FRANCISCO MANOEL DE See also:

• FRANCISCO MANOEL DE NASCIMENTO (1734-1819)

NASCIMENTO (1734-1819)  , Portuguese poet, better known by the See also:

• LITERARY

literary name of Filinto Elysio, bestowed on him by the Marqueza de Alorna, was the reputed son of a See also:

• LISBON (Lisboa)

Lisbon See also:

• BOAT (0. Eng. bdt; the true etymological connexion with Dutch and Ger. boot, Fr. bateau, Ital. battello presents great difficulties; Celtic forms are from O. Eng.)

boat-owner . In his See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early years he acquired a love of See also:

• NATIONAL

national customs and traditions which his humanist See also:

• EDUCATION

education never obliterated, while, in addition, he learnt to know the whole range of popular literature (litteratura de cordel)—songs, comedies, knightly stories and See also:

• FAIRY (Fr. fee, faerie; Prov. facia; Sp. hada; Ital. fata; med. Lat. fatare, to enchant, from Lat. fatum, fate, destiny)

fairy tales, which were then printed in loose sheets (folhas volantes) and sold by the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind in the streets of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital . These circumstances explain the richness of his vocabulary, and joined to an ardent patriotism they fitted him to become the See also:

• HERALD (O. Fr. heraut, herault; the origin is uncertain, but O.H.G. heren, to call, or hariwald, leader of an army, have been proposed; the Gr. equivalent is Kddpvi : Lat. praeco, caduceator, fetialis)

herald of the literary revival known as Romanticism, which was inaugurated by his distinguished follower See also:

• ALMEIDA
• ALMEIDA, DOM FRANCISCO DE (c. 1450-1510)

Almeida See also:

• GARRETT, JOAO BAPTISTA DA SILVA LEITAO DE ALMEIDA, VISCONDE DE

Garrett . See also:

• NASCIMENTO, FRANCISCO MANOEL DE (1734-1819)

Nascimento began to write verses at the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age of fourteen . He was ordained a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest in 1754, and shortly afterwards became treasurer of the Chagas See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Lisbon . He led a retired See also:

• LIFE

life, and devoted his See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to the study of the Latin See also:

• CLASSICS

classics, especially See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace, and to the society of literary See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends, among whom were numbered some cultivated See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign merchants . These men nourished the See also:

• COMMON

common ambition to restore See also:

• CAMOENS [CAMOES], LUIS VAZ DE (1524-1580)

Camoens, then See also:

• HALF

half forgotten, to his rightful See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place as the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king of the Portuguese See also:

• PARNASSUS (mod. Likkoura or Likeri)

Parnassus, and they See also:

• PRO

pro-claimed the cult of the Quinhentistas, regarding them as the best poetical See also:

• MODELS

models, while in See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy they accepted the teaching of the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French Encyclopaedists . Nascimento's first publication was a version of one of See also:

• METASTASIO (1698-1782)

Metastasio's operas, and his early See also:

• WORK

work consisted mainly of See also:

• TRANSLATIONS

translations . Though of small See also:

• VOLUME

volume and merit, it sufficed to arouse the See also:

• JEALOUSY (adapted from Fr. jalousie, formed from jaloux, jealous, Low Lat. zelosus, Gr. j'i os, ardour, zeal, from the root seen in '&u', to boil, ferment; cf. " yeast ")

jealousy of his See also:

• BROTHER

brother bards . At this time the See also:

• ARCADIA

Arcadia was working to restore See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste and purify the See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language of gallicisms, but the members of this society forgot the traditions of their own See also:

• LAND

land in their See also:

• DESIRE

desire to imitate the classics . Nascimento and other writers who did not belong to the Arcadia, formed themselves into a See also:

• RIVAL

rival See also:

• GROUP

group, which met at the See also:

• RIBEIRA

Ribeira das Naos, and the two bodies attacked one another in See also:

• RHYME

rhyme without See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint, until the " See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war of the poets," as it was called, ended with the collapse of the Arcadia . Nascimento now conceived a strong but platonic See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for D .

Maria de Almeida, afterwards Condessa da Ribeira, See also:

• SISTER

sister of the famous poetess the Marqueza de Alorna . This See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

lady sang the chansonnettes he wrote for her, and their poetical intercourse See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew from him some lyrics of profound emotion . This was the happiest See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch of his life, but it did not last See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long . The See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession of D . Maria I. inaugurated an era of reaction against the spirit and reforms of See also:

• POMBAL, SEBASTIAO JOSE DE CARVALHO E MELLO, MARQUESS OF (1699-1782)

Pombal, and religious succeeded to See also:

• POLITICAL

political intolerance . In See also:

• JUNE

June 1778 Nascimento was denounced to the See also:

• INQUISITION, THE (Lat. inquisitio, an inquiry)

Inquisition on the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of having given vent to heterodox opinions and read " the See also:

• WORKS

works of See also:

• MODERN

modern philosophers who follow natural See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason." The tribunal held a See also:

• SECRET (Lat. secretum, hidden, concealed)

secret inquiry, and without giving him an opportunity of See also:

• DEFENCE
• DEFENCE (Lat. defendere, to defend)

defence issued an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order for his See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest, which was to take place early in the See also:

• MORNING

morning of the 14th of See also:

• JULY

July . He had received a warning, and succeeded in escaping to the See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house of a French See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant, Verdier, where he See also:

• LAY

lay hid for eleven days, at the end of which his friend the Marquez de Marialva put him on See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board a French See also:

• SHIP

ship which carried him to See also:

• HAVRE
• HAVRE, LE

Havre . Nascimento took up his See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, and his first years there passed pleasantly enough . Soon, however, his circumstances changed for the worse . He received the See also:

• NEWS

news of the See also:

• CONFISCATION (from Lat. confiscare, to consign to the fiscus, or imperial treasury)

confiscation of his See also:

• PROPERTY

property by the Inquisition; and though he strove to support himself by teaching and See also:

• WRITING
• WRITING (the verbal noun of " to write," O. Eng. writan, to inscribe)

writing he could hardly make both ends meet . In 1792 his admirer See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio de Araujo, afterwards See also:

• CONDE
• CONDE, LOUIS DE BOURBON, PRINCE
• CONDE, LOUIS II
• CONDE, PRINCES OF

Conde de See also:

• BARCA (mod. Merj)

Barca, then Portuguese See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister to See also:

• HOLLAND
• HOLLAND, CHARLES (1733–1769)
• HOLLAND, COUNTY AND PROVINCE OF
• HOLLAND, HENRY FOX, 1ST BARON (1705–1774)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICH, 1ST EARL OF (1S9o-,649)
• HOLLAND, HENRY RICHARD VASSALL FOX, 3RD
• HOLLAND, JOSIAH GILBERT (1819-1881)
• HOLLAND, PHILEMON (1552-1637)
• HOLLAND, RICHARD, or RICHARD DE HOLANDE (fl. 1450)
• HOLLAND, SIR HENRY, BART

Holland, offered the poet the hospitality of his house at the See also:

• HAGUE, THE (in Dutch, 's Gravenhage, or, abbreviated, den Haag; in Fr. La Haye; and in Late Lat. Haga Comitis)

Hague, but neither the See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, the See also:

• PEOPLE

people, nor the language were congenial, and when his See also:

• HOST

host went to Paris on a See also:

• DIPLOMATIC

diplomatic See also:

• MISSION

mission in 1797 Nascimento accompanied him, and spent the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of his life in and near the French capital . He retained to the end an intense love of country, which made him wish to See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

die in See also:

• PORTUGAL

Portugal, and in 1796 a royal See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree permitting his return there and ordering the restoration of his goods was issued, but delays occurred in its See also:

• EXECUTION (from Lat. ex-sequor, exsecutus, follow or carry out)

execution, and the See also:

• FLIGHT

flight of the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court to the Brazils as a result of the French invasion finally dashed his hopes .

Before this the Conde de Barca had obtained him a See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

commission from the Portuguese See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government to translate the De See also:

• REBUS (Lat. rebus, " by things ")

Rebus Emanuelis of See also:

• OSORIO, JERONYMO (1506-1580)

Osorio; the assistance of some See also:

• FELLOW

fellow-countrymen in Paris carried him through his last years, which were cheered by the friendship of his biographer and translator See also:

• ALEXANDRE, NOEL (NATALIS ALEXANDER) (1639-1724)

Alexandre Sane and of the Lusophil See also:

• FERDINAND
• FERDINAND (1577-1650)
• FERDINAND (COLOGNE)
• FERDINAND (Span. Fernando or Hernando; Ital. Ferdinando or Ferrante; in O. H. Ger. Herinand, i.e. " brave in the host," from O. H. G. Heri, "army," A. S. here, Mod. Ger. Heer, and the Goth. nan]jan, " to dare ")
• FERDINAND, MAXIMILIAN KARL LEOPOLD MARIA

Ferdinand See also:

• DENIS (DIoNysms), SAINT
• DENIS, JOHANN NEPOMUK COSMAS MICHAEL (1729-1800)

Denis . Lamartine addressed an See also:

• ODE (Gr. uiSri, from aei&ew, to sing)

ode to him; he enjoyed the esteem of See also:

• CHATEAUBRIAND, FRANCOIS RENE, VICOMTE DE (1768–1848)

Chateaubriand; and his admirers at See also:

• HOME
• HOME, DANIEL DUNGLAS (1833-1886)
• HOME, EARLS OF

home, who imitated him extensively, were called after him Os Filintistas . See also:

• EXILE (Lat. exsilium or exilium, from exsul or exul, which is derived from ex, out of, and the root sal, to go, seen in salire, to leap, consul, &c.; the connexion with solum, soil, country is now generally considered wrong)

Exile and suffering had enlarged his ideas and given him a senseof reality, making his best poems those he wrote between the ages of seventy and eighty-five, and when he passed away, it was recognized that Portugal had lost her foremost contemporary poet . Garrett declared that Nascimento was See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth an See also:

• ACADEMY, GREEK
• ACADEMY, ROYAL

academy in himself by his knowledge of the language, adding that no poet since Camoens had rendered it such valuable services; but his truest See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title to fame is that he brought literature once more into See also:

• TOUCH (derived through Fr. toucher from a common Teutonic and Indo-Germanic root, cf. " tug," " tuck," O. H. Ger. zucchen, to twitch or draw)

touch with the life of the nation . By his life, as by his works, Nascimento links the 18th and 19th centuries, the Neo-Classical See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period with Romanticism . See also:

• WIELAND, CHRISTOPH MARTIN (1733-1813)

Wieland's See also:

• OBERON (Fr. Alberon, Auberon, Ger. Alberich, i.e. rich, Goth. reiks, " ruler "—cf. Lat. rex—and O.H. and M.H. Ger. pl. elbi, elbe, " elves," pl. alp)

Oberon and Chateaubriand's Martyrs opened a new See also:

• WORLD

world to him, and his contos or scenes of Portuguese life have a real romantic flavour; they are the most natural of his compositions, though his See also:

• NOBLE, SIR ANDREW (1832- )

noble patriotic odes—those " To See also:

• NEPTUNE
• NEPTUNE (Lat. NEPTUNUS)

Neptune speaking to the Portuguese " and " To the See also:

• LIBERTY (Lat. libertas, from liber, free)

liberty and See also:

• INDEPENDENCE
• INDEPENDENCE, DECLARATION OF
• INDEPENDENCE, WAR OF

independence of the See also:

• UNITED

United States "—are the most quoted and admired . On leaving Portugal, he abandoned the use of rhyme as cramping freedom of thought and expression; nevertheless his highly polished verses are generally robust to hardness and overdone with archaisms . His translations from Latin, French and See also:

• ITALIAN

Italian, are accurate though harsh, and his renderings of See also:

• RACINE
• RACINE, JEAN (1639-1699)
• RACINE, LOUIS (1692-1763)

Racine and the Fables of See also:

• LAFONTAINE, SIR LOUIS HIPPOLYTE, BART

Lafontaine entirely lack the simplicity and See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

grace of the originals . But Nascimento's See also:

• BLANK (from the Fr. blanc, white)

blank See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Martyrs is in many ways See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior to Chateaubriand's See also:

• PROSE

prose . (E .