See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

JOHN See also:

• NAPIER
• JOHN NAPIER (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

NAPIER (1550-1617)  , Scottish mathematician and inventor of logarithms, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Merchiston near See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh in 1550, and was the eighth See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier of Merchiston . The first Napier of Merchiston, " See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Napare," acquired the Merchiston See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate before the See also:

• YEAR

year 1438, from See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland . He was See also:

• PROVOST (through O. Fr. prevost, mod. prevot, Lat. praepositus, set over, from praeponere, to place in front)

provost of Edinburgh in 1437, and was otherwise distinguished . His eldest son Alexander, who succeeded him in 1454, was provost of Edinburgh in 1455, 1457 and 1469; he was knighted and held various important See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court offices under successive monarchs; at the See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time of his See also:

• DEATH

death in 1473 he was See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household to James III . His son, See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John Napier of Rusky, the third of Merchiston, belonged to the royal household in the lifetime of his See also:

• FATHER

father . He also was provost of Edinburgh at various times, and it is a remarkable instance of the esteem in which the lairds of Merchiston were held that three of them in immediate lineal See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession repeatedly filled so important an See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office during perhaps the most memorable See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period in the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city . He married a See also:

• GREAT

great-granddaughter of See also:

• DUNCAN
• DUNCAN, ADAM DUNCAN, 1ST VISCOUNT (1731-1804)
• DUNCAN, PETER MARTIN (1824-1891)
• DUNCAN, THOMAS (1807—1845)

Duncan, 8th See also:

• EARL

earl of Levenax (or See also:

• LENNOX
• LENNOX, CHARLOTTE (1720-1804)
• LENNOX, MARGARET, COUNTESS OF (1515-1578)

Lennox), and besides this relationship by See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage the Napiers claimed a lineal male cadency from the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• FAMILY

family of Levenax . His eldest son, See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald Napier of Edinbellic, the See also:

• FOURTH

fourth of Merchiston, belonged to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house-hold of James IV . He fought at See also:

• FLODDEN, or FLODDEN FIELD

Flodden and escaped with his See also:

• LIFE

life, but his eldest son Alexander, (fifth of Merchiston) was killed . Alexander's eldest son (Alexander, See also:

• SIXTH

sixth of Merchiston) was born in 1513, and See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Pinkie in 1547 . His eldest son was Archibald, seventh of Merchiston, and the father of John Napier, the subject of this See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article . In 1J49 Archibald Napier, at the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of about fifteen,married See also:

• JANET, PAUL (1823—1899)

Janet, daughter of See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis See also:

• BOTHWELL
• BOTHWELL, JAMES HEPBURN, 4TH EARL OF

Bothwell, and in the following year John Napier was born .

In the criminal court of Scotland, the earl of See also:

• ARGYLL, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Argyll, hereditary See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice-See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom, sometimes presided in See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person, but more frequently he delegated his functions; and it appears that in 1561 Archibald Napier was appointed one of the justice-deputes . In the See also:

• REGISTER

register of the court, extending over 1563 and .1564, the justice-deputes named are " Archibald Naper of Merchistoune, Alexander See also:

• BANNATYNE, GEORGE (1545—? 1608)

Bannatyne, See also:

• BURGESS (Med. Lat. burgensis, from burgus, a borough, a town)
• BURGESS, DANIEL (1645-1713)
• BURGESS, THOMAS (1756–1837)

burgess of Edinburgh, James See also:

• STIRLING
• STIRLING, JAMES (1692-1770)
• STIRLING, JAMES HUTCHISON (182o-1909)
• STIRLING, MARY ANNE [FANNY] (1815-1895)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, (titular) EARL OF (1726—1783)
• STIRLING, WILLIAM ALEXANDER, EARL OF (c. 1567-1640)

Stirling of Keir and Mr See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• CRAIG, JOHN (1512 ?-1600)
• CRAIG, SIR THOMAS (c. 1538–1608)

