NECTAR  , in See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient See also:

• MYTHOLOGY

mythology generally coupled with a mbrosia, the nourishment of the gods in See also:

• HOMER, WINSLOW (1836-191o)

Homer and in See also:

• GREEK
• GREEK, ETRUSCAN AND

Greek literature generally . Probably the two terms were not originally distinguished; but usually both in Homer and in later writers nectar is the drink and See also:

• AMBROSIA

ambrosia the See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, in See also:

• ALCMAN, or ALCMAEON (the former being the Doric form of the name)

Alcman nectar is the food, and in See also:

• SAPPHO (7th–6th centuries B.C.)

Sappho and Anaxandrides ambrosia the drink . Each is used in Homer as an unguent (Iliad, xiv . 170; xix . 38) . Both are fragrant, and may be used as perfume . According to W . H . See also:

• ROSCHER, WILHELM GEORG FRIEDRICH (1817–1894)

Roscher (Nektar and Ambrosia, 1883; see also his See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article in Roscher's Lexikon der Mythologic) nectar and ambrosia were originally only different forms of the same substance See also:

• HONEY (Chin. me ; Sansk. madhu, mead, honey; cf. A.S. medo, medu, mead; Gr. p Xt, in which 0 or b is changed into X; Lat. mel ; Fr. miel ; A.S. hung ; Ger. Honig)

honey, regarded as a See also:

• DEW

dew, like See also:

• MANNA

manna, fallen from See also:

• HEAVEN (0. Eng. hefen, heofon, heofone; this word appears in O.S. hevan; the High. Ger. word appears in Ger. Himmel, Dutch hemel; there does not seem to be any connexion between the two words, and the ultimate derivation of the word is unknown; the sugges

heaven, which.was used both as food and drink . (See also AMBROSIA.) NEED-See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

FIRE, or See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

WILD-FIRE (Ger . Notfeuer, O .

Ger. nodfyr), a See also:

• TERM

term used in See also:

• FOLKLORE

folklore to denote a curious superstition which survived in the See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

Highlands of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland until a See also:

• RECENT

recent date . Like the fire-churning still customary in See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India for kindling thq sacrificial fire, the need- or wild-fire is made by the See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction of one piece of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood on another, or of a rope upon a stake . Need-fire is a practice of shepherd peoples to See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward off disease from their herds and flocks . It is kindled on occasions of See also:

• SPECIAL

special See also:

• DISTRESS

distress, particularly at the outbreak of a See also:

• MURRAIN (derived through O. Fr. morine, from Lat. mori, to die)

murrain, and the See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle are driven through it . Its efficacy is believed to depend on all other fires being extinguished . The kindling of the need-fire in a See also:

• VILLAGE

village near Quedlinburg was impeded by a See also:

• NIGHT

night See also:

• LIGHT

light burning in the parsonage (Prohle, Harz-Bilder, See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig, 1855) . According to one See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account, in the Highlands of Scotland the See also:

• RULE

rule that all See also:

• COMMON

common fires must be previously extinguished applied only to the houses situated between the two nearest See also:

• RUNNING

running streams (See also:

• KELLY, EDWARD (1854–188o)
• KELLY, HUGH (1739–1777)
• KELLY, MICHAEL (1762–1826)
• KELLY, SIR FITZROY (1796–1880)

Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-See also:

• EUROPEAN

European Tradition and Folklore, p . 53 seq.) . In See also:

• BULGARIA
• BULGARIA, EASTERN

Bulgaria even smoking during need-fire is forbidden . Two naked men produce the fire by rubbing dry branches together in the See also:

• FOREST

forest, and with the See also:

• FLAME (Lat. flamma; the root flag- appears in flagrare, to burn, blaze, and Gr. d, XEryew)

flame they light two fires, one on each See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side of a See also:

• CROSS

cross-road haunted by wolves . The cattle are then driven between the two fires, from which glowing embers are taken to rekindle the See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold hearths in the houses (A . Strausz, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Bulgaren, p .

198) . In See also:

• CAITHNESS

Caithness the men who kindled the need-fire had previously to divest themselves of all See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal . In some of the See also:

• HEBRIDES, THE, or WESTERN ISLES

Hebrides the men who made the fire had to be eighty-one in number and all married . In the See also:

• HALBERSTADT

Halberstadt See also:

• DISTRICT

district in See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany, the rope which was See also:

• WOUND (O. Eng. wund,connected with a Teutonic verb, meaning to strive, fight, suffer, seen in O. Eng. winnan, whence Eng. " win ")

wound See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round the stake, must be pulled by two chaste boys; while at Wolfenbiittel, contrary to usual See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom, it is said that the need-fire had to be struck out of the cold See also:

• ANVIL (from Anglo-Saxon anfilt or onfilti, either that on which something is " welded " or " folded," cf. German falzen, to fold, or connected with other Teutonic forms of the word, cf. German amboss, in which case the final syllable is from " beat," and

anvil by the See also:

• SMITH
• SMITH, ADAM (1723–1790)
• SMITH, ALEXANDER (183o-1867)
• SMITH, ANDREW JACKSON (1815-1897)
• SMITH, CHARLES EMORY (1842–1908)
• SMITH, CHARLES FERGUSON (1807–1862)
• SMITH, CHARLOTTE (1749-1806)
• SMITH, COLVIN (1795—1875)
• SMITH, EDMUND KIRBY (1824-1893)
• SMITH, G
• SMITH, GEORGE (1789-1846)
• SMITH, GEORGE (184o-1876)
• SMITH, GEORGE ADAM (1856- )
• SMITH, GERRIT (1797–1874)
• SMITH, GOLDWIN (1823-191o)
• SMITH, HENRY BOYNTON (1815-1877)
• SMITH, HENRY JOHN STEPHEN (1826-1883)
• SMITH, HENRY PRESERVED (1847– )
• SMITH, JAMES (1775–1839)
• SMITH, JOHN (1579-1631)
• SMITH, JOHN RAPHAEL (1752–1812)
• SMITH, JOSEPH, JR
• SMITH, MORGAN LEWIS (1822–1874)
• SMITH, RICHARD BAIRD (1818-1861)
• SMITH, ROBERT (1689-1768)
• SMITH, SIR HENRY GEORGE WAKELYN
• SMITH, SIR THOMAS (1513-1577)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM (1813-1893)
• SMITH, SIR WILLIAM SIDNEY (1764-1840)
• SMITH, SYDNEY (1771-1845)
• SMITH, THOMAS SOUTHWOOD (1788-1861)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (1769-1839)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (c. 1730-1819)
• SMITH, WILLIAM (fl. 1596)
• SMITH, WILLIAM FARRAR (1824—1903)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1808—1872)
• SMITH, WILLIAM HENRY (1825—1891)
• SMITH, WILLIAM ROBERTSON (1846-'894)

smith . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England the need-fire is said to have been lit at Birtley within the last See also:

• HALF

half-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The superstition had its origin in the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early ideas of the purifying nature of flame . See also See also:

• GRIMM, FRIEDRICH MELCHIOR, I
• GRIMM, JACOB LUDWIG CARL (1785-1863)
• GRIMM, WILHELM CARL (1786-1859)

Grimm, Deutsche Mythologie, i . 501 sqq . ; Kelly, Curiosities of Indo-European Tradition and Folklore, p . 48 sqq . ; See also:

• ELTON, CHARLES ISAAC (1839–1900)

Elton, Origins of See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• HISTORY

History, p . 293 sqq .

; J . G . Frazer, The See also:

• GOLDEN

Golden Bough, iii . 301 .