See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in See also:

• TEUTONIC
• TEUTONIC (GERMANIC) LANGUAGES

Teutonic See also:

• LANGUAGES

languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the See also:

• ROOT (late O.E. rot, adopted from Scand., cf. Norw. and Swed. rot, Dan. rod; the true O.E. word was wyrt, plant, represented in Ger. Wurz or Wurzel; the ultimate root is the same in both words, and is seen in Lat. radix)
• ROOT, ELIHU (1845– )

root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably See also:

• LAT

Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, See also:

• SPINNING (from O. Eng. spinnen, to spin, cf. Ger. spinnen, &c., the Teut. root is seen, to draw out, cf. span, spider)

spinning)  , an See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument adapted for passing a See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread through fabrics in sewing, consisting of a thin See also:

• ROD (O.E. rodd, probably related to Norw. rudda, stick, rodda, stake)
• ROD, EDOUARD (1857-1910)

rod of See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, having a pointed end and pierced with a hole or " See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye " to carry the thread . The See also:

• TERM

term is also applied to various other See also:

• OBJECTS

objects that more or less resemble a sewing See also:

• NEEDLE (O. Eng. ncedl; the word appears in various forms in Teutonic languages, Ger. Nadel, Dutch naal, the root being ne-, to sew, cf. Ger. nahen, and probably Lat. nere, to spin, Gr. vi)ats, spinning)

needle in See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form, though differing in See also:

• FUNCTION

function, such as the magnetized piece of steel that points See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north and See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south in the mariner's See also:

• COMPASS (Fr. corn pas, ultimately from Lat. cum, with, and passus, step)

compass, the pointer or See also:

• INDICATOR (from Lat. indicare, to point out)

indicator of certain forms of electric See also:

• TELEGRAPH (Gr. Tike, far, and rypaq5eiv, to write)

telegraph See also:

• INSTRUMENTS

instruments, the slender See also:

• TUBE (Lat. tuba)

tube by which the contents of a hypodermic See also:

• SYRINGE (Gr. ovpryE, reed, pipe)

syringe are injected beneath the skin, a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp-pointed See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain See also:

• PEAK, THE

peak or isolated See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass of See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, &c . Sewing needles have been in use from prehistoric times . Originally they were made of fishbone, See also:

• BONE (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, in many of which it is confined to the shank of the leg, as in the German Bein)
• BONE, HENRY (1755-1834)

bone or See also:

• IVORY (Fr. ivoire, Lat. ebur)
• IVORY, SIR JAMES (1765-1842)

ivory, and their first form was probably a See also:

• RUDE, FRANCOIS (1784–1855)

rude See also:

• BODKIN (Early Eng. boydekin, a dagger, a word of unknown origin, possibly connected with the Gaelic biodag, a short sword)

bodkin having a See also:

• HOOK, JAMES CLARKE (1819-1907)
• HOOK, THEODORE EDWARD (1788-1841)
• HOOK, WALTER FARQUHAR (1798-1875)

hook instead of an eye, though bone needles with an eye, sometimes at the end and sometimes in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle, have been found in See also:

• CAVE (Lat. cavea, from caves, hollow)
• CAVE, EDWARD (1691–1754)
• CAVE, WILLIAM (1637–1713)

cave de-posits in See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain and See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France and in the Swiss lakes . Bone needles continue to be used by uncivilized tribes, but since the iiscovery of See also:

• BRONZE

bronze See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal needles have been employed in civilized communities . Steel needles were introduced into See also:

• EUROPE

Europe by the See also:

• MOORS (Lat. Mauri; Gr. Mavpot, dark men)
• MOORS, KABYLES, MZABITES

Moors, and it is on See also:

• RECORD (Lat. recordari, to recall to mind, from cor, heart or mind)

record that they were being made at See also:

• NUREMBERG (Ger. Nurnberg)

Nuremberg in 137o . In See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England their manufacture was established about 165o . The centre of the See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in England is See also:

• REDDITCH

Redditch, in See also:

• WORCESTERSHIRE

Worcestershire, with several other small towns in See also:

• WARWICKSHIRE

Warwickshire . Originally the See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry was domestic in its See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character, but it is now carried on in factories where See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical appliances have to a great extent supplanted handwork . Large quantities of needles are also manufactured on the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent of Europe, See also:

• AIX

Aix-la-Chapelle being an important centre of their See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production . In the See also:

• UNITED

United States See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary sewing needles are not made, though there is a large output of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special forms used in sewing See also:

• MACHINES

machines . The raw material of needle-manufacture consists of See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield crucible steel See also:

• DRAWN

drawn down into See also:

• WIRE (A.S. wir, a wire; cf. Swed. vire, to twist, M.H.G. wiere, a gold ornament, Lat. viriae, armlets, ultimately from the root wi, to twist, bind)

wire of suitable See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge .

The wire is supplied in coils of definite See also:

• WEIGHT

weight and See also:

• DIAMETER (from the Cr. &a, through, µErpov, measure)

diameter, and the first operation is to cut the coils into lengths, each sufficient for two needles . These lengths are next straightened . For this purpose a bundle containing several thousand lengths is packed within two strong See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron rings, is heated to red See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, and is then pressed on an iron See also:

• PLATE

plate having two parallel grooves in which the iron rings run . Over this plate the bundle is worked backward and forward by the pressure of an oblong slightly curved iron See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool having two See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal slits through which the edges of the rings project . Thus, by combined pressure and See also:

• ROLLING

rolling the whole of the lengths quickly become perfectly straight and even . The next operation consists in pointing both ends of the wires . This was formerly done by See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand by a grinder who, holding several dozen wires against a grindstone with his See also:

• LEFT

left hand and slightly revolving them with his right, was able to point about See also:

• IOO

Ioo,000 needles a See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day, the number depending, however, to some extent on the See also:

• SIZE

size treated . This method, however, is now largely superseded by machinery, which is still more expeditious . The wires are fed out from a hopper to a revolving See also:

• WHEEL (0. Eng. hweol, hweohl, &c., cognate with Icel. hjol, Dan. hiul, the Indo-European root is seen in Sanskrit chakra, Gr. r in Aos, circle, whence " cycle ")
• WHEEL, BREAKING ON THE

wheel, on the periphery of which they are held by an See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

india-See also:

• RUBBER, INDIARUBBER

rubber See also:

• BAND

band . This wheel revolves at ,right angles to a revolving hollow grindstone, and so each wire is brought up to the See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone in rapid See also:

• SUCCESSION (Lat. successio, from succedere, to follow after)

succession and pointed at one end, the See also:

• PROCESS

process being repeated for the other end . The next operations are to See also:

• STAMP (from " to stamp," to strike or tread heavily, hence to impress, O. Eng. stempen, Du. stampen, Ger. stampfen, whence, O. Fr. estamper, mod. etamper)

stamp the grooves which are to be found at the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a needle and to See also:

• PUNCH

punch the See also:

• OVAL (Lat. ovum, egg)

oval eyes, both being done by automatic machinery . Each wire now forms two needles attached head to head by a broad thin See also:

• SCARF

scarf of steel .

The operation of separating there is largely per-formed by machines which pass the See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double blanks over the See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face of an See also:

• EMERY (Ger. Smirgel)

emery wheel, but an older method is to See also:

• SPIT

spit them on two flattened wires, clamp them tightly in a See also:

• FRAME

frame, See also:

• FILE

file away the scarf and break the blanks in halves, so that two lots of single needles are obtained, each spitted on a wire . The next step, after the heads have been filed smooth, is to harden and See also:

• TEMPER (from Lat. temperare, to mingle or compound in due proportion, to qualify, rule, regulate, to be moderate, formed from tempos, time, fit or due season)

temper the needles, which are heated to redness, plunged into See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold oil, and then gently heated by being placed on a continuous band passing over a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of See also:

• GAS

gas flames . After the tempering comes the process of scouring, and then the eyes are smoothed and polished so that they will not cut the thread . For this purpose the heads used to be softened by blueing, and the needles strung loosely on wires covered with a See also:

• PASTE (O. Fr. paste, modern pate, Late Lat. pasta, whence also in Span., Port. and Ital., from Gr. 1r&vrrl or 1raara, barley porridge, or salted pottage, ir&ao'ety, to sprinkle with salt)

paste of emery and oil . These wires were then suspended between uprights on a frame See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform to which a jerking See also:

• MOTION (Lat. motio, from movere, to move)
• MOTION, LAWS OF

motion was communicated; in this way the needles were made to See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing on the wires and the See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle See also:

• FRICTION (from Lat. fricare, to rub)

friction effected the desired end . Generally, however, the eyes are cleared by the See also:

• ACTION

action of a See also:

• CONCAVE

concave wire See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush, before the scouring process, and then subsequent burnishing becomes unnecessary . The bodies are next polished by being passed between revolving See also:

• LEATHER (a word which appears in all Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Leder, Dutch leer or leder, Swed. leder, and in such Celtic forms as Welsh llader)
• LEATHER, ARTIFICIAL

leather rollers which have also a lateral motion in the direction of their axes . The heads of the finished needles have now to be brought all in one direction . Formerly this was done by a " header," wearing a See also:

• CLOTH

cloth cap on one of her fingers; this being pressed against a batch of the needles which had previously been arranged parallel to each other, those whose heads were presented to the cloth See also:

• STUCK, FRANZ (1863— )

stuck in it and thus were with-drawn . A more See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• DEVICE

device is to See also:

• ROLL (O. Fr. rolle, roulle, mod. role, Lat. rotulus, dim. of rota, wheel)
• ROLL, ALFRED PHILIPPE (1846– )

roll them down a smooth inclined See also:

• PLANE

plane, when the pointed ends, owing to their conical form, travel more slowly than the thicker ends, and thus the needles are all brought See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round so that they point the same way . They are then sorted according to their lengths, and are done up into packets for the See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market . Besides ordinary needles for hand sewing, many varieties are made for use in sewing machines, and in their production automatic machinery is largely utilized .

Those used for sewing leather have points of various special forms (twist, See also:

• CHISEL (from the O. Fr. cisel, modern ciseau, Late Lat. cisellum, a cutting tool, from caedere, to cut)

chisel, See also:

• WEDGE (O. Eng. wecg, a mass of metal, cognate with Dutch wig, wigge, Dan. vaegge, &c.; in Lith. the cognate form outside Teut. is found in wagis, a peg, spigot; there is no connexion with " weigh," " weight," which must be referred to the root wegh, to li

wedge, See also:

• DIAMOND

diamond, &c.) instead of the round point of the ordinary needle, and sometimes have a hook in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of an eye . See also:

• KNITTING (from O.E. cnyttan, to knit; cf. Ger. Knutten; the root is seen in " knot ")

Knitting needles are See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long slender rods, usually of steel but sometimes of bone or other material, having neither hooks nor eyes . Crochet needles are provided with a hook . Hooked needles again are employed in knitting and stockinet machines; having to be periodically closed by the operation of the mechanism the hooks in one type are made flexible so that they canbe pushed down on the shank, while in another the same end is served by providing them with a See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute latch . Another special class is constituted by the numerous varieties of needles used by surgeons for suturing wounds, &c . (see SURGICAL INSTRUMENTS) . NEEDLE-See also:

• GUN

GUN (ZUNDNADELGEWEHR), a military See also:

• BREECH (common in early forms to Teutonic languages)

breech-loading See also:

• RIFLE

rifle, famous as the See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm of the Prussians in 1866 and of the Germans in 1870-1871 . It was the invention of the gunsmith Johann See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas von Dreyse (1787-1867), who, beginning in 1824, had made many experiments, and in 1836 produced the See also:

• COMPLETE

complete needle-gun . From 1841 onwards the new arm was gradually introduced into the Prussian service, and later into the military forces of many other See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German states . Dreyse was ennobled in 1864 . The See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal details of the arm (See also:

• PATTERN

pattern 1841) are as follows: Breech . See also:

• BOLT

Bolt See also:

• SYSTEM

system Calibre .

. •6o7 in . Weight without See also:

• BAYONET

bayonet . io lb 4 oz . See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

Charge (See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black See also:

• POWDER (through O. Fr. puldre, modern poudre, from Lat. pulvis, pulveris, dust)

powder) . 74.15 grains See also:

• BULLET (Fr. boulet, diminutive of boule, ball)

Bullet (See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead) . 478 grains Muzzle velocity . . See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low f.s . Sighted to . 800 paces (656 yds.) In practice the needle-gun proved to have numerous defects; its effective range was very See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short compared to that of the muzzle-loading rifles of the day, and conspicuously so as against the See also:

• CHASSEPOT

chassepot: the See also:

• ESCAPE (in mid. Eng. eschape or escape, from the O. Fr. eschapper, modern echapper, and escaper, low Lat. escapium, from ex, out of, and cappa, cape, cloak; cf. for the sense development the Gr. iichueoOat, literally to put off one's clothes, hence to sli

escape of gas at the breech was, moreover, very great . A See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• CARTRIDGE (corruption of Fr. cartouche)

cartridge was used . An improved See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model, giving greater muzzle velocity and increased See also:

• SPEED, JOHN (1552–1629)

speed in loading, was introduced later, but this was soon replaced by the Mauser rifle .