Craig." About 1565 he was knighted at the same time as James Stirling, his colleague, whose daughter John Napier subsequently married . In 1582 See also:

• SIR

Sir Archibald was appointed master of the See also:

• MINT
• MINT (Lat. moneta; Mid. Eng. mynt)

mint in Scotland, with the See also:

• SOLE (Solea)

sole See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of superintending the mines and minerals within the See also:

• REALM

realm, and this office he held till his death in 16o8 . His first wife died in 1563, and in 1572 he married a See also:

• COUSIN (Fr. cousin, Ital. cugino, Late Lat. cosinus, perhaps a popular and familiar abbreviation of consobrinus, which has the same sense in classical Latin)
• COUSIN, JEAN (1500-1590)
• COUSIN, VICTOR (1792–1867)

cousin, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth See also:

• MOWBRAY
• MOWBRAY, HARRY SIDDONS (1858– )
• MOWBRAY, ROBERT (d. 1125)

Mowbray, by whom he had three sons, the eldest of whom was named Alexander.' As already stated, John Napier was born in 155o, the year in which the See also:

• REFORMATION
• REFORMATION, THE

Reformation in Scotland may be said to have commenced . In 1563, the year in which his See also:

• MOTHER

mother died, he matriculated at St Salvator's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, St See also:

• ANDREWS, JAMES PETTIT (c. 1737–1797)
• ANDREWS, THOMAS (1813–1885)

Andrews . He early became a See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant See also:

• CHAMPION (Fr. champion, Late Lat. campio from campus; a field or open space, i.e. one " who takes the field " or fights; cf. Ger. Kampf, battle, and Kampfer, fighter)

champion, and the one extant See also:

• ANECDOTE (from av-, privative, and isSLSwµu, to give out or publish)

anecdote of his youth occurs in his address " to the Godly and See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian reader " prefixed to his Plaine See also:

• DISCOVERY

Discovery . He writes: " In my See also:

• TENDER

tender yeares, and barneage in Sanct-Androis at the Schooles, having, on the one parte, contracted a loving familiaritie with a certaine See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

Gentleman, &c. a Papist; And on the other See also:

• PART

part, being attentive to the sermons of that worthie See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man of See also:

• GOD

God, Maister See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher See also:

• GOODMAN, GODFREY (1583–1656)

Goodman, teaching upon the Apocalyps, I was so mooved in admiration, against the blindnes of Papists, that could not most evidently see their seven hilled citie See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, painted out there so lively by See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

Saint John, as the mother of all spiritual whoredome, that not oncly bursted I out in continual reasoning against my said See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar, but also from thenceforth, I determined with my selfe (by the assistance of Gods spirit) to employ my studie and See also:

• DILIGENCE

diligence to See also:

• SEARCH, or VISIT AND SEARCH

search out the remanent mysteries of that See also:

• HOLY

holy See also:

• BOOK

Book: as to this houre (praised be the Lorde) I have See also:

• BIN

bin doing at al such times as conveniently I might have occasion." The names of nearly all Napier's classfellows can be traced as becoming determinantes in 1566 and masters of arts in 1568; but his own name does not appear in the lists . The necessary inference is that his stay at the university was See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short, and that only the groundwork of his See also:

• EDUCATION

education was laid there . Although there is no See also:

• DIRECT

direct See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of the fact, there can be no doubt that he See also:

• LEFT

left St Andrews to See also:

• COMPLETE

complete his education abroad, and that he probably studied at the university of See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and visited See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany . He did not, however, as has been supposed, spend the best years of his manhood abroad, for he was certainly at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home in 1571, when the preliminaries of his marriage were arranged at Merchiston; and in 1572 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Stirling of Keir . About the end of the year 1579 his wife died, leaving him one son, Archibald (who in 1627 was raised to the See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage by the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Napier), and one daughter, Jane . A few years afterwards he married again, his second wife being See also:

• AGNES, SAINT

Agnes, daughter of Sir James 1 The descent of the first Napier of Merchiston has been traced to " Johan le Naper del Counte de Dunbretan," who was one of those who swore fealty to See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I. in 1296 and defended the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of Stirling against him in 1304; but there is no authority for this See also:

• GENEALOGY (from the Gr. yivos, family, and Vryos, theory)

genealogy .

