See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

JAMES See also:

• NASMYTH, ALEXANDER (1758-1840)
• JAMES NASMYTH (1808-1890)

NASMYTH (1808-1890)  , Scottish engineer, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh on the 19th of See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August 1808, and was the youngest son of See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander See also:

• NASMYTH, ALEXANDER (1758-1840)
• NASMYTH, JAMES (1808-1890)

Nasmyth, the "See also:

• FATHER

father of Scottish landscape See also:

• ART

art." He was sent to school in his native See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city, and then attended classes in See also:

• CHEMISTRY
• CHEMISTRY (formerly "chymistry"; Gr. xvµela; for derivation see ALCHEMY)

chemistry, See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics and natural See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

philosophy at the university . From an See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age he showed See also:

• GREAT

great fondness for See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical pursuits, and the skill he attained in the See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical use of tools enabled him to make See also:

• MODELS

models of engines, &c:, which found a ready See also:

• SALE
• SALE, GEORGE (c. 1697-1736)
• SALE, SIR ROBERT HENRY (1782—1845)

sale . In 1829 he obtained a position in See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry Maudslay's See also:

• WORKS

works in See also:

• LONDON

London, where he stayed two years, and then, in 1834, started business on his own See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account in See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester . The beginnings were small, but they quickly See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and in a few years he was at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the prosperous See also:

• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS EGERTON, 3RP DUKE OF (1736-1803)
• BRIDGEWATER, FRANCIS HENRY EGERTON

Bridgewater foundry at Patricroft, from which he was able to retire in 1856 with a See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune . The invention of the See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam-See also:

• HAMMER, FRIEDRICH JULIUS (1810-1862)

hammer, with which his name is associated, was actually made in 1839, a See also:

• DRAWING

drawing of the See also:

• DEVICE

device appearing in his See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-See also:

• BOOK

book, or " See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme-book;" as he called it, with the date 24th See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November of that See also:

• YEAR

year . It was designed to meet the difficulty experienced by the builders of the Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain steamship in finding a See also:

• FIRM

firm that would under-take to forge the large See also:

• PADDLE

paddle-See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft required for that See also:

• VESSEL (O. Fr. vaissel, from a rare Lat. vascellum, dim. of vas, vase, urn)

vessel, but no See also:

• MACHINE
• MACHINE (through Fr. from Lat. form machina of Gr. µnxavil)

machine of the See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind was constructed till 1842 . In that year Nasmyth discovered one in Schneiders' Creuzot works, and he found that the See also:

• DESIGN (Fr. desiin, drawing; Lat. designare, to mark out)

design was his own and had been copied from his " scheme-book." His See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title, therefore, to be called the inventor of the steam-hammer holds See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good against the claims sometimes advanced in favour of the Schneiders, though apparently he was anticipated in the See also:

• IDEA (Gr. Ibia, connected with i&eiv, to see; cf. Lat. species from specere, to look at)

idea by See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James See also:

• WATT, JAMES (1736-1819)

Watt . Nasmyth did much for the improvement of machine-tools, and his inventive See also:

• GENIUS (from Lat. genere, gignere)

genius devised many new appliances—a planing-machine (" Nasmyth steam-See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm "), a See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut-shaping machine, steam See also:

• PILE

pile-See also:

• DRIVER, SAMUEL ROLLES (1846– )

driver, See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic machinery for various purposes, &c . In his retirement he lived at See also:

• PENSHURST

Penshurst in See also:

• KENT
• KENT, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• KENT, JAMES (1763-1847)
• KENT, WILLIAM (1685-1748)

Kent, and amused himself with the study of See also:

• ASTRONOMY (from Gr. &arpov, a star, and v ,usiv, to classify or arrange)

astronomy, and especially of the See also:

• MOON (a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Mond, Du. maan, Dan. maane, &c., and cognate with such Indo-Germanic forms as Gr. µlip, Sans. ma's, Irish mi, &c.; Lat. uses luna, i.e. lucna, the shining one, lucere, to shine, for the moon, but preserves the word i
• MOON, SIR RICHARD, 1ST BARONET (1814-1899)

moon, on which he published a See also:

• WORK

work, The Moon considered as a See also:

• PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

Planet, a See also:

• WORLD

World and a See also:

• SATELLITE (from the Lat. satelles, an attendant)

Satellite, in See also:

• CONJUNCTION (from Lat. conjungere, to join together)

conjunction with James See also:

• CARPENTER, LANT (1780-1840)
• CARPENTER, MIRY (1807-1877)
• CARPENTER, WILLIAM BENJAMIN (1813-1885)

Carpenter in 1874 . He died in London on the 7th of May 18go . His Autobiography, edited by Dr See also:

• SAMUEL

Samuel See also:

• SMILES, SAMUEL (1812-1904)

Smiles, was published in 1883 . NASR-ED-DIN [NAg1Ru'n-DIN] (1829-1896), shah of See also:

• PERSIA

Persia, was born on the 4th of See also:

• APRIL

April 1829 .

His See also:

• MOTHER

mother, a capable princess of the Kajar See also:

• FAMILY

family, persuaded Shah Mahommed, his father, to appoint him See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir apparent, in preference to his See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder See also:

• BROTHERS, RICHARD (1757-1824)

brothers: and he was accordingly made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of See also:

• AZERBAIJAN (also spelt ADERBIJAN; the Azerbadegan of medieval writers, the Athro patakan and Atropatene of the ancients)

Azerbaijan . His See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession to the See also:

• THRONE

throne, 13th See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1848, was vigorously disputed, especially by the followers of the reformer El Bab, upon whom he wreaked terrible vengeance . In 1855 he re-established friendly relations with See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and coming under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia, signed a treaty of amity on the 17th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December with that See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power, but remained neutral during the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war . In 1856 he seized See also:

• HERAT

Herat, but a See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army under See also:

• OUTRAM, SIR JAMES (1803—1863)

Outram landed in the See also:

• PERSIAN
• PERSIAN, SYRIAN, EGYPTIAN AND TURKISH

Persian Gulf, defeated his forces and compelled him to evacuate the territory . The treaty of See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace was signed at See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, on the 4th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1857, and to the end of his reign he treated Great Britain and Russia with equal friend-See also:

• SHIP

ship . In 1866 the shah authorized the passage of the See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India through his dominions and reminted his currency in the See also:

• EUROPEAN

European See also:

• FASHION (adapted from Fr. facon, agon, Lat. factio, making, facere, to do or make)

fashion . In 1873, and again in 1889, he visited See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England in the course of his three sumptuous journeys to See also:

• EUROPE

Europe, 1873,1878,1889 . The only results of his contact with Western See also:

• CIVILIZATION

civilization appear to have been the See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation of religious See also:

• TOLERATION (from Lat. tolerare, to endure)

toleration, the institution of a postal service, See also:

• ACCESSION (from Lat. accedere, to go to, to approach)

accession to the postal See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a See also:

• BANK

bank . He gave the See also:

• MONOPOLY (Gr. govomeXla or govoircaXwv, exclusive sale, from govds, alone, and irwXeiv, to sell)

monopoly of See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco to a private See also:

• COMPANY

company, but was soon compelled to withdraw it ii; deference to the resistance of his subjects . Abstemious in habits, and devoted to See also:

• MUSIC

music and See also:

• POETRY

poetry, he was a cultured, able and well-meaning ruler, and his reign, already unusually See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long for an Eastern potentate, might have lasted still longer had it not been for the unpopular sale of the tobacco monopoly, which was probably a See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in his assassination at See also:

• TEHERAN
• TEHERAN (more properly TEHRAN)

Teheran on the 1st of May 1896 by a member of the Babi See also:

• FACTION (through the French, from Lat. factio, a company of persons combined for action, facere, to do; from the other French derivative facon comes " fashion ")

faction . He was succeeded by his son Muzaffar-ed-din .