See also:

• SIR

SIR See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

WILLIAM See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

FRANCIS See also:

• PATRICK, SIMON (1626–1707)
• PATRICK, ST

PATRICK See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK NAPIER (1785-1860)

NAPIER (1785-1860)  , See also:

• BRITISH

British soldier and military historian, third son of See also:

• COLONEL (derived either from Lat. column, Fr. colonne, column, or Lat. corona, a crown)

Colonel See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George See also:

• NAPIER
• NAPIER, JOHN (1550-1617)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES (1786-1860)
• NAPIER, SIR CHARLES JAMES (1782-1853)
• NAPIER, SIR WILLIAM FRANCIS PATRICK (1785-1860)

Napier (1751-1804), and See also:

• BROTHER

brother of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James Napier (see above), was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Celbridge, near See also:

• DUBLIN

Dublin, on the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1785 . He became an See also:

• ENSIGN (through the Fr. enseigne from the Latin plural insignia)

ensign in the Royal Irish See also:

• ARTILLERY (the O. Fr. artiller, to equip with engines of war, probably comes from Late Lat. articulum, dim. of ars, art, cf. " engine " from ingenium, or of artus, joint)

Artillery in 'Soo, but at once exchanged into the 62nd, and was put on See also:

• HALF

half-pay in 1802 . He was afterwards made a See also:

• CORNET,

cornet in the Blues by the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of his See also:

• UNCLE

uncle the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of See also:

• RICHMOND
• RICHMOND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• RICHMOND, LEGH (1772-1827)
• RICHMOND, SIR WILLIAM BLAKE (1842– )

Richmond, and for the first See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time did actual military See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty in this See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment, but he soon See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in with Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• MOORE, A
• MOORE, ALBERT JOSEPH (1841–1893)
• MOORE, EDWARD (1712–1757)
• MOORE, GEORGE (1853– )
• MOORE, GEORGE FOOT (1851– )
• MOORE, HENRY (1831–1895)
• MOORE, JOHN (1729-1802)
• MOORE, SIR JOHN (1761-1809)
• MOORE, THOMAS (1779-1852)

Moore's See also:

• SUGGESTION

suggestion that he should See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange into the 52nd, which was about to be trained in the famous See also:

• CAMP (from Lat. campus, field)

camp of Snorncliffe . Through Sir John Moore he soon obtained a See also:

• COMPANY

company in the 43rd, joined that regiment at See also:

• SHORNCLIFFE

Shorncliffe and became a See also:

• GREAT

great favourite with Moore . He served in See also:

• DENMARK
• DENMARK (Danmark)

Denmark, and was See also:

• PRESENT

present at the engagement of Kioge, and, his regiment being shortly afterwards sent to See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, he See also:

• BORE

bore himself nobly through the See also:

• RETREAT (O. Fr. retrete, mod. retraite, from Lat. retrahere, to draw back)

retreat to See also:

• CORUNNA
• CORUNNA (Span. La Coruna; Fr. La Corogne; Eng. formerly often The Groyne)

Corunna, the hardships of which permanently impaired his See also:

• HEALTH

health . In 1809 he became FE8El aide-de-camp to the duke of Richmond, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, but joined the 43rd when that regiment was ordered again to Spain . With the See also:

• LIGHT

light See also:

• BRIGADE (Fr. and Ger. brigade, Ital. brigata, Span. brigada; the English use of the word dates from the early 17th century)

brigade (the 43rd, 52nd, and 95th), under the command of See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• CRAUFURD, QUINTIN (1743-1819)
• CRAUFURD, ROBERT (1764-1812)

Craufurd, he marched to Talavera in the famous forced See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

march which he has described in his See also:

• HISTORY

History, and had a violent attack of See also:

• PLEURISY, or PLEURITIS (Gr. srXeiipc =ribs)

pleurisy on the way . He, however, refused to leave Spain, was wounded on the Coa, and shot near the spine at Cazal Nova . His conduct was so conspicuous during the pursuit of See also:

• MASSENA, ANDRE, or ANDREA

Massena after he See also:

• LEFT

left the lines of Torres Vedras that he as well as his brother George was recommended for a See also:

• BREVET (a diminutive of the Fr. bref)

brevet See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority . He became brigade See also:

• MAJOR
• MAJOR (Lat. for " greater ")
• MAJOR (or MAIR), JOHN (1470-1550)

major, was present at Fuentes d'Onor, but had so See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad an attack of See also:

• AGUE (from Lat. acuta, sharp; sc. febris, fever)

ague that he was obliged to return to See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . In England he married See also:

• CAROLINE
• CAROLINE (1683-1737)

Caroline Amelia See also:

• FOX
• FOX, C
• FOX, CHARLES JAMES (1749-1806)
• FOX, EDWARD (c. 1496-1538)
• FOX, GEORGE (1624-1691)
• FOX, RICHARD (c. 1448-1528)
• FOX, ROBERT WERE (1789—1877)
• FOX, SIR STEPHEN (1627–1716)
• FOX, SIR WILLIAM (1812-1893)

Fox, daughter of General See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Fox and niece of the statesman Fox . Three See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after his See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage he again started for Spain, and was present at the storming of See also:

• BADAJOZ
• BADAJOZ (formerly sometimes written Badajos)

Badajoz, where his great friend Colonel M`Leod was killed .

In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of the new lieutenant-colonel he took command of the 43rd regiment (he was now a substantive major) and commanded it at the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of See also:

• SALAMANCA
• SALAMANCA (anc. Salmantica or Elmantica)

Salamanca . After a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short stay at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home he again joined his regiment at the See also:

• PYRENEES [Span. Pirineos, Fr. Pyrenees]

Pyrenees, and did his greatest military service at the battle of the Nivelle, where, with instinctive military insight, he secured the most strongly fortified See also:

• PART

part of Soup's position, practically without orders . He served with his regiment at the battles of the Nive, where he received two wounds, Orthes, and See also:

• TOULOUSE
• TOULOUSE, LOUIS ALEXANDRE DE BOURBON, COUNT OF (1678-1737)

Toulouse . For his services he was made brevet lieutenant-colonel, and one of the first C.B.'s . ' Like his brother Charles he then entered the military See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college at See also:

• FARNHAM

Farnham . He commanded his regiment in the invasion of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France after See also:

• WATERLOO

Waterloo, and remained in France with the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army of occupation until 1819, when he retired on half-pay . As it was impossible for him to live on a major's half-pay with a wife and See also:

• FAMILY

family, he determined to become an artist, and took a See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house in See also:

• SLOANE, SIR HANS (1660-1753)

Sloane See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

Street, where he studied with George See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, the academician . . The years he had spent in France he had occupied in improving his general See also:

• EDUCATION

education, for, incredible as it seems, the author of the History of the See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War in the See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula could not spell or write respectable See also:

• ENGLISH

English till that time . But his career was to be great in literature, not in See also:

• ART

art . The tendency appeared in an able See also:

• REVIEW (Fr. revue, from revoir, to see again, Lat. re and videre)

review of See also:

• JOMINI, ANTOINE HENRI, BARON (1779-1869)

Jomini's See also:

• WORKS

works (See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh Rev.) in 1821, and in 1823 Mr See also:

• BICKERSTETH, EDWARD (1786—185o)

Bickersteth (afterwards Lord Langdale) suggested to him the expediency of See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing a history of the See also:

• PENINSULAR

Peninsular War . For some time he did not take kindly to the suggestion, but at last determined to become an author in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to defend the memory of Sir John Moore, and to prevent the See also:

• GLORY (through the O. Fr. glorie, modern gloire, from Lat. gloria, cognate with Gr. KXebs, abets)

glory of his old See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief being overshadowed by that of See also:

• WELLINGTON
• WELLINGTON, ARTHUR WELLESLEY, 1ST DUKE OF (1769-1852)

Wellington . The duke of Wellington himself gave him much assistance, and handed over to him the whole of See also:

• JOSEPH
• JOSEPH, COMTE DE (1785-1870)
• JOSEPH, FATHER (FRANCOIS LECLERC DU TREMBLAY) (1577-1638)

Joseph See also:

• BONAPARTE

Bonaparte's See also:

• CORRESPONDENCE
• CORRESPONDENCE (from med. scholastic Lat. correspondentia, corrcspondere, compounded of Lat. cum, with, and respond ere, to answer; cf. Fr. correspondance)

correspondence which had been taken at the battle of See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria; this was all in See also:

• CIPHER, or CYPHER (from Arab. sifr, void)

cipher, but Mrs Napier, with great See also:

• PATIENCE

patience, discovered the keys .

See also:

• MARSHAL (med. Lat. marescalcus, from O.H.Ger. marah, horse, and scalc, servant)

Marshal See also:

• SOULT, NICOLAS JEAN DE DIEU

Soult also took an active See also:

• INTEREST

interest in the See also:

• WORK

work and arranged for the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of Mathieu See also:

• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE
• DUMAS, ALEXANDRE [" DUMAS FILS"] (1824-1895)
• DUMAS, GUILLAUME MATHIEU, COUNT (1753-1837)
• DUMAS, JEAN BAPTISTE ANDRE (1800-1884)

Dumas . In 1828 the first See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the History appeared . The publisher, John See also:

• MURRAY
• MURRAY (or MORAY), EARLS OF
• MURRAY (or MORAY), JAMES STUART, EARL OF (c. 1531-1570)
• MURRAY (or MORAY), SIR ROBERT (c. 1600-1673)
• MURRAY, ALEXANDER STUART (1841-1904)
• MURRAY, DAVID (1849– )
• MURRAY, EUSTACE CLARE GRENVILLE (1824–1881)
• MURRAY, JAMES (c. 1719-1794)
• MURRAY, JOHN
• MURRAY, JOHN (1778–1820)
• MURRAY, LINDLEY (1745–1826)
• MURRAY, LORD GEORGE (1694–1760)
• MURRAY, SIR JAMES AUGUSTUS HENRY (1837– )
• MURRAY, SIR JOHN (1841– )

Murray, indeed, was disappointed in the See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale of the first volume and Napier published the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder himself . But it was at once seen that the great deeds of the Peninsular War were about to be fitly commemorated . The excitement which followed the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of each volume is proved by the innumerable See also:

• PAMPHLETS

pamphlets issued by those who believed themselves to be attacked, and by See also:

• PERSONAL

personal altercations with many distinguished See also:

• OFFICERS

officers . But the success of the See also:

• BOOK

book was proved still more by the absence of competition than by these See also:

• BITTER, KARL THEODORE FRANCIS (1867– )

bitter controversies . The histories of See also:

• SOUTHEY, ROBERT (1774-1843)

Southey and Lord See also:

• LONDONDERRY
• LONDONDERRY, CHARLES WILLIAM STEWART (VANE), 3RD MARQUESS
• LONDONDERRY, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF
• LONDONDERRY, or DERRY
• LONDONDERRY, ROBERT STEWART, 2ND MARQUESS OF (1769-1822)

Londonderry fell still-born, and Sir George Murray, Wellington's quartermaster-general, who had determined to See also:

• PRO

pro-duce the history, gave up the See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt in despair . This success was due to a See also:

• COMBINATION (Lat. combinare, to combine)

combination of qualities which have justly secured for Napier the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of being the greatest military historian England has produced . When in 1840 the last volume of the History was published, his fame not only in England but in France and See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany was safely established . His See also:

• LIFE

life during these years had been chiefly absorbed in his History, but he had warmly sympathized with the See also:

• MOVEMENT

movement i duty), in 1885 . for See also:

• POLITICAL

political reform which was agitating England . The Radicals of See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath and many other cities and towns pressed him to enter See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament, and Napier was actually invited to become the military chief of a See also:

• NATIONAL

national guard to obtain reforms by force of arms .

He refused the dangerous See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour on the ground that he was in bad health and had a family of eight See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children . In 1830 he had been promoted colonel, and in 1842 he was made a major-general and given the lieutenant-governorship of See also:

• GUERNSEY (Fr. Guernesey)

Guernsey . Here he found plenty of occupation in controlling the relations between the soldiers and the inhabitants, and also in working out proposals for a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of reform in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of the See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island . While he was at Guernsey his brother Charles had conquered See also:

• SIND

Sind, and the attacks made on the policy of that See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest brought See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William Napier again into the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field of literature . In 1845 he published his History of the Conquest of Scinde, and in 1851 the corresponding History of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration of Scindebooks which in See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style and vigour rivalled the great History, but which, being written for controversial purposes, were not likely to maintain enduring popularity . In 1847 he resigned his governorship, and in 1848 was made a K.C.B., and settled at Scinde House, Clapham See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park . In 1851 he was promoted lieutenant-general . His time was fully occupied in defending his brother, in revising the numerous See also:

• EDITIONS

editions of his History which were being called for, and in writing letters to The Times on every conceivable subject, whether military or See also:

• LITERARY

literary . His See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy is the more astonishing when it is remembered that he never recovered from the effects of the See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound he had received at Cazal Nova, and that he often had to See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie on his back for months together . His domestic life was shadowed by the incurable affliction of his only son, and when his brother Charles died in 1853 the See also:

• WORLD

world seemed to be darkening See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round him . He devoted himself to writing the life of that brother, which appeared in 1857, and which is in many respects his most characteristic book . In the end of 1853 his younger brother, See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain Henry Napier, R.N., died, and in 1855 his brother Sir George (see below) .

Inspired by his work, he lived on till the See also:

• YEAR

year 186o, when, broken by trouble, fatigue and See also:

• ILL

ill-health, he died (See also:

• FEBRUARY

February 12) at Clapham . Four months earlier he had been promoted to the full See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank of general . ' As a military historian Sir William Napier is incomparably See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to any other English writer, and his true compeers are See also:

• THUCYDIDES (OovavMns)

Thucydides, See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar and See also:

• DAVILA, ENRICO CATERINO (1576-1631)

Davila . All four had been soldiers in the See also:

• WARS

wars they describe; all four possessed a See also:

• PECULIAR

peculiar insight into the mainsprings of See also:

• ACTION

action both in war and See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace; and each possessed a peculiar and inimitable style . Napier always wrote as if he was burning with an inextinguishable See also:

• DESIRE

desire to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express what he was feeling, which gives his style a peculiar spontaneity, and yet he rewrote the first volume of his History no less than six times . His descriptions of sieges and of battles are admirable by themselves, and his analyses of the peculiarly intricate See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish intrigues are even more remarkable, while the descriptions and analyses are both lit up with flashes of political See also:

• WISDOM, BOOK OF, or WISDOM OF SOLOMON (Sept. Io4ia IaXwµwvos; Lat. Vulg. Liber sapientiae)

wisdom and military insight . It is to be noted that he displays the spirit of the See also:

• PARTISAN, or PARTIZAN

partisan, even when most impartial, and defends his opinions, even when most undoubtedly true, as if he were arguing some controverted question . If his style was modelled on anything, it was on Caesar's commentaries, and a thorough knowledge of the writings of the See also:

• ROMAN

Roman general will often explain allusions in Napier . The portraits of Sir John Moore and Colonel M'Leod, and the last paragraphs descriptive of the storming of Badajoz, may be taken as examples of his great natural eloquence . His brother, SIR GEORGE TIIOMAS NAPIER (1784–1855); entered the army in 1800, and served with distinction under Moore and Wellington in the Peninsula—and lost his right See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm at the storming of Badajoz . He became major-general in 1837, K.C.B. in 1838 and lieutenant-general in 1846 . He was See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor and See also:

• COMMANDER

commander-in-chief at the Cape from 1839 to 1843, during which time the abolition of See also:

• SLAVERY

slavery and the See also:

• EXPULSION (Lat. expulsio, from expellere)

expulsion of the Boers from See also:

• NATAL

Natal were the chief events .

He was offered, but declined, the chief command in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India after See also:

• CHILLIANWALLA

Chillianwalla, and also that of the Sardinian army in 1849 . He became full general in 1854 . He died at See also:

• GENEVA
• GENEVA (Fr. Geneve, Ger. Genf, Ital. Ginevra, Late Lat. Gebenna, though Genava in good Latin)
• GENEVA, LAKE OF

Geneva on the 16th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1855 . His auto-See also:

• BIOGRAPHY (from the Gr. (3ios, life, and yp&4 , writing)

biography, Passages in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early Military Life of General Sir G . T . Napier, was published by his surviving son, General W . C . E . Napier (the author of an important work on outpost The youngest brother, HENRY See also:

• EDWARD

EDWARD NAPIER (1789-1853), served in the See also:

• NAVY

navy during the See also:

• NAPOLEONIC

Napoleonic wars, retired as a captain, and wrote a learned Florentine History from the earliest See also:

• AUTHENTIC (from Gr. aOO 'rns, one who does a thing himself)

authentic Records to the See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

Accession of See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand III. of See also:

• TUSCANY
• TUSCANY (Toscana)

Tuscany (1846-1847) . For Sir William Napier's life, see his Life and Letters, edited by the Right See also:

• HONOURABLE (Fr. honorable, from Lat. honorabilis, worthy of honour)

Honourable H . A . See also:

• BRUCE
• BRUCE, ALEXANDER BALMAIN (1831-1899)
• BRUCE, JAMES (1930-1794)
• BRUCE, MICHAEL (1746-1767)

Bruce (Lord See also:

• ABERDARE
• ABERDARE, HENRY AUSTIN BRUCE

Aberdare) (2 vols., 1862) .