The See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend with regard to the origin of the name Napier was given by Sir Alexander Napier, eldest son of John Napier, in 1625, in these words: " One of the ancient earls of Lennox in Scotland had issue three sons: the eldest, that succeeded him to the earldom of Lennox; the second, whose name was Donald; and the third, named Gilchrist . The then See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of Scotland having See also:

• WARS

wars, did convocate his lieges to battle, amongst whom that was commanded was the earl of Lennox, who, keeping his eldest son at home, sent his two sons to serve for him with the forces that were under his command . . . After the battle, as the manner is, every one See also:

• DRAWING

drawing and setting forth his own acts, the king said unto them, ye have all done valiantly, but there is one amongst you who hath Na-Peer (i.e. no equal) ; and calling Donald into his presence commanded him, in regard to his worthy service, and in See also:

• AUGMENTATION

augmentation of his See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour, to See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change his name from Lennox to Napier, and gave him the lands of Gosford, and lands in See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife, and made him his own servant, which discourse is confirmed by evidences of mine, wherein we are called Lennox See also:

• ALIAS (Lat. for " at another time ")

alias Napier." Chisholm of Cromlix, who survived him . By her he had five sons and five daughters . In 1588 he was chosen by the See also:

• PRESBYTERY

presbytery of Edinburgh one of its commissioners to the General See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly . On the 17th of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 2593 a See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention of delegates was held at Edinburgh at which a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee was appointed to follow the king and See also:

• LAY

lay before him in a See also:

• PERSONAL

personal interview certain instructions See also:

• RELATING

relating to the See also:

• PUNISHMENT (from Lat. punire, to punish, from poena, punishment, Gr. 7rocvil)

punishment of the rebellious Popish earls and the safety of the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church . This committee consisted of six members, two barons, two ministers and two burgesses—the two barons selected being John Napier of Merchiston and James See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell of See also:

• CALDERWOOD, DAVID (1575-1650)
• CALDERWOOD, HENRY (1830-1897)

Calderwood . The delegates found the king at See also:

• JEDBURGH

Jedburgh, and the See also:

• MISSION

mission, which was a dangerous one, was successfully accomplished . Shortly afterwards another convention was held at Edinburgh, and it was resolved that the delegates sent to Jedburgh should again meet the king at See also:

• LINLITHGOW
• LINLITHGOW, JOHN ADRIAN LOUIS HOPE, 1ST MARQUESS

Linlithgow and repeat their former instructions . This was done accordingly, the number of members of the committee being, however, doubled . These interviews took See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place in October 1593, and on the 29th of the following See also:

• JANUARY

January Napier wrote to the king the See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter which forms the See also:

• DEDICATION (Lat. dedicatio, from dedicare, to proclaim, to announce)

dedication of the Plaine Discovery .

The full title of this first See also:

• WORK

work of Napier's is given below) . It was written in See also:

• ENGLISH

English instead of Latin in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order that " hereby the See also:

• SIMPLE

simple of this Iland may be instructed "; and the author apologizes for the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and his own mode of expression in the following sentences: " Whatsoever therfore through hast, is here rudely and in See also:

• BASE

base language set downe, I doubt not to be pardoned thereof by All See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good men, who, considering the necessitie of this time, will esteem it more meete to make bast to prevent the rising againe of Antichristian darknes within this See also:

• BAND

Band, then to prolong the time in See also:

• PAINTING

painting of language "; and " I graunt indeede, and am sure, that in the See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style of wordes and utterance of language, we shall greatlie differ, for therein I do See also:

