also:

• MONOCLINIC

monoclinic See also:

• SYSTEM

system; it is to be noted that a- and /3-naphthol assume almost identical forms, so that these three compounds have been called isomorphous . It is insoluble in See also:

• WATER

water, but is readily soluble in See also:

• ALCOHOL

alcohol, and ether . It has a characteristic See also:

• SMELL (connected etymologically with " smoulder " and " smoke ")

smell, and is very volatile, distilling readily in a current of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam . It acts as a weak antiseptic . It is used for enriching coal See also:

• GAS

gas, as a See also:

• VERMIN (Fr. vermine, formed as if from Lat. verminus, vcrmis, a worm)

vermin killer, in the manufacture of certain See also:

• AZO (c. 1150-1230)

azo dyes, and in the preparation of See also:

• PHTHALIC

phthalic acid (q.v.) . When passed through a red-hot tube packed with See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon it yields f3/3-dinaphthyl, (C10H7)2 . It forms a crystalline See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound with picric acid . It readily forms addition products with See also:

• CHLORINE (symbol Cl, atomic weight 35`46 (0=16)

chlorine and with See also:

• HYDROGEN [symbol H, atomic weight x-oo8 (0=16)]

hydrogen; the dichloride, CIOH8C12, is obtained as a yellow liquid by acting with hydrochloric acid and See also:

• POTASSIUM [symbol K (from kalium), atomic weight 39.114 0=16)]

potassium chlorate; the solid tetrachloride, Clo Ha C14, results when chlorine is passed into naphthalene dissolved in See also:

• CHLOROFORM (trichlor-methane), CHC13

chloroform . Numerous hydrides are known; heated with red See also:

• PHOSPHORUS (Gr. 4ws, light, sPEpety, to bear)

phosphorus and hydriodic acid the hydrocarbon yields mixtures of hydrides of See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition Clotho to C1oH2o . Sodium in boiling See also:

• ETHYL

ethyl alcohol gives the a-dihydride, CloHlo (E .

See also:

• BAMBERGER, LUDWIG (1823-1899)

Bamberger, Ber., 1887, 20, p . 1705); and with boiling amyl alcohol the (3-tetrahydride, CIOH12 (E . Bamberger, Ber., 189o, 23, p . 1561) . The a-tetrahydronaphthalene is formed when naphthalene is heated with phosphonium iodide at 170°-190° (A. v . Baeyer) .