See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and See also:

• LAT

Lat. Neapolis)  , formerly the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital of the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom of the Two Sicilies, and since 186o the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief See also:

• TOWN

town of the See also:

• PROVINCE
• PROVINCE (Lat. provincia; perhaps a contraction of providentia)

province which bears its name, the smallest province in the kingdom of See also:

• ITALY
• ITALY (Italia)

Italy . It is the largest See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city in the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, containing 547,503 inhabitants in 1901 . It is a prefecture; the see of a See also:

• CARDINAL (Lat. cardinalis)

cardinal See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop; the See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence of the generalcommanding the tenth See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• CORPS (pronounced as in French, from which it is taken, being a late spelling of tors, from Lat. corpus, a body; cf. " corpse ")

Corps and of the See also:

• ADMIRAL

admiral commanding the second See also:

• NAVAL

Naval See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Italy; and it possesses also an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient and important university . See also:

• NAPLES
• NAPLES (Ital. Napoli, and Lat. Neapolis)
• NAPLES, KINGDOM OF

Naples disputes with See also:

• CONSTANTINOPLE
• CONSTANTINOPLE, COUNCILS OF

Constantinople the claim of occupying the most beautiful site in See also:

• EUROPE

Europe . It is situated on the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• SHORE

shore of the See also:

• BAY

Bay of Naples (Sinus Cumanus), in 40° 52' N., 14° 15' 45" E., as taken from the lighthouse on the See also:

• MOLE
• MOLE, LOUIS MATHIEU, COMTE (1781—1855)
• MOLE, MATHIEU (1584—1656)

mole . By See also:

• RAIL

rail it is distant 151 M. from See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, but the See also:

• LINE

line is circuitous, and a See also:

• DIRECT

direct electric line was contemplated in 1907, to run nearer the See also:

• COAST (from Lat. costa, a rib, side)

coast and shorten the distance from the capital by more than 30 M . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see ITALY.) The See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of the bay is about 35 M. from the See also:

• CAPO

capo di Miseno on the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north-See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west to the Punta della See also:

• CAMPANELLA, TOMMASO (1568-1639)

Campanella on the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east, or more than 52 M. if the islands of See also:

• ISCHIA (Gr. II19r)KO"va, Lat. Aenaria, in poetry Inarime)

Ischia, at the north-west, and of See also:

• CAPRI (anc. Capreae)

Capri, at the south entrance, be included . At its opening between these two islands it is 14 m. broad; while another 4 M. separates Capri from the mainland at the Punta della Campanella, and from the opening to its See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head at See also:

• PORTICI

Portici the distance is 15 M . It affords See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good anchorage, with nearly 7 fathoms of See also:

• WATER

water, and is well sheltered, except from winds which See also:

• BLOW, JOHN (1648-1708)

blow from points between south-east and south-west . In the latter winds See also:

• SORRENTO (anc. Surrentum, q.v.)

Sorrento should be especially avoided, as no safe anchorage can be found there at less than 15 fathoms, and the same remark applies to Capri with winds from S.W. to N.W . There is a perceptible See also:

• TIDE (O. Eng. lid, cf. Ger. Zeit, time or season, connected with root of Sanskrit a-diti, endless)

tide of nearly 9 in . On the north-east shore east of Naples is an extensive See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat, forming See also:

• PART

part of the ancient See also:

• CAMPANIA

Campania See also:

• FELIX
• FELIX, ANTONIUS
• FELIX, LIA (1830– )

Felix, and watered by the small stream Sebeto and by the See also:

• SARNO (anc. Sarnus)

Sarno, which last in classical times formed the See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• POMPEII

Pompeii .