• JUDGE (Lat. judex, Fr. juge)

judge my selfe inferiour to all men: so that scarcely in these high matters could I with See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long deliberation finde wordes to expresse my minde."2 Napier's Plaine Discovery is a serious and laborious work, to which he had devoted years of care and thought . In one sense jt may be said to stand to theological literature in Scotland in something of the same position as that occupied by the See also:

• CANON

Canon Mirificus with respect to the scientific literature, for it is the first published See also:

• ORIGINAL

original work relating to theological See also:

• INTERPRETATION (from Lat. interpretari, to expound, explain, inter pres, an agent, go-between, interpreter; inter, between, and the root pret-, possibly connected with that seen either in Greek 4 p4'ew, to speak, or irpa-rrecv, to do)

interpretation, and is quite without a predecessor in its own See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field . Napier lived in the very midst of fiercely contending religious factions; there was but little theological teaching of any See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, and the work related to what were then the leading See also:

• POLITICAL

political and religious questions of the See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day . ' A Plaine Discovery of the whole See also:

• REVELATION, BOOK OF

Revelation of Saint John: set downe in two See also:

• TREATISES

treatises: The one searching and proving the true interpretation thereof: The other applying the same paraphrastically and historically to the See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

text . Set foorth by John Napier L. of Marchistoun younger . Whereunto are annexed certaine Oracles of Sibylla, agreeing with the Revelation and other places of Scripture . Edinburgh, printed by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Walde-See also:

• GRAVE

grave, printer to the King's Majestie, 1593 . Cum privilegio Regali . 2 A Dutch See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation was published at See also:

• MIDDELBURG

Middelburg in 1600 and a second edition in 1607 . The work was translated into See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French by See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• THOMSON, JAMES (1822-1892)
• THOMSON, JAMES (1834-1882)
• THOMSON, JAMES (r700-1748)
• THOMSON, JOHN (1778-184o)
• THOMSON, JOSEPH (1858-1895)
• THOMSON, SIR CHARLES WYVILLE (1830-1882)
• THOMSON, THOMAS (1773-1852)
• THOMSON, WILLIAM (1819-189o)

Thomson, a naturalized Scotsman residing in La Rochelle, and published by him at that See also:

• TOWN

town in 1602, under the title Ouverture de taus See also:

• LES

les secrets de l'See also:

• APOCALYPSE
• APOCALYPSE (Gr. aaoKaXvti/hr, disclosure)
• APOCALYPSE, KNIGHTS OF THE

Apocalypse . . .

. See also:

• PAR (Lat. par, equal)

Par See also:

• JEAN

Jean Napeir (c. a. d.) See also:

• NONPAREIL
• NONPAREIL (Fr. non, and pareil, like, Lat. par)

Nonpareil, Sieur de Merchiston, reveue par lui-mesme, et raise en See also:

• FRANCOIS (1558-1614)

Francois par Georges Thomson, Escossois . Subsequent See also:

• EDITIONS

editions were published in 1603, 16os and 1607 . See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations were published at See also:

• GERA

Gera in 1611 and at See also:

• FRANKFORT

Frankfort in 1605 and 1627 . The second edition in English appeared at Edinburgh in 1611, and in the See also:

• PREFACE (Med. Lat. prefatia, for classical praefatio, praefari, to speak beforehand)

preface to it Napier states he intended to have published an edition in Latin soon after the original publication in 1593, but that, as the work had now been made public by the French and Dutch. translations, besides the English editions, and as he was " advertised that our papistical adversaries veer to write larglie against the said editions that are alreadie set out," he defers the Latin edition " till having first seene the adversaries objections, I may insert in the Latin edition an apologie of that which is rightly done, and an amends of whatsoever is amisse." No See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism on the work was published, and there was no Latin edition . A third edition appeared at Edinburth in 1645 . Corresponding to the first two Edinburgh editions, copies were issued bearing the See also:

• LONDON

London imprint and See also:

• DATES

dates 1594 and 1611 . After the publication of the Plaine Discovery, Napier seems to have occupied himself with the invention of See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments of See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, for in the See also:

• BACON
• BACON (through the O. Fr. bacon, Low Lat. baco, from a Teutonic word cognate with " back," e.g. O. H. Ger. pacho, M. H. Ger. backe, buttock, flitch of bacon)
• BACON, FRANCIS (BARON VERULAM, VISCOUNT ST ALBANS) (1561-1626)
• BACON, JOHN (1740–1799)
• BACON, LEONARD (1802–1881)
• BACON, ROGER (c. 1214-c. 1294)
• BACON, SIR NICHOLAS (1509-1579)

Bacon collection at See also:

• LAMBETH

Lambeth See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

Palace there is a document, dated the 7th of See also:

• JUNE

June 1596 a1ld signed by Napier, giving a See also:

• LIST (O.E. lisle, a Teutonic word, cf. Dut. lust, Ger. Leiste, adapted in Ital. lista and Fr. lisle)
• LIST, FRIEDRICH (1789-1846)

list of his inventions for the See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence of the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country against the anticipated invasion by See also:

• PHILIP
• PHILIP (Gr.'FiXtrsro , fond of horses, from dn)^eiv, to love, and limos, horse; Lat. Philip pus, whence e.g. M. H. Ger. Philippes, Dutch Filips, and, with dropping of the final s, It. Filippo, Fr. Philippe, Ger. Philipp, Sp. Felipe)
• PHILIP, JOHN (1775-1851)
• PHILIP, KING (c. 1639-1676)
• PHILIP, LANOGRAVE OF HESSE (1504-1567)

Philip of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain . The document is entitled " Secrett Inventionis, proffitabill and necessary in theis dayes for defence of this See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, and withstanding of strangers, enemies of 'God's truth and See also:

• RELIGION
• RELIGION, FOLKLORE, CUSTOM

religion," 3 and the inventions consist of (I) a See also:

• MIRROR (through O. Fr. mirour, mod. miroir, from a sup-posed Late Lat. miratorium, from mirari, to admire)

mirror for burning the enemies' See also:

• SHIPS

ships at any distance, (2) a piece of See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

artillery destroying everything See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round an arc of a circle, and (3) a round See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal See also:

• CHARIOT (derived from an O. Fr. word, formed from char, a car)

chariot, so constructed that its occupants could move it rapidly and easily, while firing out through small holes in it . It has been asserted (by Sir Thomas See also:

• URQUHART, DAVID (1805-1877)
• URQUHART, or URCHARD, SIR THOMAS (1611-166o)

Urquhart) that the piece of artillery was actually tried upon a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain in Scotland with complete success, a number of See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle being destroyed . In 1614 appeared the work which in the history of See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science can be placed as second only to See also:

• NEWTON
• NEWTON, ALFRED (1829–1907)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1725-1807)
• NEWTON, JOHN (1823-1895)
• NEWTON, SIR CHARLES THOMAS (1816-1894)
• NEWTON, SIR ISAAC (1642-1727)

Newton's Principia . The full title is as follows: Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis descriptio, Ejusque uses, in utraque Trigonometria; ut etiam in omniLogistica Mathematica, Amplissimi, Facillimi, &' expeditissimi explicatio . Authore ac Inventore Joanne Nepero, Barone Merchistonii, &c., Scoto .

Edinburgi, ex officind Andreae See also:

• HART, ALBERT BUSHNELL (1854– )
• HART, CHARLES (d. 1683)
• HART, ERNEST ABRAHAM (1835–1898)
• HART, SIR ROBERT
• HART, WILLIAM (1823–1894)

Hart Bibliopolae, CIO.DC.XIV . This is printed on an ornamental title-See also:

• PAGE
• PAGE, THOMAS NELSON (1853- )
• PAGE, WILLIAM (1811-1885)

page . The work is a small-sized See also:

• QUARTO

quarto, containing fifty-seven pages of explanatory See also:

• MATTER

matter and ninety pages of tables . The nature of logarithms is explained by reference to the See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion of points in a straight See also:

• LINE

line, and the principle upon which they are based is that of the See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence of a geometrical and an arithmetical See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers . The table gives the logarithms of sines for every See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute to seven figures . This work contains the first announcement of logarithms to the See also:

• WORLD

world, the first table of logarithms and the first use of the name See also:

• LOGARITHM (from Gr. Abyos, word, ratio, and apx0µos, number)

logarithm, which was invented by Napier . In 1617 Napier published his Rabdologia,' a duodecimo of one See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred and fifty-four pages; there is prefixed to it as preface a dedicatory See also:

• EPISTLE

epistle to the high See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor of Scotland . The method which Napier terms " Rabdologia " consists in the use of certain numerating rods for the performance of multiplications and divisions . These rods, which were commonly called " Napier's bones," will be described further on . The second method, which he calls the " Promptuarium Multiplicationis " on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of its being the most expeditious of all for the performance of multiplications, involves the use of a number of lamellae or little plates of metal disposed in a See also:

• BOX
• BOX (Gr. irl or, Lat. buxus, box-wood; cf. 2r6Eir, a pyx)

box . In an appendix of See also:

• FORTY

forty-one pages he gives his third method, " See also:

• LOCAL

local See also:

• ARITHMETIC (Gr. apeOµ7run7, sc. TEXVn, the art of counting, from (ipLBµos, number)

arithmetic," which is performed on a See also:

• CHESS

chess-See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board, and depends, in principle, on the expression of numbers in the See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale of radix 2 . In the Rabdologia he gives the See also:

• CHRONOLOGICAL

chronological order of his inventions .

He speaks of the canon of logarithms as " a me Longo tempore elaboratum." The other three methods he devised for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of those who would prefer to work with natural numbers; and he mentions that the promptuary was his latest invention . In the preface to the appendix containing the local arithmetic he states that, while devoting all his leisure to the invention of these abbreviations of calculation, and to examining by what methods the toil of calculation might be removed, in addition to the logarithms, rabdologia and promptuary, he had See also:

• HIT

hit upon a certain See also:

• TABULAR

tabular arithmetic, whereby the more troublesome operations of See also:

• COMMON

common arithmetic are performed on an See also:

• ABACUS (Gr. 15t(34, a slab; Fr. abaque, tailloir)

abacus or chess-board, and which may be regarded as an amusement 3 A facsimile of this document is given by See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

Mark Napier in his See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs of John Napier (1834), p . 248 . Rabdologiae, seu Numerationis per virgules Libri duo: Cum Appendice de expeditissimo Multiplicationis promptuario . Quibus accessit & Arithmeticae Localis See also:

• LIBER

Liber anus . Authore & Inventore Joanne Nepero, Barone Merchistonii, &c., Scoto . Edinburgi, Excudebat Andreas Hart (1617) . See also:

• FOREIGN

Foreign editions were published In See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian at See also:

• VERONA
• VERONA, CONGRESS OF

Verona in 1623, in Latin at See also:

• LEIDEN

Leiden in 1626 and 1628, and in Dutch at See also:

• GOUDA (or TER GouwE)

Gouda in 1626 . In 1623 See also:

• URSINUS, ZACHARIAS (1534-1583)

Ursinus published Rhabdologia Neperiana at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, and the rods or bones were described in several other See also:

• WORKS

works . rather than a labour, for, by means of it, addition, subtraction, multiplication, See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division and even the extraction of roots are accomplished simply by the motion of counters . He adds that he has appended it to the Rabdologia, in addition to the promptuary, because he did not wish to See also:

• BURY
• BURY, JOHN BAGNELL (1861- )

bury it in silence nor to publish so small a matter by itself . With respect to the calculating rods, he mentions in the dedication that they had already found so much favour as to be almost in common use, and even to have been carried to foreign countries; and that he has been advised to publish his little work relating to their mechanism and use, lest they should be put forth in some one else's name .

John Napier died on the 4th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1617, the same year as that in which the Rabdologia was published . His will, which is extant, was signed on the fourth day before his death . No particulars are known of his last illness, but it seems likely that death came upon him rather suddenly at last . In both the Canonis decriptio and the Rabdologia, however, he makes reference to his See also:

• ILL

ill-See also:

• HEALTH

health . In the dedication of the former he refers to himself as " milli jam morbis pens confecto," and in the " Admonitio " at the end he speaks of his " infirma valetudo "; while in the latter he says he has been obliged to leave the calculation of the new canon of logarithms to others "ob infirmam corporis nostri valetudinem." It has been usually supposed that John Napier was buried in St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles's church, Edinburgh, which was certainly the See also:

• BURIAL

burial-place of some of the family, but Mark Napier (Memoirs, p . 426) quotes See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

Professor See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• WALLACE, ALFRED RUSSEL (1823— )
• WALLACE, LEWIS [LEW] (1827—1905)
• WALLACE, SIR RICHARD
• WALLACE, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1270-1305)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1768-1843)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM (1844-1897)
• WALLACE, WILLIAM VINCENT (1814-1865)

Wallace, who, See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing in 1832, gives strong reasons for believing that he was buried in the old church of St See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert . Professor Wallace's words are " My authority for this belief is unquestionable . It is a See also:

• TREATISE

Treatise on See also:

• TRIGONOMETRY (from Gr. rpiywvov, a triangle, /ATpov, measure)

Trigonometry, by a Scotsman, James See also:

• HUME, ALEXANDER (c. 1557-1609)
• HUME, DAVID (1711-1776)
• HUME, JOSEPH (1777-1855)

Hume of Godscroft, See also:

• BERWICKSHIRE

Berwickshire, a place still in See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of the family of Hume . The work in question, which is rare, was printed at Paris, and has the date-1636 on the title-page, but the royal See also:

• PRIVILEGE

privilege which secured it to the author is dated in October 1635, and it may have been written several years earlier . In his treatise (page 116) Hume says, speaking of logarithms, ` L'inuenteur estoit un Seigneur de grande See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition, et duquel la posterite est aujourd'huy en possession de grandes dignitez dans le royaume, qui extant sur l'age, et grandement trauaille See also:

• DES

des gouttes ne pouvait faire autre See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose que de s'adonner aux sciences, et principalment aux mathematiques et a la logistique, a quoy it se plaisoit infiniment, et auec estrange See also:

• PEINE

peine, a construict ses Tables des Logarymes, imprimees a Edinbourg en See also:

• FAN (Lat. vannus; Fr. eventail)

Fan 1614 .. Il mourut Fan 1616, et fut enterre hors la See also:

• PORTE, THE SUBLIME (Arab. babi-'ali, the high gate, through the French translation la sublime porte)

Porte Occidentale d'Edinbourg, dans 1'Eglise de Sainct Cudbert.' " There can be no doubt that Napier's devotion to See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics was not due to old age and the See also:

• GOUT

gout, and that he died in 16r7 and not in 1616; still these sentences were written within eighteen years of Napier's death, and their author seems to have had some See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• SOURCES

sources of See also:

• INFORMATION (from Lat. informare, to give shape or form to, to represent, describe)

information . Additional See also:

• PROBABILITY (Lat. probabilis, probable or credible)

probability is given to Hume's assertion by the fact that Merchiston is situated in St Cuthbert's See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish .

It is nowhere else recorded that Napier suffered from the gout . It has been stated that Napier's mathematical pursuits led him to dissipate his means . This is not so, for his will (Memoirs, p . 427) shows that besides his large estates he left a considerable amount of personal See also:

• PROPERTY

property . The Canonis Descriptio on its publication in 1614, at once attracted the See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention of Edward See also:

• WRIGHT, CARROLL DAVIDSON (1840-1909)
• WRIGHT, CHAUNCEY (1830-1875)
• WRIGHT, JOSEPH (1734-1797)
• WRIGHT, SILAS (1795-1847)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1809–1884)
• WRIGHT, THOMAS (1810—1877)
• WRIGHT, WILLIAM ALDIS (1836– )

Wright, whose name is known in connexion with improvements in See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation, and See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry See also:

• BRIGGS, CHARLES AUGUSTUS (1841– )
• BRIGGS, HENRY (1556–1630)

Briggs, then professor of See also:

• GEOMETRY

geometry at See also:

• GRESHAM, SIR THOMAS (1519-1579)
• GRESHAM, WALTER QUINTON (1832-1895)

Gresham College, London . The former translated the work into English, but he died in 1615, and the translation was published by his son See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel Wright in 1616 . Briggs was greatly excited by Napier's invention and visited him at Merchiston in 1615, staying with him a whole See also:

• MONTH
• MONTH (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maand, Dan. maaned, &c., and cognate with Lat. mensis, Gr. µi7v, &c., in other branches of the Indo-Germanic family; all ultimately from the root seen in the word for the moon in nearly all those languages

month; he repeated his visit in 1616 and, as he states, " would have been glad to make him a third visit if it had pleased God to spare him so long." The logarithms introduced by Napier in the Descriptio are not the same as those now in common use, nor even the same as those now called Napierian or hyperbolic logarithms . The change from the original logarithms to common or decimal logarithms was made by both Napier and Briggs, and the first tables of decimal logarithms were calculated by Briggs, who published a small table, extending to See also:

• I000

I000, in 1617, and a large work, Arithmetica Logarithmica,l containing logarithms of numbers to 30,000 and from 90,000 to 100,000, in 1624 . (See LOGARITHM.) Napier's Descriptio of 1614 contains no explanation of the manner in which he had calculated his table . This account he kept back, as he himself states, in order to see from the reception met with by the Descriptio, whether it would be acceptable . Though written before the Descriptio it had not been prepared for See also:

• PRESS (through Fr. presse from Lat. pressare, frequentative of premere, to crush, squeeze, press)

press at the time of his death, but was published by his son Robert in 1619 under the title Mirifici Logarithmorum Canonis Constructio .2 In this treatise (which was written before Napier had invented the name logarithm) logarithms are called " artificial numbers." The different editions of the Descriptio and Constructio, as well as the reception of logarithms on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, and especially by See also:

• KEPLER, JOHANN (1571-1630)

Kepler, whose admiration of the invention almost equalled that of Briggs, belong to the history of logarithms (q.v.) . It may, however, be mentioned here that an English translation of the Constructio of 1619 was published by W .

R . See also:

• MACDONALD, FLORA (1722—1790)
• MACDONALD, GEORGE (1824-1905)
• MACDONALD, JACQUES ETIENNE JOSEPH
• MACDONALD, JOHN SANDFIELD (1812-1872)
• MACDONALD, LAWRENCE (1799-1878)
• MACDONALD, SIR HECTOR ARCHIBALD (1852-1903)
• MACDONALD, SIR JOHN ALEXANDER (1815-1891)

Macdonald at Edinburgh in 1889, and that there is appended to this edition a complete See also:

• CATALOGUE (a Fr. adaptation of the Gr. KaraXoyos, a register, from Karalyety, to enrol or pick out)

catalogue of all Napier's writings, and their various editions and translations, English and foreign, all the works being carefully collated, and references being added to the various public See also:

• LIBRARIES

libraries in which they are to be found . Napier's priority in the publication of the logarithms is unquestioned and only one other contemporary mathematician seems to have conceived the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea on which they depend . There is no anticipation or hint to be found in previous writers,s and it is very remarkable that a discovery or invention which was to exert so important and far-reaching an See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence on See also: