See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the See also:

• COMMON

common word was heals; cf. Ger. See also:

• HALS, FRANS (158o?–1666)

Hals)  , that See also:

• PART

part of the See also:

• BODY

body which connects the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head with the See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk (see See also:

• ANATOMY
• ANATOMY (Gr. avaroyil, from ava-silo c', to cut up)

ANATOMY: Superficial and See also:

• ARTISTIC

Artistic) . The word is transferred to many See also:

• OBJECTS

objects resembling this part of the body in shape or See also:

• FUNCTION

function; it is thus applied to an See also:

• ISTHMUS (Gr.io0pbs, neck)

isthmus, or to the narrowest portion of a promontory, to the narrow part of a musical stringed See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument connecting the head and body, as in the See also:

• VIOLIN

violin, or to a narrow pass between mountains, which in the Dutch See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form nek, appears in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place-names in See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa . In See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture, the " See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck " is that part of the See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital just above the " See also:

• ASTRAGAL (from the Gr. ao-rpbyaXos, the ankle-joint)

astragal," and the See also:

• TERM

term " necking " is applied to the annulet or See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round, or See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• HORIZONTAL

horizontal See also:

• MOULDINGS

mouldings, which separates the capital of a See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column from the See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain part or a See also:

• SHAFT
• SHAFT (O. Eng., sceaft, from scafan, to shave; the word is common to Teutonic languages)

shaft . In Romanesque See also:

• WORK

work this is sometimes corded . In See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

Geology, the term " neck " is given to the denuded stump of an See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct See also:

• VOLCANO

volcano . Beneath every volcano there are passages of conduits up which the volcanic materials were forced, and after the See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass has been levelled by denudation there is always a more or less circular See also:

• PIPE

pipe which marks the site of the See also:

• CRATER

crater . This pipe, which is filled with consolidated ashes or with crystalline See also:

• LAVA

lava, is the characteristic of a volcanic neck . Active volcanoes often stand on the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea-bottom and when the eruption comes to an end the volcano is slowly buried under layers of sediment . In tropical seas the See also:

• CORAL

coral animals See also:

• COVER (from the Fr. convert, from couvrir, to cover, Lat. cooperire)

cover over the submarine volcanoes which rise nearly to the See also:

• SURFACE

surface and form See also:

• GREAT

great reefs of See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone around them . Should See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation take place after See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long ages the removal of the overlying strata will bring the volcanic mass to See also:

• LIGHT

light, and in the normal course of things this will suffer denudation exactly like a See also:

• RECENT

recent volcano . Many instances of this are furnished by the See also:

• GEOLOGICAL

geological See also:

• HISTORY

history of the See also:

• BRITISH

British Isles . In Carboniferous times, for example, before the See also:

• COAL

Coal-See also:

• MEASURES

measures were deposited, a shallow sea occupied the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern part of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England .

Volcanic activity See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out on the sea-bottom, and many volcanic cones, both small and large, were produced . These have long since been uplifted and the superjacent strata denuded away over a large part of the See also:

• AREA

area which they occupied . In See also:

• DERBYSHIRE

Derbyshire, See also:

• FIFE
• FIFE (Fr. fifre; Med. Ger. Schweizerpfeiff, Feldpfeiff; Ital. ottavino)

Fife, the Lothians and the See also:

• GLASGOW

Glasgow See also:

• DISTRICT

district the remains of Carboniferous volcanoes occur in every See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state of preservation . Some have the conical hills of lavas and ashes well preserved (e.g . Largo See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

Law in Fifeshire) ; others retain only a small part of the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original volcanic See also:

• PILE

pile (e.g . See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur's Seat, See also:

• EDINBURGH

Edinburgh; the Binn of See also:

• BURNTISLAND

Burntisland) and of the larger number nothing remains but the " neck " which shows where once the crater was situated . In regions of former volcanic activity necks are the most persisterlt of all volcanic structures, because the active volcanic magma Is located deep within the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's crust, and the pipe by which it rigs to the surface is of great length and traverses a great thickness of strata . Many volcanic necks stand on lines of See also:

• FAULT (Mid. Eng. faute, through the French, from the popular Latin use of fallere, to fail; the originallof the Latin being replaced in English in the 15th century)

fault . In other cases have fallen down from strata once occupying part of the walls of the crater but now removed by denudation . The lava which rises and flows out from the crater leaves its trace also in the necks . Sometimes it forms thin beds or flows alternating with the tuffs and having the same See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin-shaped See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip . More commonly it appears as the material filling fissures and pipes, traversing the ashes irregularly or rising as a central plug in the interior of the neck, and sending out branching See also:

• VEINS

veins .

Occasionally a whole neck is composed of solid crystalline See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock representing the last part of the magma which ascended from the underground See also:

• FOCUS (Latin for " hearth " or " fireplace ")

focus and congealed within the crater . In Mont Pelee, for instance, the last See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the eruptions of 1902 to 1905 was the protrusion of a great column of solidified lava which See also:

• ROSE
• ROSE (Rosa)
• ROSE, GEORGE (1744-1818)
• ROSE, HUGH JAMES (1795—1838)
• ROSE, WILLIAM STEWART (1775-1843)

rose at one See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to a height of 900 ft. above the See also:

• LIP (a word common in various forms, to Teutonic languages, cf Ger. Lippe, Dan. laebe; Lat. labium is cognate)

lip of the crater, but has since crumbled down . The See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle Pock of Edinburgh is a neck occupied by a plug of crystalline See also:

• BASALT

basalt . Necks of this See also:

• KIND (O. E. ge-cynde, from the same root as is seen in " kin," supra)

kind See also:

• WEATHER (O. Eng. weder; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Du. weder, Dan. veir, Icel. ve8r, and Ger. Wetter and Gewitter, storm; the root is wa- to blow, from which is derived " wind ")

weather down very slowly and tend to form prominent hills . After the eruptions terminate gases or hot solutions given out by deep-lying masses of molten rock may find a passage upward through the materials occupying the crater, greatly modifying their See also:

• MINERAL

mineral nature and laying down fresh deposits . A See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good example of secondary deposits within a volcanic neck is provided by the Cripple See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek See also:

• MINING

mining district of See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado . The ore-bearing veins are connected with volcanic rocks and part of these occupy a See also:

• VERTICAL (from Lat. vertex, highest point)

vertical circular pipe which is a typical volcanic neck . A phonolitic See also:

• BRECCIA

breccia, greatly altered, is the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal rock, and is cut by dikes of See also:

• PHONOLITE (Gr. ~vi7, sound, and Moos, stone)

phonolite, See also:

• DOLERITE (from Gr. SoXepos, deceptive)

dolerite, &c . The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country rock is mostly See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite and See also:

• GNEISS

gneiss, and blocks of these are See also:

• COMMON

common in the breccia . A large volcano was built up in See also:

• TERTIARY

Tertiary times on the granite See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, and has since been almost entirely removed by denudation . The See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold ores were carried upwards by currents of hot See also:

• WATER

water derived from the volcanic magma and were deposited along cracks and fissures in the materials which occupied the crater, and also in the surrounding rocks (see VOLCANO) . (J .

S .