From this flat, between the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea and the range of the See also:

• APENNINES (Gr. 'A1T- vvLvos, Lat. Appenninus—in both cases used in the singular)

Apennines, rises See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount See also:

• VESUVIUS (also Vesevus in ancient poets)

Vesuvius, at the See also:

• BASE

base of which, on or near the sea-shore, are the populous villages of See also:

• SAN

San Giovanni Teduccio, Portici, Resina, Torre del See also:

• GRECO, EL

Greco, Torre dell' Annunziata, &c., and the classic sites of See also:

• HERCULANEUM

Herculaneum and Pompeii . At the south-east extremity of the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, 3 M. beyond the outlet of the Sarno, a See also:

• GREAT

great offshoot of the Apennines, branching from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main range near Cava, and projecting as a See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

peninsula more than 12 M. west, divides the Bay of Naples from the bay of See also:

• SALERNO (anc. Salernum)

Salerno (Sinus Paeslanus), and ends in the bold promontory of the Punta della Campanella (Promontorium Minervae), which is separated by a strait of 4 M. from Capri . On the north slope of this peninsula, where the plain ends and the coast abruptly bends to the west, stands the town of Castellammare, near the site of See also:

• STABIAE

Stabiae, at the See also:

• FOOT

foot of See also:

• MONTE

Monte Sant' Angelo, which rises suddenly from the sea to a height of 4722 ft . Farther west, and nearly opposite to Naples across the bay, are See also:

• VICE

Vice., See also:

• META

Meta, Sorrento, See also:

• MASSA

Massa and many villages . The north-west shore to the west of Naples is more broken and irregular . The promontory of Posilipo, which projects due south, divides this part of the bay into two smaller bays—the eastern, with the city of Naples, and the western, or Bay of Baiae, which is sheltered from all winds . A See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

tunnel through the promontory, 2244 ft. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, 21 ft. broad, and in some places as much as 70 ft. high, possibly constructed by See also:

• MARCUS

Marcus See also:

• AGRIPPA
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, I
• AGRIPPA, HEROD, II
• AGRIPPA, MARCUS VIPSANIUS

Agrippa in 27 B.C., forms the so-called grotto of Posilipo; at the Naples end stands the reputed See also:

• TOMB (Gr. Tuµ/3a, Tuµ(3os, probably allied to Lat. tumulus, literally a swelling, tumere, to swell)

tomb of See also:

• VIRGIL (PUBLIUS VERGILIUS MARC)
• VIRGIL, POLYDORE (c. 1470-1555)

Virgil . Beyond Posilipo is the small See also:

• ISLAND (O.E. ieg =isle, +land')

island of Nisida (Nesis) ; and at a See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance inland are the See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct craters of See also:

• SOLFATARA

Solfatara and Astroni and the See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake of See also:

• AGNANO, LAGO DI

Agnano . Farther west, on the coast, and provided with a convenient See also:

• HARBOUR (from M.E. hereberge, here, an army; cf. Ger. Heer and -beorg, protection or shelter. Other early forms in English were herberwe and haiborow, as seen in various place names, such as Market Harborough.. The French auberge, an inn, derived through

harbour, stands See also:

• POZZUOLI (anc. Puteoli, q.v.)

Pozzuoli (See also:

• PUTEOLI (mod. Pozzuoli, q.v.)

Puteoli), a city containing many See also:

• ROMAN

Roman remains, but now chiefly remarkable for the large See also:

• GUN

gun-See also:

• WORKS

works erected by Messrs See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong & Co.; and beyond it, See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the Bay of Baiae, are Monte Nuovo, a See also:

• HILL
• HILL (0. Eng. hyll; cf. Low Ger. hull, Mid. Dutch hul, allied to Lat. celsus, high, collis, hill, &c.)
• HILL, A
• HILL, AARON (1685-175o)
• HILL, AMBROSE POWELL
• HILL, DANIEL HARVEY (1821-1889)
• HILL, DAVID BENNETT (1843–1910)
• HILL, GEORGE BIRKBECK NORMAN (1835-1903)
• HILL, JAMES J
• HILL, JOHN (c. 1716-1775)
• HILL, MATTHEW DAVENPORT (1792-1872)
• HILL, OCTAVIA (1838– )
• HILL, ROWLAND (1744–1833)
• HILL, SIR ROWLAND (1795-1879)

hill thrown up in a single See also:

• NIGHT

night in See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1538; the' classic site of Baiae; the Lucrine Lake; Lake See also:

• AVERNUS

Avernus; the Lake of See also:

• FUSARO, LAGO

Fusaro (Acherusia Palus); the Elysian See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

