See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and See also:

• LAT

Lat. Neapolis)  , formerly the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and since 186o the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province which bears its name, the smallest province in the kingdom of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It is the largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, containing 547,503 inhabitants in 1901 . It is a prefecture; the see of a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop; the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the generalcommanding the tenth See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps and of the See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral commanding the second See also:

• NAVAL

Naval See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Italy; and it possesses also an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and important university . See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples disputes with See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople the claim of occupying the most beautiful site in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It is situated on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Naples (Sinus Cumanus), in 40° 52' N., 14° 15' 45" E., as taken from the lighthouse on the See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole . By See also:

• RAIL

rail it is distant 151 M. from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, but the See also:

• LINE

line is circuitous, and a See also:

• DIRECT

direct electric line was contemplated in 1907, to run nearer the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and shorten the distance from the capital by more than 30 M . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see ITALY.) The See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the bay is about 35 M. from the See also:

• CAPO

capo di Miseno on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to the Punta della See also:

• CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568-1639)

Campanella on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, or more than 52 M. if the islands of See also:

• ISCHIA (Gr. II19r)KO"va, Lat. Aenaria, in poetry Inarime)

Ischia, at the north-west, and of See also:

• CAPRI (anc. Capreae)

Capri, at the south entrance, be included . At its opening between these two islands it is 14 m. broad; while another 4 M. separates Capri from the mainland at the Punta della Campanella, and from the opening to its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head at See also:

• PORTICI

Portici the distance is 15 M . It affords See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorage, with nearly 7 fathoms of See also:

• WATER

water, and is well sheltered, except from winds which See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from points between south-east and south-west . In the latter winds See also:

• SORRENTO (anc. Surrentum, q.v.)

Sorrento should be especially avoided, as no safe anchorage can be found there at less than 15 fathoms, and the same remark applies to Capri with winds from S.W. to N.W . There is a perceptible See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of nearly 9 in . On the north-east shore east of Naples is an extensive See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, forming See also:

• PART

part of the ancient See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix, and watered by the small stream Sebeto and by the See also:

• SARNO (anc. Sarnus)

Sarno, which last in classical times formed the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii .

From this flat, between the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and the range of the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, rises See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius, at the See also:

• BASE

base of which, on or near the sea-shore, are the populous villages of See also:

• SAN

San Giovanni Teduccio, Portici, Resina, Torre del See also:

• GRECO, EL

Greco, Torre dell' Annunziata, &c., and the classic sites of See also:

• HERCULANEUM

Herculaneum and Pompeii . At the south-east extremity of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, 3 M. beyond the outlet of the Sarno, a See also:

• GREAT

great offshoot of the Apennines, branching from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range near Cava, and projecting as a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula more than 12 M. west, divides the Bay of Naples from the bay of See also:

• SALERNO (anc. Salernum)

Salerno (Sinus Paeslanus), and ends in the bold promontory of the Punta della Campanella (Promontorium Minervae), which is separated by a strait of 4 M. from Capri . On the north slope of this peninsula, where the plain ends and the coast abruptly bends to the west, stands the town of Castellammare, near the site of See also:

• STABIAE

Stabiae, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Sant' Angelo, which rises suddenly from the sea to a height of 4722 ft . Farther west, and nearly opposite to Naples across the bay, are See also:

• VICE

Vice., See also:

• META

Meta, Sorrento, See also:

• MASSA

Massa and many villages . The north-west shore to the west of Naples is more broken and irregular . The promontory of Posilipo, which projects due south, divides this part of the bay into two smaller bays—the eastern, with the city of Naples, and the western, or Bay of Baiae, which is sheltered from all winds . A See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel through the promontory, 2244 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 21 ft. broad, and in some places as much as 70 ft. high, possibly constructed by See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa in 27 B.C., forms the so-called grotto of Posilipo; at the Naples end stands the reputed See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil . Beyond Posilipo is the small See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Nisida (Nesis) ; and at a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance inland are the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct craters of See also:

• SOLFATARA

Solfatara and Astroni and the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• AGNANO, LAGO DI

Agnano . Farther west, on the coast, and provided with a convenient See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, stands See also:

• POZZUOLI (anc. Puteoli, q.v.)

Pozzuoli (See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

Puteoli), a city containing many See also:

• ROMAN

Roman remains, but now chiefly remarkable for the large See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• WORKS

works erected by Messrs See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong & Co.; and beyond it, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Bay of Baiae, are Monte Nuovo, a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill thrown up in a single See also:

• NIGHT

night in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1538; the' classic site of Baiae; the Lucrine Lake; Lake See also:

• AVERNUS

Avernus; the Lake of See also:

• FUSARO, LAGO

Fusaro (Acherusia Palus); the Elysian See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields; and the port and promontory of See also:

• MISENUM

Misenum . Still farther to the south-west he the islands of See also:

• PROCIDA (Gr. Ilpoxi ro, Lat. Prochyta)

Procida (Prochyta) and Ischia (Pithecusa, Aenaria or Inarime), which See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Bay of Naples from the extensive Bay of See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta . All this country was comprised in classical times under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the Phlegrean Fields, and was certainly then more actively volcanic than it now is, although the severe See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake which occurred in the island of Ischia in 1883 completely destroyed Casamicciola, and did serious damage to Forio, Lacco Ameno and Serrara See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana, shows that there is great seismic activity in the locality . The whole region abounds with fissures from which See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam highly charged with hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid is continually issuing, and in many places boiling water is found at a very few feet below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface .

The city of Naples is built at the base and on the slopes of a . range of volcanic hills, and, rising from the shore like an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, is seen to best See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage from the sea . From the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit occupied by the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Elmo a transverse See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge runs south to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the promontory of Pizzofalcone, and divides the city into two natural crescents . The western See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, known as the Chiaja See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, though merely a long narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip between the sea and Vomero hill, is the fashionable See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter most frequented by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign residents and visitors . A See also:

• FINE

fine broad See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, the See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera di Chiaja, begun in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count d'See also:

• OLIVARES, GASPAR DE GUZMAN

Olivares, and completed by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke de See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina Ceti (1695-1700), runs for a mile and a See also:

• HALF

half from east to west, ending in the quarter of Mergellina and Piedigrotta at the foot of the hill of Posilipo . In front See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the See also:

• VILLA

Villa Communale (first called Reale and subsequently Nazionale) public gardens, the chief See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade of the city, which were first laid out in 1780, and have been successively extended in 1807, in 1834, and again in See also:

• RECENT

recent years; and the whole edge of the bay from the See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel dell' Ovo to Mergellina is lined by a massive See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment and See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-way, the Via See also:

• CARACCIOLO, FRANCESCO, PRINCE (1732-1799)

Caracciolo, constructed in 1875-1881 . The eastern crescent includes by far the largest as well as the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest portion of Naples—the ports, the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal churches, &c . The best-known thoroughfare is the historic See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo (as it is still popularly called, though the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official name is Via See also:

• ROMA

Roma) which runs almost due north from the Piazza (Largo) del Plebiscito in front of the Palazzo Reale, till, as Strada Nuova Di Capodimonte, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte della Sanita (constructed by See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat across the valley between See also:

• SANTA

Santa Teresa and Capodimonte), it reaches the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of the Capodimonte See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . A drive, the Corso See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Emmanuele, winds along the slopes behind the city from the Str. di Piedigrotta (at the west end of the Riv. di Chiaja) till it reaches the museum by the Via Salvator See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the shore of the eastern crescent has been much altered by the new harbour works, which with the wharves and warehouses have absorbed the Villa del Popolo, or See also:

• PEOPLE

People's See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, originally constructed on See also:

• LAND

land reclaimed from the bay . The streets of Naples are generally well-paved with large blocks of See also:

• LAVA

lava or volcanic See also:

• BASALT

basalt . In the older districts there is a countless variety of narrow gloomy streets, many of them steep . The houses are mostly five or six storeys high, are covered with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco made of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of pozzolana which hardens by exposure, and have large balconies and flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs .

The castle of S . Elmo (S . Ermo, S . See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus), which dominates the whole city, had its origin in a fort (Belforte) erected by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise in 1343 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• BUILDING

building, with its See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-hewn fosses and massive ramparts, was constructed by See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro de Toledo at the command of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. in 1535, and was long considered practically impregnable . Damaged by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning in 18J7, it was afterwards restored, and is now a military See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . On a small island (I. del Salvatore, the Megaris of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny), now joined to the shore at the foot of the Pizzofalcone by an See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-supported See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway, stands the Castel dell' Ovo (so called from its shape, though See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend associates the name with the enchanted See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg on which the magician Virgil made the safety of the city to depend), which See also:

• DATES

dates from 1154 . The walls of its See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel were frescoed by See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto; but the whole building was ruined by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. in 1495, and had to be restored in the 16th century . Castel Nuovo, a very picturesque building constructed near the harbour in' 283 by Charles I. of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou, contains between the round towers of its See also:

• FACADE

facade the triumphal arch erected in 1470 to See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso I. and renovated in 1905 . It See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers among its See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of Giovanni See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano in which See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

Celestine V. abdicated the papal dignity . Castel del See also:

• CARMINE

Carmine, founded by Ferdinand I. in 1484, was occupied by the populace in See also:

• MASANIELLO

Masaniello's insurrection, was used as a prison for the patriots of 1796, became municipal See also:

• PROPERTY

property in 1878, and is now a prison . The royal palace, begun in 160o by the Count de Lemos, from designs by Domenico Fontana, partly burned in 1837, and since repaired and enlarged by Ferdinand II., is an enormous building with a sea frontage of Boo ft. and a main facade J54 ft. long and 95 ft. high, exhibiting the Doric, Ionic and Composite orders in its three storeys .

The statues on the facade of the palace were erected by King See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert I. in 1885, and represent the titular heads of the various dynasties which have reigned at Naples, beginning with Ruggiero the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman (1130); followed by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. of Suabia (1197); Charles I. of Anjou (1266); Alfonso of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon (1442); Charles V. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (1527); Charles III . (See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon) of Naples (1744); Gioacchino Murat (1808); and See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel II . (1861) . Naples is the see of a Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic archbishop, always a cardinal . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral has a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty canons, and of the numerous religious houses formerly existing very few have in whole or in part survived the suppression in 1868 . The city is divided into fifty parishes purely for ecclesiastical purposes, and there are 237 Roman Catholic churches and 57 chapels . Most of the churches are remarkable rather for richness in See also:

• INTERNAL

internal decoration than for architectural beauty . The cathedral of St See also:

• JANUARIUS, ST, or SAN GENNARO

Januarius, occupying the site of temples of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune, and still containing some of their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite columns, was designed by Nicola Pisano, and erected between 1272 and 1316 . Owing to frequent restorations occasioned by earthquakes, it now presents an incongruous mixture of different styles . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is that of a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica with a See also:

• NAVE

nave and two (Gothic vaulted) aisles separated by pilasters . The western facade is of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and was completed in 1906 . Beneath the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar is a subterranean chapel containing the tomb of St Januarius (San Gennaro), the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of the city; in the right See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle there is a chapel (Cappella del Tesoro) built between 16o8 and 1637 in popular recognition of his having saved Naples in 1527 " from See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague and the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of Vesuvius "; and in a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• TABERNACLE
• TABERNACLE (Lat. tabernaculum, a hut, tent)

tabernacle behind the high altar of this chapel are preserved the two phials partially filled with his See also:

• BLOOD

blood, the periodical liquefaction of which forms a prominent feature in the religious See also:

• LIFE

life of the city .

Accessible by a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door in the See also:

• LEFT

left aisle of the cathedral is the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Sta Restituta, a basilica of the 7th century, and the original cathedral . Santa Chiara (14th century) is interesting for a See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco ascribed to Giotto (at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there were many more), and monuments to Robert the Wise, his See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois and his daughter Mary, empress of Constantinople .. San Domenico See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, founded by Charles II. in 1285, but completely restored after 1445, has an effective interior particularly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . In the neighbouring monastery is shown the See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas . San Filippo See also:

• NERI, PHILIP (FILIppo DE) (1515-1595)

Neri or dei Gerolomini, erected in the close of the 16th century, has a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white marble facade and two campaniles, and contains the tombstone of Giambattista See also:

• VICO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1668-1744)

Vico . Sta Maria del Parto, in the Chiaja, occupies the site of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SANNAZARO, JACOPO (1458-1530)

Sannazaro, and is named after his poem De Partu Virginis . San See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco di See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo, opposite the royal palace, is an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at Rome by Pietro Bianchi di See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano (1815-1837), and its See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome is one of the boldest in Europe . The church of the Certosa (Carthusian monastery) of San Martino, on the hill below St Elmo's castle, has now become in name, as so many of the churches are in reality, a museum . Dating from the 14th century, and restored by Fonsega in the 17th, it is a building of extraordinary richness of decoration, with paintings and sculpture by Guido Reni, Lanfranco, See also:

• CARAVAGGIO
• CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO AMERIGHI (or MERIGI) DA (1569-1609)
• CARAVAGGIO, POLIDORO CALDARA DA (1495 or 1492-1543)

Caravaggio, D'See also:

• ARPINO (anc. Arpinum)

Arpino, Solimene, Luca See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano and notably a " Descent from the See also:

• CROSS

Cross " by See also:

• RIBERA, GIUSEPPE (1588-1656)

Ribera, See also:

• CON

con-considered the finest See also:

• WORK

work of this See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . The monastery has been transformed into a medieval museum, where many specimens illustrating the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history of Naples may be studied, and some fine specimens of See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica from the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern provinces can be inspected . The view from the south-western See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony is incomparable . The marble See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister by Fonsega, though rather flamboyant in character, is one of the finest of its kind in existence .

Other churches with interesting monuments are Sant' See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna dei Lombardi, built in 1411 by Guerrello Origlia, which contains some splendid marble sculpture, especially Rosellino's " Nativity " in the Cappella See also:

• PICCOLOMINI
• PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIO, PRINCE (1599-1656)

Piccolomini; Sant' Angelo a Nilo, which contains the tomb of Cardinal Brancaccio, the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint work of See also:

• DONATELLO (diminutive of Donato) (c. 1386-1466)

Donatello and Michelozzo; San Giovanni a Carbonara, built in 1344 and enlarged by King See also:

• LADISLAUS [I.]

Ladislaus in 1400, which contains among much other remarkable sculpture the tomb of the king, the masterpiece of See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea Ciccione (1414), and that of Sergiami Caracciolo, the favourite of See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna II., who was murdered in 1432 (the chapel in which it stands is paved with one of the earliest majolica pavements in Italy); San Lorenzo (1324), the Royal Church of the House of Anjou; and, for purely archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the Church of Sant' Aspreno, thought to be the oldest See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian church in Italy, in the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt of the new Borsa or See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . Persons interested in frescoes will admire those in the former monastery at the back of the church of S . Maria Donna See also:

• REGINA

Regina and those in the cloister of S . Severino and Sossio . A more ancient Christian See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument than any of the convents or churches is the catacombs, which extend a great distance underground and are in many respects finer than those at Rome . The entrance is at the Ospizio dei Poveri di San Gennaro (see Schulze's monograph, See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1877) . Of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular institutions in Naples none is more remarkable than the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Museum, formerly known as the Museo Borbonico . The building, begun in 1586 for vice-See also:

• REGAL

regal stables, and remodelled in 1615 for the university, was put to its present use in 1790, when Ferdinand IV. proclaimed it his private property independently of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, placed in it the See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese collection which he had inherited from his See also:

• FATHER

father, and all the specimens from Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae, Puteoli, See also:

• PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

Paestum, &c., which till then had been housed in the palace at Portici, and gave it the name of Real Museo Borbonico . In 1860 See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi, when See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator at Naples, proclaimed the museum and the territory devoted to excavation to be the property of the nation, since which time it has been called the National Museum . Vast numbers of specimens have since been added to it both by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase and from excavations, and it is now unique as a treasure house of Italo-See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Roman antiquities, besides containing a fine library and an important collection of pictures . A large additional space for exhibits was made in 1904, when the western half of the second See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor was added, and the building as now arranged contains the large bronzes and statues on the ground floor; a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of Pompeian frescoes in the entresol; the library, picture galleryy and small bronzes on the first floor; and the See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry, arms, papyri, gems, and the unique collection of Italo-Greek vases, on the second floor . The large bronzes are almost the only ones which have survived from classical times, the most famous of them being the seated See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury and the dancing Faun; the See also:

• MARBLES

marbles reckon among their vast number the See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche, the Capuan See also:

• VENUS

Venus, the portraits of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, as well as the huge See also:

• GROUP

group called the See also:

• TORO

Toro Farnese (See also:

• AMPHION

Amphion and Zethus tying See also:

• DIRCE

Dirce to its horns), the Farnese See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules, the excellent though See also:

• LATE

late statues of the See also:

• BALBI, ADRIAN (1782-1848)

Balbi on horseback and a very fine collection of ancient portrait busts .

Modern Buildings.—The Galleria Umberto I. is a large cruciform See also:

• ARCADE

arcade opened in 1890 . It somewhat resembles the See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan arcade, and has an octagon in the centre, with a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola . It is highly ornamented with gilt and stucco . A See also:

• MUSIC

music-hall occupies the See also:

• BASEMENT

basement . The Galleria Principe di Napoli is in a smaller arcade opposite to the National Museum, mainly occupied by shops where reproductions from the museum are sold . The Galleria See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria, opened in 1907, is a circular building with handsome dome, situated near the main entrance of the Villa Communale . It is in great part occupied by offices and shops . The See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican church in Vico San Pasquale was built in 1862 on ground given to the See also:

• BRITISH

British community by Garibaldi when dictator, and was the first See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant church erected in Naples . Since the granting of religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty evangelical churches have been built by the Presbyterians, Wesleyans, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, Germans and Italians . A Greek church and a Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue have also been opened . The Borsa (or exchange) is a fine building in the Piazza of the same name, built over the remains of the very ancient church of Sant' Aspreno, which are still preserved in the crypt . In front of it is the fine 16th-century Fontana Medina .

Educational and Learned Institutions.—The university of Naples is one of the oldest in Italy, having been founded by Frederick II. in the first half of the 13th century . It had fallen to insignificance under the Bourbons, but since 186o it has rapidly recovered . It comprises five faculties (literature and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine), and is well equipped with zoological, mineralogical and See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological museums, a physiological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology, and botanical gardens . Originally erected in 1557 for the use of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, the university buildings are regarded as the best work o Marco di Pino; the quadrangle, surrounded by a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple but effective See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle, contains statues of Pietro della Vigna (Frederick's See also:

• CHANCELLOR (M. Eng. and Anglo-Fr. canceler, chanceler, Fr. chancelier, Lat. cancellarius)

chancellor), Thomas Aquinas and Giordano See also:

• BRUNO (BRUN, BRUNS) OF QUERFURT, SAINT (c. 975-1009)
• BRUNO, GIORDANO (c. 1548-1600)
• BRUNO, or BRUN (925–965)
• BRUNO, SAINT

Bruno . The new building, the See also:

• SHELL
• SHELL (O. Eng. scell, scyll, cf. Du. sceel, shell, Goth. skalja, tile; the word means originally a thin flake,. cf. Swed. skalja, to peel off; it is allied to " scale " and " skill," from a root meaning to cleave, divide, separate)

shell of which was completed in 1906, faces the Rettifilo, a new wide street which leads from the Borsa in a straight line to the railway station; at the back it joins the former building, which is at a higher level . On the other or north See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of the ancient building, and at the back of the Strada Constantinopoli, very large annexes have been formed for the medical school . The famous zoological station at Naples, whose See also:

• AQUARIUM (plural aquaria)

aquarium is the principal building in the Villa Communale, is not connected with the university . It was founded by Dr Dohrn in 1872; a large annexe was added to it a few years later on its western side, and a larger annexe on the eastern side was completed in 1907 . The aquarium was originally established at Naples because the See also:

• FLORA

flora and See also:

• FAUNA

fauna of the neighbourhood are more varied than those of any See also:

• DISTRICT

district in Europe . Its Mittheilungen began to be published in 1878, and portions of a great work on the flora and fauna of Naples come out See also:

• YEAR

year by year . It is justly considered the first as well as the oldest of the zoological stations of the See also:

• WORLD

world, and the chief See also:

• UNIVERSITIES

universities pay £See also:

• IOO

ioo a year for tables to which they send students . At these tables every necessary is provided, each student having his own tanks with See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

salt water laid on for keeping his specimens, and all necessary chemicals being provided .

Of other scientific institutions we may mention the See also:

• OBSERVATORY

observatory on Vesuvius, which is supported entirely by funds from the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government, but is annexed informally to the university . Its See also:

• OBJECT

object is to See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth-movements and volcanic phenomena . The Specola or astronomical observatory is also a government institution, and forms no official part of the university . It is situated on the hill of Capodimonte . The Royal Society of Naples, dating from 1756, was reconstitutedin 1861, and is divided into three See also:

• ACADEMIES

academies, namely: moral and See also:

• POLITICAL

political; See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical and mathematical; letters, See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

archaeology and fine arts . The famous Accademia Pontaniana, founded by See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio BecardelIa (surnamed Panormita owing to his origin from See also:

• PALERMO (Greek, Havopuos; Latin, Panhormus, Panormus)

Palermo) and J . J . See also:

• PONTANUS, JOVIANUS (1426-1503)

Pontanus in 1442, was restored in 1808 and -still exists . The Royal School for See also:

• ORIENTAL

Oriental See also:

• LANGUAGES

Languages owes its existence to Matteo Ripa,who in 1732 established a school for See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese missionaries . The Royal Conservatory of Music in S . Pietro a Majella has existed in one form or other since 1760, and has had many famous pupils . Elementary See also:

• EDUCATION

education has proceeded with great rapidity, and there are ninety public elementary shools in the city, twenty-three ecclesiastical gratuitous school's and many evangelical See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools at a very small See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment .

The higher grade schools are also numerous, and there are See also:

• SPECIAL

special foreign schools established by private enterprise for the education of the See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children of foreign residents . There are three schools for the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind and two for See also:

• DEAF

deaf-mutes . See also:

• LIBRARIES

Libraries—The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state archives in Vico San Severo e Sossio contain all the records of past governments; the Notarial archives in Via San Paolo contain all the original notarial acts from 1450 onwards, to the number of 800,000 . The Royal national library in the building of the national museum contains 364,000 volumes and 7835 See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts, many of which are of great value . The musical archives are kept here as a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate department . The Royal library of San Giacomo (ioo,00o vols.) had its origin in the Palace library of the Bourbon times . There may also be mentioned the Royal University library, the Royal Brancacciana library in Via Donnaromita, with 125,000 vols. and 2000 important See also:

• MSS

MSS., the Gerolomini library, mainly of ecclesiastical books and codices, and the Provincial library in Via Duomo, consisting mainly of technical books . The Biblioteca Communale, and the rich collection of seismic and vulcanological books made by the See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian Alpine See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, are both in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the Society. di Storia Patria . This See also:

• LITERARY

literary society was established in 1875, by a See also:

• COMMITTEE (from commute, an Anglo-Fr. past participle of commettre, Lat. committere, to entrust; the modern Fr. equivalent comite is derived from the Eng.)

committee of private gentlemen anxious to record all possible details of the history of the locality . It has a good though not perfect collection of the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Neapolitan See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers, a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• FILE

file of the principal modern ones and many interesting MSS . The society is governed by a See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council of literary men, and issues publications from time to time . The Zoological Station or Aquarium has a very fine biological library .

Theatres.—The San Carlo See also:

• OPERA (Italian for " work ")

opera-house, with its See also:

• AREA

area of 5157 sq. yds. and its See also:

• PIT (O. E. pytt, cognate with Du. put, Ger. Pfutze, &c., all ultimately adaptations of Lat. puteus, well, formed from root pu-, to cleanse, whence gurus, clean, pure)

pit capable of seating woo spectators, is one of the largest in Europe . It was originally built in 1737 under Charles III., but was destroyed by fire in 1816 and completely rebuilt . It was heavily subsidized in the Bourbon times, but now, except for giving the house, which is the property of the See also:

• MUNICIPALITY

municipality, no assistance is granted from the public funds . The Mercadante is also a municipal See also:

• THEATRE (BEarpov, " a place for seeing," from OeacOae)

theatre, but has no See also:

• SUBSIDY (through Fr. from Lat. subsidium, reserve troops, aid, assistance, from subsidere, literally " to sit or remain behind or in reserve,")

subsidy . The See also:

• BELLINI
• BELLINI, LORENZO (1643-1704)
• BELLINI, VINCENZO (1801--18J5)

Bellini is a fine opera-house near the museum, and the other chief theatres are the Sannazzaro, Politeama and Fiorentini . Numerous music halls have sprung up of late years, of which the principal is the Salone Margherita in the basement of the Galleria Umberto Primo . Charities.—Charitable institutions are numerous in Naples . The Reclusorio or poorhouse was founded in the 18th century, and besides being a See also:

• REFUGE

refuge for the indigent poor has a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial schools attached, at which foundling boys are educated and taught trades . The principal hospitals are the Incurabili, Gesti e Maria, Santa Maria della See also:

• PACE (through O. Fr. pas, from Lat. passus, step, properly the stretch of the leg in walking, from pandere, to stretch)
• PACE, RICHARD (c. 1482-1536)

Pace and a See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital for poor priests, which are all under the same management . The Pellegrini is exclusively surgical; the Santa Maria di See also:

• LORETO

Loreto is especially for the inmates of the Reclusorio and for street accidents; the Ospedale Lina for children; and the Ospedale Cotugno for infectious diseases . There is also an Inter-national hospital for the treatment of others than Italians, which was built by See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Harriet See also:

• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM (1774-1839)
• BENTINCK, LORD WILLIAM GEORGE FREDERICK CAVENDISH

Bentinck and is managed by an inter-national committee; a See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German hospital; and a hospital erected by the representatives of.See also:

• BARON
• BARON (1835-1895)
• BARON, MICHEL (1653—1729)

Baron Adolphe de See also:

• ROTHSCHILD

Rothschild . There are two public lunatic asylums in the city, and another at the neighbouring town of See also:

• AVERSA

Aversa; and many private asylums, among which Fleurent, Miano and Ponti See also:

• ROSSI, LUIGI DE
• ROSSI, PELLEGRINO LUIGI EDOARDO, COUNT (1787-1848)

Rossi may be mentioned .

- Harbour.—At a very early date the original harbour at Naples, now known in its greatly reduced state as See also:

• PORTO

Porto See also:

• PICCOLO (Fr. petite filte octave; Ger. Pickelflote; Ital. flauto piccolo or ottavino)

Piccolo, and See also:

• FIT

fit only for boats and lighters, became too small . In 1302 Charles II. of Anjou began the construction of the Porto Grande by forming the Molo Grande or San Gennaro, which stretched eastward into the bay, and was terminated by a lighthouse in the 15th century . By the addition.of a new See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier See also:

• RUNNING

running north-east. from the lighthouse, and protected by a heavily armed See also:

• BATTERY (Fr. batterie, from battles, to beat)

battery, Charles III. in 1740 added greatly to the safety of the harbour . In 1826 the open area to the south of the Porto Grande was formed into the Porto Militare by the construction of the Molo San Vincenzo, 1200 ft. long . Shortly after the formation of the new kingdom of Italy See also:

• ATTENTION (from Lat. ad-tendo, await, expect; the condition of being " stretched " or " tense ")

attention was called to the insufficiency of the harbour for modern wants; and new works were begun in 1862 . Besides the lengthening of the Molo San Vincenzo to a See also:

• TOTAL

total of more than 5000 ft., the See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme as now carried out has completely revolutionized the harbour . A cross piece at the end of the Molo San Vincenzo has made the head of that structure into the form of the Greek See also:

• LETTER (through Fr. lettre from Lat. littera or litera, letter of the alphabet; the origin of the Latin word is obscure; it has probably no connexion with the root of linere, to smear, i.e. with wax, for an inscription with a stilus)

letter See also:

• GAMMA

gamma, thus affording considerable See also:

• PROTECTION

protection to the anchorage . New quays have been made all the way from the old Immacolatella landing-See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place to the new and spacious Capitaneria di Porto, on the eastern side of which is a new narbour used mainly for the See also:

• COAL

coal See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, and piers such that the largest the erection of a large number of factories, for See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning See also:

• SILK

silk, See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton, jute and See also:

• WOOL, WORSTED AND WOOLLEN MANUFACTURES

wool, and the making of railway plant, auto-mobiles, the building of See also:

• SHIPS

ships, and in fact almost every kind of See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry . After the See also:

• CHOLERA (from the Gr. Xo)du, tile, and Map, to flow)

cholera epidemic of 1884, M . See also:

• DEPRETIS, AGOSTINO (1813-1887)

Depretis, then premier, visited Naples, and in the course of a public speech gave vent to the famous dictum " Bisogna sventrare Napoli "—" Naples must be disembowelled!" Plans were at once made to pull down all the worst slums, and as these See also:

• LAY

lay between the centre of the town and the railway station, a wide street was constructed from the centre of the town to the eastward, and on each side of it wide strips of ground were cleared to afford building sites for shops and offices . The funds for this vast undertaking were found partly by the state, which voted £3,000,000, and as to the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest by the Risanamento See also:

• COMPANY

Company, which had a capital of £I,200,000 . Before beginning operations of demolition it was obviously necessary to provide homes for the poor people who would be turned out, and a large working-class quarter was erected to the north and beyond the railway station .

This quarter has wide See also:

• AIRY, SIR GEORGE BIDDELL (1801-1892)

airy streets and lofty houses, and though perhaps the houses were let at prices which were beyond the purses of the lowest class, the result of their erection was to cause a number of the poorer houses in the old town to be vacated, thus giving an opportunity to the lowest class to be at any See also:

• RATE

rate better housed than they were before . The quarter described above is known as the Rione See also:

• VASTO (anc. Histonium)

Vasto . There are also new See also:

• MIDDLE

middle-class quarters at Santa See also:

• LUCIA (or LucY), ST

Lucia, Vomero Nuovo and Sant' Efremo, and better houses in the Via Sirignano, on the Riviera di Chiaja, Via Elena and Via Caracciolo at Mergellina, Via Partenope near the Chiatamone, and an aristocratic quarter in the large extensions made in the Rione Amedeo . The narrow alleys of Porto, Pendino and Mercato have nearly all disappeared, and old Naples has been vanishing See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day by day . One notable result of the widening of the streets has been the spread of the electric tramways, which See also:

• TRAVERSE

traverse the town in various directions and are admirably served by a Belgian company . The city is mainly lighted by See also:

• ELECTRICITY

electricity, which has also found its way into all the public edifices and most private houses . See also:

• FALK, JOHANN DANIEL (1768-1826)
• FALK, PAUL LUDWIG ADALBERT (1827-1900)

Falk-See also:

• LORE
• LORE, AMBROISE DE (1396-1446)

lore.—The attention of antiquarians to the charms against the Evil See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

Eye used by the inhabitants of the Neapolitan provinces was first See also:

• DRAWN

drawn in 1888, when it was shown that they were all derived from the survival of ancient classical legends which had sprung from various See also:

• SOURCES

sources in connexion with classical sites in the neighbourhood . These may be divided into three classes: first, the sprig of See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

rue in silver, with sundry emblems attached to it, all of which refer to the See also:

• WORSHIP (i.e. " worth-ship," O. Eng. weor8scipe)

worship of See also:

• DIANA

Diana, whose See also:

• SHRINE (Lat. scrinium, a case or chest for books, hence a casket; from scribere, to write, Fr. ecrin, Ital. scrigno)

shrine at See also:

• CAPUA (anc. Casilinum;, a town and archiepiscopal see of Campania, Italy, in the province of Caserta, 7 M. W. by rail from the town oI Caserta. Pop. (1901) 14
• CAPUA (mod. S. Maria di Capua Vetere)

Capua was of considerable importance; secondly, the See also:

• SERPENT (Lat. serpens, creeping, from serpere; cf. "reptile " from repere, Gr.4 ml-eta)

serpent charms, which formed part of the worship of See also:

• AESCULAPIUS (Gr. 'AoKXiprtos)

Aesculapius, and were no doubt derived largely from the ancient eastern ophiolatry; and lastly charms derived from the legends of the See also:

• SIRENS (Gr. Metpi7ves)

Sirens . A special See also:

• CONFIRMATION (Lat. confirmatio, from confirmare, to establish, make firm)

confirmation is given in this See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case, as the See also:

• SIREN

Siren is represented mounted on her sea-See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse crossing the See also:

• STYX

Styx upon the See also:

• VASE
• VASE (through Fr. from Lat. vas, a vessel, pl. vasa, of which the singular vasum is rarely found; the ultimate root is probably was-, to cover, seen in Lat: vestis, clothing, Eng. " vest," Gr. to-th c, and also in " wear," of garments)

vase of See also:

• PLUTO (IlXoirrwv)

Pluto and See also:

• PROSERPINE (Proserpina)

Proserpine in the collection of the Naples Museum . This vase dates about 250 B.C., and the Siren charms represent her in the same way, but usually mounted on two sea-horses . The sea-horse and the Siren alone are commonly found as charms; the Siren being sometimes in her fishtail form and sometimes in the form of a See also:

• HARPY

harpy . See also:

• LINER, or LINE OF BATTLE

liner can lie alongside the See also:

• JETTY

jetty .

The See also:

• OUTER

outer mole of this harbour runs out from the Castel del Carmine towards the south for some 1500 ft. and forms the inner side of the new steam See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, which when nearly completed in 1906 See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell in on the farther side, and had to be re-constructed . The See also:

• DEPTH

depth of this new harbour is from 25 to 30 ft . There are two projecting moles, one to the inner harbour and the second to the steam basin . In 1905 the total See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage entering the port amounted to 4,698,872 tons, of which the Italians (including their See also:

• COASTING

coasting trade) carried 1,410,192 tons in 3687 vessels; the Germans 1,391,585 tons in 356 vessels; the British 1,136,345 tons in 402 vessels; and the French 245,206 tons in 161 vessels . Naples is the principal port for See also:

• EMIGRATION (from Lat. emigrare; e, ex, out of, and migrare, to depart)

emigration, chiefly to North and South See also:

• AMERICA

America; 281 emigrant ships sailed in 1905, carrying 216,103 emigrants . The total imports for that year reached the sum of £5,397,918, and the exports £3,367,805 . The articles dealt in are See also:

• WINE (Lat. vinum, Gr. oivos)

wine, oil, See also:

• SPIRITS

spirits, drugs, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco, chemicals, See also:

• HEMP (in O. Eng. henep, cf. Dutch hennep, Ger. Hanf , cognate with Gr. Kavval3er, Lat. cannabis)

hemp, cotton, wool, silk, See also:

• TIMBER

timber, See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper, See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather and hides, See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal, glass, cereals and live animals . The largest export was to the See also:

• UNITED

United States (£864,562), the next to Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (£701,387), while the largest imports were from Great Britain (£1,233,410) and the United States (£807,564) . The specialities of Naples are the manufacture of See also:

• CORAL

coral, See also:

• TORTOISE

tortoise-shell, kid gloves and See also:

• MACARONI (from dialectic Ital. maccare, to bruise or crush)

macaroni, but it has been growing also as an industrial centre . The port of Naples is second in the kingdom, and owns no See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa . Water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

Supply.—Since 1884 Naples has had as fine a water supply as any city in Europe . It is derived from the hills in the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour-See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood of See also:

• AVELLINO

Avellino, and is thought to be the effluent of an underground lake .

It rushes out from the hillside and is received in a covered See also:

• MASONRY

masonry See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal, whence it flows in large See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron pipes till it reaches five enormous reservoirs constructed just opposite to the entrance gates of the royal palace at Capodimonte . Hence it comes by natural See also:

• GRAVITATION (from Lat. gravis, heavy)

gravitation into the town at a pressure of five atmospheres, so that it supplies the highest parts of the town with abundant water . " The water is so See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold that in the hottest summer perishable articles can be preserved by merely securing them in a closed See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel and allowing the water to drip upon it . The supply was brought into the town just after the terrible cholera outbreak of 1884, and as each new standpipe was erected in the streets every well within 200 yds. of it was closed, so that in a short time no well remained in the town; and thus a fertile source of infection was eliminated . Every house in the town and suburbs is now supplied with a See also:

• CONSTANT, BENJAMIN (1845-1902)

constant supply of pure water . The effect on the See also:

• HEALTH

health of the city has been extra-See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary . Cholera epidemics, which used to be frequent, have become things of the past, and there is now abundant water for public fountains, washing the streets and watering gardens both public and private . The old sewers were found quite inadequate to carry off the large increase of water, and besides they all led directly into the bay, causing a terrible odour and rendering the water near the town unwholesome for bathing . This has been remedied by a See also:

• SYSTEM

system of sewers, which after passing by a tunnel through the hill of Posilipo cross the plain beyond and See also:

• DISCHARGE (adapted from the O. Fr. discharge, modern decharge, from a med. Lat. discargare, to unload, dis- and earn care, to load, cf. " charge ")

discharge their contents into the open sea on the deserted coast of See also:

• CUMAE (Gr. Kb/.m)

Cumae, 17 m. from the city of Naples . The old See also:

• AQUEDUCT (Lat. aqua, water, and ducere, to lead; Gr. apaymryeiov, apayeeywov, vlrovopos)

aqueduct, which was constructed in the 17th century by Carnignano and Criminelli and taps the Isclero at Sant' Agata del Goti, is still available to a certain extent, but its water was never very wholesome, and as it was not laid on to houses but only supplied fountains and house cisterns which have since been filled up, no See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account need be taken of it . The solitary Leone See also:

• FOUNTAIN (Late Lat. fontana, from ions, a spring)

fountain, a See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring which supplied drinking water to the west end of the town, has been dry for many years . Modern Growth.—Naples, the most densely peopled city in Europe, has increased in modern times at an enormous rate .

On the large areas reclaimed from the sea, vast hotels and mansions let in flats have been erected . The gardens at the west end of the town are all built over . The Vomero, once merely a scattered See also:

• VILLAGE

village, is now an important suburb, and a large workmen's quarter has sprung up beyond the railway station to house the populace which was turned out from the centre of the town when the works of the risanamento were undertaken . The increase in See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population between the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

census of 1881, when it was 461,962, and the census in 1901 was 85,521 . The See also:

• COMMUNE (Med. Lat. communia, Lat. communis, common)
• COMMUNE, MEDIEVAL

commune, which includes not only the See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts (sezioni) of San Ferdinando, Chiaja, S . Giuseppe, Monte Calvario, Avvocata, Stella, San Carlo all' See also:

• ARENA (Lat. for " sand ")

Arena, Vicaria, San Lorenzo, Mercato, Pendino and Porto, but also the suburban districts of Vomero, Posilipo, Fuorigrotta, Miano and Piscinola, has been built over in every direction, one great incentive being the creation of an industrial See also:

• ZONE (Gr. 'WV77, a girdle, from 'wvvLvay to gird)

zone to the eastward of the city . This zone has been set aside for the purpose of industrial development, and all persons or companies who set up industrial concerns on it have grants of land at a nominal See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price, are See also:

• FREE

free of taxes for ten years and have electric force supplied to them at a very See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low figure . The See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law came into force in 1906, and was immediately followed by History.—All ancient writers agree in representing Naples as a Greek See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement, though its See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation is obscurely and differently narrated . The earliest Greek settlement in the neighbourhood was at Pithecusa (Ischia), but the colonists, being driven out of the island by the frequent earthquakes, settled on the mainland at Cumae, where they found a natural See also:

• ACROPOLIS (Gr. aKpos, top, a6)Xts, city)

acropolis of great strategic value . From Cumae they colonized Dikearchia (Pozzuoli) and probably subsequently Palaeopolis . The site of Palaeopolis has given rise to much discussion, but the researches by R . T .

See also:

• GUNTHER, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1695-1723)

Gunther open completely new ground, and seem to be the correct See also:

• SOLUTION (from Lat. solvere, to loosen, dissolve)

solution of the problem . He places Palaeopolis at Gaiola Point and has discovered the remains of the harbour, the town hall and various other rudiments of the ancient city . This site, moreover, corresponds with See also:

• LIVY [Thus L1v1us] (59 B.C.—A.D: 17)

Livy's testimony, and would account for his statement that the towns of Palaeopolis and Neapolis were near together and identical in See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language and government . This See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion about the site of Palaeopolis has been based on the very considerable alterations which are known to have taken place in the level of the land, and the extensive submerged See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations of buildings off the southern extremity of Posilipo have been identified with those of the old city Parthenope, as well as Dikearchia, was formed as a new See also:

• COLONY (Lat. colonia, from colonus, a cultivator)

colony from Cumae, and was so called from a legendary connexion of the locality with the siren of that name, whose tomb was still shown in the time of See also:

• STRABO (born c. 63 n.c.)

Strabo . Parthenope was situated where Naples now stands, upon the splendid natural acropolis formed by the hill of Pizzofalcone, and defended on the land side by a See also:

• FOSSE (or Foss) WAY

fosse which is now the Strada di Chiaja, and a massive See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall, of which remains may still be traced at the back of the existing houses . To the colonists of Parthenope there came afterwards a considerable addition from See also:

• ATHENS
• ATHENS ['AN vat, Athenae, modem colloquial Greek `Ath va]

Athens and See also:

• CHALCIS

Chalcis, and they built themselves a town which they called Neapolis, or the " new city," in contradistinction to the old settlement, which in con-sequence was styled Palaeopolis or the " old city." The name of Parthenope became lost, and the city of Palaeopolis fell into See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual decadence . In 328 B.C. the Palaeopolitans having provoked the hostility of Rome by their incursions upon her Campanian See also:

• ALLIES, THOMAS WILLIAM (1813-1903)

allies, the See also:

• CONSUL
• CONSUL (in Gr. generally ihraros,ashortened form of errpavgybs 8hraeos, i.e. praetor maximus)

consul See also:

• PUBLILIUS (less correctly PUBLIUS) SYRUS

Publilius See also:

• PHILO
• PHILO, HERENNIUS

Philo marched against them, and having taken his position between the old and the new city, laid See also:

• REGULAR

regular See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege to Palaeopolis . By the aid of a strong Samnite See also:

• GARRISON
• GARRISON, WILLIAM LLOYD (1805-1879)

garrison which they received, the Palaeopolitans were long able to withstand the attacks of the consul; but at length the city was betrayed into the hands of the See also:

• ROMANS
• ROMANS, EPISTLE TO THE

Romans by two of her citizens . Neapolis possibly surrendered to the consul without any resistance, as it was received on favourable terms, had its liberties secured by a treaty, and obtained the chief authority, which previously seems to have been enjoyed by the older city . From that time Palaeopolis totally disappeared from history, and Neapolis became an allied city (foederata civitas)—a dependency of Rome, to whose See also:

• ALLIANCE

alliance it remained constantly faithful, even in the most trying circumstances . In 28o B.C . See also:

• PYRRHUS (c. 318–272 B.C.)

Pyrrhus unsuccessfully attacked its walls; and in the Second Punic War See also:

• HANNIBAL
• HANNIBAL (" mercy " or " favour of Baal ")

Hannibal was deterred by their strength from attempting to make himself master of the town .

During the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WARS

wars of See also:

• MARIUS, GAIUS (r55–86 B.c.)

Marius and See also:

• SULLA, LUCIUS CORNELIUS (138–78 B.C.)

Sulla a See also:

• BODY

body of partisans of the latter, having entered it by treachery (82 B.c.), made a general See also:

• MASSACRE

massacre of the inhabitants; but Neapolis soon recovered, as it was again a flourishing city in the time of See also:

• CICERO

Cicero . It became a See also:

• MUNICIPIUM (Lat. munus, a duty or privilege, capere, to take)

municipium after the passing of the lex Julia; under the See also:

• EMPIRE

empire it is noticed as a colonia, but the time when it first obtained that See also:

• RANK (O.Fr. rant or rent, mod. rang, generally connected with the O.E. and O.H.G. bring, a ring)

rank is uncertain—possibly under See also:

• CLAUDIUS
• CLAUDIUS [TIBERIUS CLAUDIUS DRUSUS NERO GERMANICUS]
• CLAUDIUS, MARCUS AURELIUS
• CLAUDIUS, MATTHIAS (174o-1815)

Claudius . Though a municipal town, Neapolis long retained its Greek culture and institutions; and even at the time of Strabo it had gymnasia and quinquennial See also:

• GAMES, CLASSICAL

games, and was divided into phratriae after the Greek See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . When the Romans became masters of the world, many of their upper classes, both before the close of the See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

republic and under the empire, from a love of Greek See also:

• MANNERS, CHARLES (1857– )

manners and literature or from indolent and effeminate habits, resorted to Neapolis, either for the education and the cultivation of gymnastic exercises or for the enjoyment of music and of a soft and luxurious See also:

• CLIMATE

climate . Hence we find Neapolis variously styled—by See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace otiosa Neapolis, by See also:

• MARTIAL (MARCUS VALERIUS MARTIALIS)

Martial docta Parthenope, by See also:

• OVID [PUBLIUS OvID1us NASO] (43 B.C.–A.D. 17)

Ovid in otia natam Parthenopen . It was the favourite residence of many of the emperors; See also:

• NERO (37-68)

Nero made his first See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance on the See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage in one of its theatres; See also:

• TITUS
• TITUS, FLAVIUS SABINUS VESPASIANUS
• TITUS, THE EPISTLE TO

Titus assumed the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of its See also:

• ARCHON (apywv, ruler)

archon; and See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HADRIANUS)

Hadrian became its demarch . It was chiefly at Neapolis that Virgil composed his Georgics; and he was buried on the hill of Pausilypus, the modern Posilipo, in its neighbourhood . It was also the favourite residence of the poets See also:

• STATIUS, PUBLIUS PAPINIUS (c. A.D. 45-96)

Statius (A.D . 61) and Silius Italicus (A.D . 25), the former of whom was a Neapolitan by See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth . After the fall of the Roman Empire, Neapolis suffered severely during the Gothic wars . Having espoused the Gothic cause in the year 536, it was taken, after a protracted siege, by See also:

• BELISARIUS (c. 505–565)

Belisarius, who turned aside an aqueduct, marched by surprise into the city through its channel, and put many of the inhabitants to the See also:

• SWORD (0. Eng. sweord; ultimately from an Indo-European root meaning to wound)

sword .

In 542 See also:

• TOTILA (d. 552)

Totila besieged it and compelled it to surrender, but being soon after recovered by See also:

• NARSES (c. 478—573)
• NARSES, NARSEH, NARSEUS

Narses, it remained long a dependency of the exarchate of See also:

• RAVENNA
• RAVENNA, EXARCHATE OF

Ravenna, under the immediate government of a duke, appointed by the East Roman emperors . When the See also:

• LOMBARDS, or LANGOBARDI

Lombards invaded Italy and pushed their conquests in the southern provinces, the limits of the Neapolitan duchy were considerably narrowed . In the beginning of the 8th century, at the time of the iconoclastic controversy, the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• LEO
• LEO (THE LION)
• LEO, BROTHER (d. c. 1270)
• LEO, HEINRICH (1799-1878)
• LEO, JOHANNES (c. 1494-1552)
• LEO, LEONARDO (1694–1744)

Leo the Isaurian having forced compliance to his See also:

• EDICT (Lat. edictum, from e, out, and dicere, to say, speak)

edict against the worshipping of images, the Neapolitans, encouraged by See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

Pope See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory III., threw off their See also:

• ALLEGIANCE (Mid. Eng. ligeaunce; med. Lat. ligeantia, &c.; the al- was probably added through confusion with another legal term, allegeance, an allegation; the Fr. allegeance comes from the English; the word is formed from " liege," of which the derivatio

allegiance to the Eastern emperors, and established a republican form of government under a duke of their own See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment . Under this regime Neapolis retained See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence for nearly four See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred years, though constantly struggling against the powerful Lombard See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• BENEVENTO

Benevento, who twice unsuccessfully besieged it . In rA27, however, Pandulf IV., a Lombard See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

prince of Capua, succeeded in making himself master of it; but he was expelled in 1030 by Duke See also:

• SERGIUS, ST

Sergius, chiefly through the aid of a few Norman adventurers . The See also:

• NORMANS

Normans, in their turn, gradually superseded all See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers, whether Greek, Lombard or republican, which had previously divided the south of Italy, and furthermore checked the See also:

• SARACENS

Saracens in the advances they were making through See also:

• APULIA (sometimes APPULIa in manuscripts but never in inscriptions)

Apulia . From the date at which the south of Italy and See also:

• SICILY (Ital. Sicilia)

Sicily were subjugated by the Normans the history of Naples ceases to be the history of a republic or a city, and becomes that of a kingdom, sometimes separate, sometimes merged, with the kingdom of Sicily, in that of the Two Sicilies . The city of Naples hence-forth formed the See also:

• METROPOLIS (Gr. piir17Pi mother, srGXis, city)

metropolis of the kingdom to which it gave its name, owing this pre-See also:

• EMINENCE (Lat. eminentia)

eminence to its advantageous position on the side of Italy towards Sicily, and to the favour of successive princes (see NAPLES, KINGDOM OF) . BIsLIoGRAPHY.—See also:

• ACKERMAN, FRANCIS (c. 1335–1387)

Ackerman, Naples and the Campagna Felice (1816); See also:

• CRAVEN, PAULINE MARIE ARMANDE AGLAE (18o8—189r)
• CRAVEN, WILLIAM CRAVEN, EARL

Craven, Tour through the Southern Provinces of Naples (1821); R . T . Gunther, Earth Movements in the Bay of Naples (See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, 1905); Rolfe and See also:

• INGLEBY, CLEMENT MANSFIELD (1823—1886)

Ingleby, Naples in 2888 (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1888); See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black, Naples in the Nineties (1897) ; See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur See also:

• NORWAY
• NORWAY (Norge)

Norway, Naples, Past and Present (London, 19o1); See also:

• MISS

Miss Jex See also:

• BLAKE, EDWARD (1833– )
• BLAKE, ROBERT (1599-1657)
• BLAKE, WILLIAM (1757-1827)

Blake, The See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

Elder Pliny's Chapters on the History of See also:

• ART

Art (London, 1896) . (E .