See also:

• NATIONAL

NATIONAL WORKSHOPS (Fr. Ateliers Nationaux)  , the See also:

• TERM

term applied to the workshops established to provide See also:

• WORK

work for the unemployed by the See also:

• FRENCH
• FRENCH, DANIEL CHESTER (1850– )
• FRENCH, NICHOLAS (1604-1678)

French provisional See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government after the revolution of 1848.1 The See also:

• POLITICAL

political crisis which resulted in the See also:

• ABDICATION (Lat. abdicatio, disowning, renouncing, from ab, from, and dicare, to declare, to proclaim as not belonging to one)

abdication of See also:

• LOUIS
• LOUIS (804–876)
• LOUIS (893–911)
• LOUIS, JOSEPH DOMINIQUE, BARON (1755-1837)
• LOUIS, or LEWIS (from the Frankish Chlodowich, Chlodwig, Latinized as Chlodowius, Lodhuwicus, Lodhuvicus, whence-in the Strassburg oath of 842-0. Fr. Lodhuwigs, then Chlovis, Loys and later Louis, whence Span. Luiz and—through the Angevin kings—Hungarian

Louis Philippe was naturally followed, in See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, by an acute See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial crisis, and this, following the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general agricultural and commercial See also:

• DISTRESS

distress which had prevailed through-out 1847, rendered the problem of See also:

• UNEMPLOYMENT

unemployment in Paris very acute . The provisional government under the See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence of one of its members, Louis See also:

• BLANC, (JEAN JOSEPH CHARLES) LOUIS (1811-1882)
• BLANC, MONT

Blanc, and on the demand of a deputation claiming to represent the See also:

• PEOPLE

people passed a See also:

• DECREE (from the past participle, decretus, of Lat. decernere)

decree (Feb . 25, 1848) from which the following is an See also:

• EXTRACT (from Lat. extrahere, to draw out)

extract: The provisional government of the French See also:

• REPUBLIC (Lat. respublica, a commonweal or common-wealth)

Republic undertakes to See also:

• GUARANTEE (sometimes spelt " guarantie " or " guaranty "; an O. Fr. form of " warrant," from the Teutonic word which appears in German as wahren, to defend or make safe and binding)

guarantee the existence of the workmen by work . It undertakes to guarantee work for every See also:

• CITIZEN (a form corrupted in Eng., apparently by analogy with " denizen," from O. Fr. citeain, mod. Fr. citoyen)

citizen . For the carrying out of this decree, Louis Blanc wanted the formation of a See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry of labour, but this was shelved by his colleagues, who as a See also:

• COMPROMISE (pronounced compromize; through Fr. from Lat. compromittere)

compromise appointed a government labour See also:

• COMMISSION (from Lat. commissio, committere)

Commission, under the See also:

• PRESIDENCY

presidency of Louis Blanc, with See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power of inquiry and consultation only . The carrying out of the decree of Feb . 25th was entrusted to the See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister of public See also:

• WORKS

works, M . See also:

• MARIE

Marie, and various public works 2 were immediately started . The earlier stages of the See also:

• NATIONAL

national works are sufficiently interesting to justify the following detailed See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account: " The workman first of all obtained a certificate from the landlord of his See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house, or furnished apartments, showing his address, whether in Paris or the See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department of the See also:

• SEINE
• SEINE (Lat. Sequana)
• SEINE, or SEAN (O. Fr. seigne, mod. seine, Lat. sagena, Gr. vaytivrl, a draw-net)

Seine . This certificate was vised and stamped by the See also:

• POLICE (Fr. police, government, civil administration, a police force, Gr. sroXumeia, constitution, condition of a state, roars, city, state)

police See also:

• COMMISSARY (from Med. Lat. commissaries, one to whom a charge or trust is committed)

commissary of the See also:

• DISTRICT

district . The work-See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man then repaired to the See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of the moire of his See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward, and, on delivering this document, received in See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note of See also:

• ADMISSION

admission to the national works, bearing his name, See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence and calling, and enabling him to be received by the director of the workplaces in which vacancies existed . All went well while the number of the unemployed was less than 6000, but as soon as that number was exceeded the workmen of each See also:

• ARRONDISSEMENT (from arrondir, to make round)

arrondissement, after having visited all the open works in See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession without result, returned to their maire's offices tired, starving and discontented .

The workmen had been promised See also:

• BREAD

bread when work was not to be had, which was See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason-able and charitable the See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• MISTAKE (i.e. take amiss)

mistake was, however, then committed of giving them See also:

• MONEY

money, and distributing it in public at the offices of the maires instead of distributing assistance in See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind, which might have been done so easily through the agency of the bureaux de bienfaisance . Each maire's office was authorized to pay every unemployed workman 1.50 frs. per See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day on See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production of a See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket showing that there was no vacancy for him in the national works . The fixed sum of 2 francs was paid to any workman engaged on the public excavation work, without regard to his See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, the work done or his calling . . . The workman made the following See also:

• SIMPLE

simple calculation, and he made it aloud: ` The See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state gives me 30 sous for doing nothing, it pays me 40 sous when I work, so I need only work to the extent of 10 sous.' This was logical ... . " The works opened by the minister of public works being far distant from each other, and the workmen not being able to visit them all in turn to make certain that there were no vacancies for them, two central bureaux were established, one at the See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle-aux-Veaux under M . Wissocq, the other near the maire's office in the 1 The term is also incorrectly applied to the proposed ateliers sociaux of Louis Blanc (q.v.), state-supported co-operative productive See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies . 2 Clearing the See also:

• TRENCH, RICHARD CHENEVIX (1807-1886)

trench of Clamart and conveying the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth to Paris for the construction of a railway station on the chemin de fer de 1'Ouest; construction of the Paris See also:

• TERMINUS

terminus of the Paris-See also:

• CHARTRES

Chartres railway; improvement of the See also:

• NAVIGATION (from Lat. navis, ship, and agere, to move)

navigation of the See also:

• OISE

Oise' See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension of the Sceaux railway to Orsay . 5th arrondissement in the See also:

• RUE (Fr. rue, Lat. ruta, from Gr. pur)

Rue de Bondy, entrusted to M . Higonnet . . The workmen went to have their tickets examined at one of these bureaux; and the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of employment having been proved, they returned to get their 30 sous at their maires' offices." 1 Owing to the increase in the number of those claiming work or See also:

• RELIEF

relief, disorganization set in, and both the bureaux and the maires became the centres of disturbances, those in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the )ffices being unable to See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control the crowds . As a consequence M .

Marie commissioned Emile See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas, a chemist connected with the Ecole Centrale to reorganize the works . When Thomas took the work in See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand on the 5th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March, the number of unemployed had increased to 14,000 in addition to some 4000 or 5000 employed on public works, and it was steadily on the increase . On the 16th of March the daily pay of the workmen who were not working was reduced to 1 See also:

• FRANC

franc; work was guaranteed for at least every other day, in which See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the pay was to be 2 francs for the day . The possible usefulness of this See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order was stultified by the near approach of the elections, the moderate and extreme sections both trying to exploit the dissatisfied workmen . Private See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry, too, was paralysed, the workpeople for the most See also:

• PART

part preferring 1 franc a day and idleness, with the possibility of future benefits . Thomas, See also:

• LEFT

left practically to his own resources, endeavoured to organize some See also:

• SPECIAL

special workshops where artisans could be employed at their own trades; but it was found almost impossible to persuade them to do serious work, as they knew that many of their See also:

• FELLOWS, SIR CHARLES (1799-1860)

fellows were being paid for loafing . On the 19th of May the number enrolled had increased to 87,942 . The National See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly had in the meanwhile been elected, and met on the 4th of May . The Executive Commission was elected a few days later; Louis Blanc was excluded, but all the other members of the provisional government were on it . Blanc renewed his See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion for a ministry of labour; this was rejected . On the 15th the See also:

• MOB

mob invaded the Assembly, and from that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the government See also:

• ABATED

abated their socialist tendencies, and See also:

• CAST (from the verb meaning " to throw "; the word is Scand. in origin, cf. Dan. kaste, and Swed. kasta; " cast " in Middle Eng. took the place of the A.S. weor pan, cf. Ger. werf en)

cast about for means to put an end to what had become a serious danger to the state as well as an exhausting drain on the See also:

• TREASURY

treasury . On the 24th of May Thomas received instructions to dismiss all unmarried men under 25 years of age who would not enlist in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army, all men who could not prove six months' residence in Paris, and all who refused offers of private employment .

Piece-work was to be established instead of time-work, and men were to be prepared to be drafted into the provinces . Thomas foretold trouble as a consequence of the order, and it was for a time withdrawn . On the 26th of May Thomas was superseded by M . Lalanne, and on the 3oth the National Assembly decreed the substitution of piece-work for time-work . On the loth of See also:

• JUNE

June the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder of the proposals were approved, and the sequel was the insurrection of the 23rd of June and following days (see FRENCH See also:

• HISTORY

HISTORY) . How far the real socialistic See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of Louis Blanc would have been successful if it had been put in practice must remain a See also:

• MATTER

matter of See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . It was entered upon hastily, without any organization, was looked upon coldly by those servants of the government who ought to have assisted it, and, in the circumstances, was foredoomed to failure from the start .