Fields; and the port and promontory of See also:

• MISENUM

Misenum . Still farther to the south-west he the islands of See also:

• PROCIDA (Gr. Ilpoxi ro, Lat. Prochyta)

Procida (Prochyta) and Ischia (Pithecusa, Aenaria or Inarime), which See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Bay of Naples from the extensive Bay of See also:

• GAETA (anc. Caietae Portus)

Gaeta . All this country was comprised in classical times under the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the Phlegrean Fields, and was certainly then more actively volcanic than it now is, although the severe See also:

• SHOCK, or COLLAPSE

shock of See also:

• EARTHQUAKE

earthquake which occurred in the island of Ischia in 1883 completely destroyed Casamicciola, and did serious damage to Forio, Lacco Ameno and Serrara See also:

• FONTANA, DOMENICO (1543-1607)
• FONTANA, LAVINIA (1552-1614)
• FONTANA, PROSPERO (1512-1597)

Fontana, shows that there is great seismic activity in the locality . The whole region abounds with fissures from which See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam highly charged with hydrochloric See also:

• ACID (from the Lat. root ac-, sharp; acere, to be sour)

acid is continually issuing, and in many places boiling water is found at a very few feet below the See also:

• SURFACE

surface .

The city of Naples is built at the base and on the slopes of a . range of volcanic hills, and, rising from the shore like an See also:

• AMPHITHEATRE (Gr. 441, around, and O&arpov, a place for spectators)

amphitheatre, is seen to best See also:

• ADVANTAGE

advantage from the sea . From the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit occupied by the See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle of St Elmo a transverse See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge runs south to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the promontory of Pizzofalcone, and divides the city into two natural crescents . The western See also:

• CRESCENT (Lat. crescens, growing)

crescent, known as the Chiaja See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, though merely a long narrow See also:

• STRIP

strip between the sea and Vomero hill, is the fashionable See also:

• QUARTER (through Fr. from Lat. quartarius, fourth part)

quarter most frequented by See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign residents and visitors . A See also:

• FINE

fine broad See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street, the See also:

• RIVIERA

Riviera di Chiaja, begun in the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close of the 16th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century by See also:

• COUNT (Lat. comes, gen. comitis, Fr. comte, Ital. conte, Span. conde)

Count d'See also:

• OLIVARES, GASPAR DE GUZMAN

Olivares, and completed by the See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke de See also:

• MEDINA
• MEDINA, JOSE TORIBIO (1852- )

Medina Ceti (1695-1700), runs for a mile and a See also:

• HALF

half from east to west, ending in the quarter of Mergellina and Piedigrotta at the foot of the hill of Posilipo . In front See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie the See also:

• VILLA

Villa Communale (first called Reale and subsequently Nazionale) public gardens, the chief See also:

• PROMENADE

promenade of the city, which were first laid out in 1780, and have been successively extended in 1807, in 1834, and again in See also:

• RECENT

recent years; and the whole edge of the bay from the See also:

• CASTEL, LOUIS BERTRAND (1688-1757)

Castel dell' Ovo to Mergellina is lined by a massive See also:

• EMBANKMENT

embankment and See also:

• CARRIAGE

carriage-way, the Via See also:

• CARACCIOLO, FRANCESCO, PRINCE (1732-1799)

Caracciolo, constructed in 1875-1881 . The eastern crescent includes by far the largest as well as the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest portion of Naples—the ports, the See also:

• ARSENAL

arsenal, the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal churches, &c . The best-known thoroughfare is the historic See also:

• TOLEDO
• TOLEDO, COUNCILS OF (Concilia toletana)

Toledo (as it is still popularly called, though the See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official name is Via See also:

• ROMA

Roma) which runs almost due north from the Piazza (Largo) del Plebiscito in front of the Palazzo Reale, till, as Strada Nuova Di Capodimonte, See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the See also:

• PONTE (Ital. for " bridge ")

Ponte della Sanita (constructed by See also:

• MURAT, JOACHIM (1767—1815)

Murat across the valley between See also:

• SANTA

Santa Teresa and Capodimonte), it reaches the See also:

• GATES, HORATIO (1728-1806)

gates of the Capodimonte See also:

• PALACE (Lat. Palatium, the name given by Augustus to his residence on the Palatine Hill)

palace . A drive, the Corso See also:

• VITTORIO

Vittorio Emmanuele, winds along the slopes behind the city from the Str. di Piedigrotta (at the west end of the Riv. di Chiaja) till it reaches the museum by the Via Salvator See also:

• ROSA, CARL AUGUST NICHOLAS (1843-1889)
• ROSA, MONTE
• ROSA, SALVATOR (1615-1673)

Rosa . The See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the shore of the eastern crescent has been much altered by the new harbour works, which with the wharves and warehouses have absorbed the Villa del Popolo, or See also:

• PEOPLE

People's See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, originally constructed on See also:

• LAND

land reclaimed from the bay . The streets of Naples are generally well-paved with large blocks of See also:

• LAVA

lava or volcanic See also:

• BASALT

basalt . In the older districts there is a countless variety of narrow gloomy streets, many of them steep . The houses are mostly five or six storeys high, are covered with See also:

• STUCCO (Ital. stucco, adapted from O.H.G. stucchi, crust, piece, patch, Ger. Stuck, piece, allied to stock)

stucco made of a See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind of pozzolana which hardens by exposure, and have large balconies and flat See also:

• ROOFS

roofs .

The castle of S . Elmo (S . Ermo, S . See also:

• ERASMUS, DESIDERIUS (1466–1536)

Erasmus), which dominates the whole city, had its origin in a fort (Belforte) erected by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert the See also:

• WISE, HENRY ALEXANDER (1806-1876)
• WISE, ISAAC MAYER (1819-1900)

Wise in 1343 . The See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• BUILDING

building, with its See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock-hewn fosses and massive ramparts, was constructed by See also:

• DON
• DON (anc. Tanais)

Don Pedro de Toledo at the command of See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles V. in 1535, and was long considered practically impregnable . Damaged by See also:

• LIGHTNING

lightning in 18J7, it was afterwards restored, and is now a military See also:

• PRISON (derived through the Fr. from the Lat. prehensio, seizure)

prison . On a small island (I. del Salvatore, the Megaris of See also:

• PLINY, THE ELDER
• PLINY, THE YOUNGER

Pliny), now joined to the shore at the foot of the Pizzofalcone by an See also:

• ARCH
• ARCH, JOSEPH (1826– )

arch-supported See also:

• CAUSEWAY

causeway, stands the Castel dell' Ovo (so called from its shape, though See also:

• MEDIEVAL

medieval See also:

• LEGEND (through the French from the med. Lat. legenda, things to be read, from legere, to read)

legend associates the name with the enchanted See also:

• EGG (O.E. aeg, cf. Ger. Ei, Swed. aegg, and prob. Gr. u,ov, Lat. ovum)
• EGG, AUGUSTUS LEOPOLD (1816-1863)

egg on which the magician Virgil made the safety of the city to depend), which See also:

• DATES

dates from 1154 . The walls of its See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel were frescoed by See also:

• GIOTTO

Giotto; but the whole building was ruined by See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand II. in 1495, and had to be restored in the 16th century . Castel Nuovo, a very picturesque building constructed near the harbour in' 283 by Charles I. of See also:

• ANJOU

Anjou, contains between the round towers of its See also:

• FACADE

facade the triumphal arch erected in 1470 to See also:

• ALPHONSO

Alphonso I. and renovated in 1905 . It See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers among its See also:

• CHAMBERS (the Fr. chambre, from Lat. camera, a room)
• CHAMBERS, EPHRAIM (d. 1740)
• CHAMBERS, GEORGE (1803-1840)
• CHAMBERS, ROBERT (18oz-1871)
• CHAMBERS, SIR WILLIAM (1726-1796)

chambers the See also:

• GOTHIC

Gothic See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall of Giovanni See also:

• PISANO, A
• PISANO, ANDREA
• PISANO, GIOVANNI (c. 1250-1330)
• PISANO, NICCOLA (c. 1206-1278)
• PISANO, VITTORE (c. 1380-1456)

Pisano in which See also:

• CELESTINE (CAELESTINUS)
• CELESTINE, or CELESTITE

Celestine V. abdicated the papal dignity . Castel del See also:

• CARMINE

Carmine, founded by Ferdinand I. in 1484, was occupied by the populace in See also:

• MASANIELLO

Masaniello's insurrection, was used as a prison for the patriots of 1796, became municipal See also:

• PROPERTY

property in 1878, and is now a prison . The royal palace, begun in 160o by the Count de Lemos, from designs by Domenico Fontana, partly burned in 1837, and since repaired and enlarged by Ferdinand II., is an enormous building with a sea frontage of Boo ft. and a main facade J54 ft. long and 95 ft. high, exhibiting the Doric, Ionic and Composite orders in its three storeys .

The statues on the facade of the palace were erected by King See also:

• HUMBERT, RANIERI CARLO EMANUELE GIOVANNI MARIA FERDINANDO EUGENIO, KING OF ITALY (1844-1900)

Humbert I. in 1885, and represent the titular heads of the various dynasties which have reigned at Naples, beginning with Ruggiero the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman (1130); followed by See also:

• FREDERICK
• FREDERICK (Mod. Ger. Friedrich; Ital. Federigo; Fr. Frederic and Federic; M.H.G. Friderich; O.H.G. Fridurih, " king or lord of peace," from O.H.G. fridu, A.S. frith, " peace," and rfh " rich," " a ruler," for derivation of which see HENRY)

Frederick II. of Suabia (1197); Charles I. of Anjou (1266); Alfonso of See also:

• ARAGON, or ARRAGON (in Span. Aragon)

Aragon (1442); Charles V. of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain (1527); Charles III . (See also:

• BOURBON
• BOURBON, CHARLES, DUKE OF (149o-1527)

Bourbon) of Naples (1744); Gioacchino Murat (1808); and See also:

• VICTOR
• VICTOR, GAIUS JULIUS (4th cent. A.D.)
• VICTOR, SEXTUS AURELIUS

Victor See also:

• EMMANUEL, or IMMANUEL

Emmanuel II . (1861) . Naples is the see of a Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic archbishop, always a cardinal . The See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral has a See also:

• CHAPTER (a shortened form of chapiter, a word still used in architecture for a capital; derived from O. Fr. chapitre, Lat. capitellum, diminutive of caput, head)

chapter of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty canons, and of the numerous religious houses formerly existing very few have in whole or in part survived the suppression in 1868 . The city is divided into fifty parishes purely for ecclesiastical purposes, and there are 237 Roman Catholic churches and 57 chapels . Most of the churches are remarkable rather for richness in See also:

• INTERNAL

internal decoration than for architectural beauty . The cathedral of St See also:

• JANUARIUS, ST, or SAN GENNARO

Januarius, occupying the site of temples of See also:

• APOLLO (Gr. 'A2r6XXwv,'Airkkhwv)

Apollo and See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune, and still containing some of their See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite columns, was designed by Nicola Pisano, and erected between 1272 and 1316 . Owing to frequent restorations occasioned by earthquakes, it now presents an incongruous mixture of different styles . The See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general See also:

• PLAN
• PLAN (from Lat. planes, flat)

plan is that of a See also:

• BASILICA

basilica with a See also:

• NAVE

nave and two (Gothic vaulted) aisles separated by pilasters . The western facade is of See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble and was completed in 1906 . Beneath the high See also:

• ALTAR (Lat. altare, from alias, high; some ancient etymological guesses are recorded by St Isidore of Seville in Etymologiae xv. 4)

altar is a subterranean chapel containing the tomb of St Januarius (San Gennaro), the See also:

• PATRON

patron See also:

• SAINT (lat. sanctus, " holy ")

saint of the city; in the right See also:

• AISLE (from Lat. ala, a wing)

aisle there is a chapel (Cappella del Tesoro) built between 16o8 and 1637 in popular recognition of his having saved Naples in 1527 " from See also:

• FAMINE (Lat. fames, hunger)

famine, See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war, See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague and the See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire of Vesuvius "; and in a See also:

• SILVER

silver See also:

• TABERNACLE
• TABERNACLE (Lat. tabernaculum, a hut, tent)

tabernacle behind the high altar of this chapel are preserved the two phials partially filled with his See also:

• BLOOD

blood, the periodical liquefaction of which forms a prominent feature in the religious See also:

• LIFE

life of the city .

Accessible by a See also:

• DOOR (corresponding to the Gr. Bbpa,. Lat. fores or valvae; the English word, with other forms common in allied languages, comes from the same Indo-European stem as the Gr. Obpa and Lat. fares)

door in the See also:

• LEFT

left aisle of the cathedral is the See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of Sta Restituta, a basilica of the 7th century, and the original cathedral . Santa Chiara (14th century) is interesting for a See also:

• FRESCO (Ital. for cool, " fresh ")

fresco ascribed to Giotto (at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time there were many more), and monuments to Robert the Wise, his See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary of See also:

• VALOIS, COUNTS AND DUKES OF
• VALOIS, HENRI DE [VALESIUS] (1603-1676)

Valois and his daughter Mary, empress of Constantinople .. San Domenico See also:

• MAGGIORE, LAGO (Lacus Verbanus of the Romans; Fr. Lac Majeur; Ger. Langensee)

Maggiore, founded by Charles II. in 1285, but completely restored after 1445, has an effective interior particularly See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich in See also:

• RENAISSANCE, THE

Renaissance See also:

• SCULPTURE
• SCULPTURE (Lat. sculptura, from sculpere, to carve, cognate with Gr. yXb4ew)

sculpture . In the neighbouring monastery is shown the See also:

• CELL (from Lat. cella, probably from an Indo-European kal —seen in Lat. celare, to hide; another suggestion connects the word with Lat. cera, wax, taking the original meaning to refer to the honeycomb)

cell of See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• AQUINAS, THOMAS [Thomas of AQUIN or AQUINO], (c 1227--1274)

Aquinas . San Filippo See also:

• NERI, PHILIP (FILIppo DE) (1515-1595)

Neri or dei Gerolomini, erected in the close of the 16th century, has a See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white marble facade and two campaniles, and contains the tombstone of Giambattista See also:

• VICO, GIOVANNI BATTISTA (1668-1744)

Vico . Sta Maria del Parto, in the Chiaja, occupies the site of the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of See also:

• SANNAZARO, JACOPO (1458-1530)

Sannazaro, and is named after his poem De Partu Virginis . San See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco di See also:

• PAOLO (GIROLAMO GASPARE)5 (1532-1600)

Paolo, opposite the royal palace, is an See also:

• IMITATION (Lat. imitatio, from intitari, to imitate)

imitation of the See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

Pantheon at Rome by Pietro Bianchi di See also:

• LUGANO (Ger. Lauis)
• LUGANO, LAKE OF (also called CERESIO)

Lugano (1815-1837), and its See also:

• DOME (Lat domus, house; Ital. duomo, cathedral)

dome is one of the boldest in Europe . The church of the Certosa (Carthusian monastery) of San Martino, on the hill below St Elmo's castle, has now become in name, as so many of the churches are in reality, a museum . Dating from the 14th century, and restored by Fonsega in the 17th, it is a building of extraordinary richness of decoration, with paintings and sculpture by Guido Reni, Lanfranco, See also:

• CARAVAGGIO
• CARAVAGGIO, MICHELANGELO AMERIGHI (or MERIGI) DA (1569-1609)
• CARAVAGGIO, POLIDORO CALDARA DA (1495 or 1492-1543)

Caravaggio, D'See also:

• ARPINO (anc. Arpinum)

Arpino, Solimene, Luca See also:

• GIORDANO, LUCA (1632–1705)

Giordano and notably a " Descent from the See also:

• CROSS

Cross " by See also:

• RIBERA, GIUSEPPE (1588-1656)

Ribera, See also:

• CON

con-considered the finest See also:

• WORK

work of this See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master . The monastery has been transformed into a medieval museum, where many specimens illustrating the See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• HISTORY

history of Naples may be studied, and some fine specimens of See also:

• MAJOLICA

majolica from the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern provinces can be inspected . The view from the south-western See also:

• BALCONY (Ital. balcone from balco, scaffold; cf. O. H. Ger. balcho, beam, Mod. Ger. Balken, Eng. balk)

balcony is incomparable . The marble See also:

• CLOISTER (Lat. claustrum; Fr. cloitre; Ital. chiostro; Span. claustro; Ger. Kloster)

cloister by Fonsega, though rather flamboyant in character, is one of the finest of its kind in existence .

Other churches with interesting monuments are Sant' See also:

• ANNA
• ANNA (Hindustani ana)
• ANNA, BALDASARRE

Anna dei Lombardi, built in 1411 by Guerrello Origlia, which contains some splendid marble sculpture, especially Rosellino's " Nativity " in the Cappella See also:

• PICCOLOMINI
• PICCOLOMINI, OCTAVIO, PRINCE (1599-1656)

Piccolomini; Sant' Angelo a Nilo, which contains the tomb of Cardinal Brancaccio, the See also:

• JOINT (through Fr. from Lat. junctum, jungere, to join)

joint work of See also:

• DONATELLO (diminutive of Donato) (c. 1386-1466)

Donatello and Michelozzo; San Giovanni a Carbonara, built in 1344 and enlarged by King See also:

• LADISLAUS [I.]

Ladislaus in 1400, which contains among much other remarkable sculpture the tomb of the king, the masterpiece of See also:

• ANDREA, GIOVANNI (1275-1348)

Andrea Ciccione (1414), and that of Sergiami Caracciolo, the favourite of See also:

• JOANNA (1479-1555)

Joanna II., who was murdered in 1432 (the chapel in which it stands is paved with one of the earliest majolica pavements in Italy); San Lorenzo (1324), the Royal Church of the House of Anjou; and, for purely archaeological See also:

• INTEREST

interest, the Church of Sant' Aspreno, thought to be the oldest See also:

• CHRISTIAN
• CHRISTIAN, WILLIAM (1608-1663)

Christian church in Italy, in the See also:

• CRYPT (Lat. crypta, from the Gr. Kp&arrew, to hide)

crypt of the new Borsa or See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange . Persons interested in frescoes will admire those in the former monastery at the back of the church of S . Maria Donna See also:

• REGINA

Regina and those in the cloister of S . Severino and Sossio . A more ancient Christian See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument than any of the convents or churches is the catacombs, which extend a great distance underground and are in many respects finer than those at Rome . The entrance is at the Ospizio dei Poveri di San Gennaro (see Schulze's monograph, See also:

• JENA

Jena, 1877) . Of the See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular institutions in Naples none is more remarkable than the See also:

• NATIONAL

National Museum, formerly known as the Museo Borbonico . The building, begun in 1586 for vice-See also:

• REGAL

regal stables, and remodelled in 1615 for the university, was put to its present use in 1790, when Ferdinand IV. proclaimed it his private property independently of the See also:

• CROWN

crown, placed in it the See also:

• FARNESE
• FARNESE, ALEXANDER (1545-1592)
• FARNESE, ELIZABETH (1692-1766)

Farnese collection which he had inherited from his See also:

• FATHER

father, and all the specimens from Herculaneum, Pompeii, Stabiae, Puteoli, See also:

• PAESTUM (Gr.Iloveu3wvia; mod. Pesto)

Paestum, &c., which till then had been housed in the palace at Portici, and gave it the name of Real Museo Borbonico . In 1860 See also:

• GARIBALDI, GIUSEPPE (1807-1882)

Garibaldi, when See also:

• DICTATOR (from the Lat. dictare, frequentative of dicere, to speak)

dictator at Naples, proclaimed the museum and the territory devoted to excavation to be the property of the nation, since which time it has been called the National Museum . Vast numbers of specimens have since been added to it both by See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase and from excavations, and it is now unique as a treasure house of Italo-See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek and Roman antiquities, besides containing a fine library and an important collection of pictures . A large additional space for exhibits was made in 1904, when the western half of the second See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor was added, and the building as now arranged contains the large bronzes and statues on the ground floor; a See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery of Pompeian frescoes in the entresol; the library, picture galleryy and small bronzes on the first floor; and the See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• JEWELRY (O. Fr. jouel, Fr. joyau, perhaps from joie, joy; Lat. gaudium; retranslated into Low Lat. jocale, a toy, from jocus, by misapprehension of the origin of the word)

jewelry, arms, papyri, gems, and the unique collection of Italo-Greek vases, on the second floor . The large bronzes are almost the only ones which have survived from classical times, the most famous of them being the seated See also:

• MERCURY
• MERCURY (MERCU1uus)
• MERCURY (symbol Hg, atomic weight = 2oo)

Mercury and the dancing Faun; the See also:

• MARBLES

marbles reckon among their vast number the See also:

• PSYCHE (//vxi7)

Psyche, the Capuan See also:

• VENUS

Venus, the portraits of See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and See also:

• JULIUS

Julius See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar, as well as the huge See also:

• GROUP

group called the See also:

• TORO

Toro Farnese (See also:

• AMPHION

Amphion and Zethus tying See also:

• DIRCE

Dirce to its horns), the Farnese See also:

• HERCULES
• HERCULES (0. Lat. Hercoles, Hercles)

Hercules, the excellent though See also:

• LATE

late statues of the See also:

• BALBI, ADRIAN (1782-1848)

Balbi on horseback and a very fine collection of ancient portrait busts .

Modern Buildings.—The Galleria Umberto I. is a large cruciform See also:

• ARCADE

arcade opened in 1890 . It somewhat resembles the See also:

• MILAN
• MILAN (Ital. Milano, Ger. Mailand, anc. Mediolanum, q.v.)

Milan arcade, and has an octagon in the centre, with a See also:

• CUPOLA (Ital., from Lat. cupula, small cask or vault, cupa, tub)

cupola . It is highly ornamented with gilt and stucco . A See also:

• MUSIC

music-hall occupies the See also:

• BASEMENT

basement . The Galleria Principe di Napoli is in a smaller arcade opposite to the National Museum, mainly occupied by shops where reproductions from the museum are sold . The Galleria See also:

• VITTORIA

Vittoria, opened in 1907, is a circular building with handsome dome, situated near the main entrance of the Villa Communale . It is in great part occupied by offices and shops . The See also:

• ANGLICAN

Anglican church in Vico San Pasquale was built in 1862 on ground given to the See also:

• BRITISH

British community by Garibaldi when dictator, and was the first See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant church erected in Naples . Since the granting of religious See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty evangelical churches have been built by the Presbyterians, Wesleyans, See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French, Germans and Italians . A Greek church and a Jewish See also:

• SYNAGOGUE (avvaywyii)
• SYNAGOGUE, UNITED

synagogue have also been opened . The Borsa (or exchange) is a fine building in the Piazza of the same name, built over the remains of the very ancient church of Sant' Aspreno, which are still preserved in the crypt . In front of it is the fine 16th-century Fontana Medina .

Educational and Learned Institutions.—The university of Naples is one of the oldest in Italy, having been founded by Frederick II. in the first half of the 13th century . It had fallen to insignificance under the Bourbons, but since 186o it has rapidly recovered . It comprises five faculties (literature and See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy, See also:

• JURISPRUDENCE (Lat. jurisprudenlia, knowledge of law, from jus, right, and prudentia, from providere, to foresee)
• JURISPRUDENCE, COMPARATIVE

jurisprudence, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics, natural See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science and See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine), and is well equipped with zoological, mineralogical and See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological museums, a physiological See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute, a See also:

• CABINET

cabinet of See also:

• ANTHROPOLOGY (Gr. avOpw1ror man, and Xoyos, theory or science)

anthropology, and botanical gardens . Originally erected in 1557 for the use of the See also:

• JESUITS

Jesuits, the university buildings are regarded as the best work o Marco di Pino; the quadrangle, surrounded by a See also:

• SIMPLE

simple but effective See also:

• PERISTYLE (Gr. wept, round, and oriaos, column)

peristyle, contains statues of Pietro della Vigna (Frederick's See also: