See also:

• NEGRITOS (Span. for " little negroes ")

NEGRITOS (Span. for " little negroes ")  , the name originally given by the Spaniards to the See also:

• ABORIGINES

aborigines of the Philippine Islands . They are See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical weaklings, of See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low, almost See also:

• DWARF (A.S. dweorg, D. dwerg, Icel. dvergr)

dwarf, stature, with very dark skin, closely See also:

• CURLING
• CURLING, THOMAS BLIZARD (1811-1888)

curling See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair, See also:

• FLAT (a modification of O. Eng. flet, an obsolete word of Teutonic origin, meaning the ground beneath the feet)

flat noses, thick lips and large clumsy feet . The See also:

• TERM

term has, however, been more generally applied to one of the See also:

• GREAT

great ethnic See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups into which the See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

population of the See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

East Indies is divided, and to an apparently kindred See also:

• RACE

race in See also:

• AFRICA
• AFRICA, ROMAN

Africa (see See also:

• NEGRO (from Lat. eager, black)

NEGRO) . A. de Quatrefages suggests that from the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent See also:

• NEGROID

negroid See also:

• STEM (O. Eng. staefn, stemn, cf. Du. stain, Ger. Stamm, &c., probably related to " staff ")

stem were thrown off two negrito branches to the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west and east, the Indo-Oceanic and See also:

• AFRICAN

African, and that the Akkas, Wochuas, Batwas and See also:

• BUSHMEN, or BOSJESMANS

Bushmen of the Dark See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

Continent are kinsmen of the Andaman Islanders, the Sakais of the See also:

• MALAY

Malay See also:

• PENINSULA
• PENINSULA (Lat. paeninsula, from paene, almost, and insula, an island)

Peninsula and the Aetas of the Philippines . This view has found much See also:

• ACCEPTANCE (Lat. acceptare, frequentative form of accipere, to receive)

acceptance among ethnologists . The result of Quatrefages's theory would be to See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place the negrito races closest to the See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive human type, a conclusion apparently justified by their physical characteristics . The true See also:

• NEGRITOS (Span. for " little negroes ")

negritos are always of little stature (the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority under 5 ft.), have rounded forms and their See also:

• SKULL

skull is See also:

• BRACHYCEPHALIC (Gr. for short-headed)

brachycephalic or subbrachycephalic, that is to say, it is relatively See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short and broad and of little height . Their skin is dark See also:

• BROWN
• BROWN, CHARLES BROCKDEN (1771-181o)
• BROWN, FORD MADOX (1821-1893)
• BROWN, FRANCIS (1849- )
• BROWN, GEORGE (1818-188o)
• BROWN, HENRY KIRKE (1814-1886)
• BROWN, JACOB (1775–1828)
• BROWN, JOHN (1715–1766)
• BROWN, JOHN (1722-1787)
• BROWN, JOHN (1735–1788)
• BROWN, JOHN (1784–1858)
• BROWN, JOHN (1800-1859)
• BROWN, JOHN (1810—1882)
• BROWN, JOHN GEORGE (1831— )
• BROWN, ROBERT (1773-1858)
• BROWN, SAMUEL MORISON (1817—1856)
• BROWN, SIR GEORGE (1790-1865)
• BROWN, SIR JOHN (1816-1896)
• BROWN, SIR WILLIAM, BART
• BROWN, THOMAS (1663-1704)
• BROWN, THOMAS (1778-1820)
• BROWN, THOMAS EDWARD (1830-1897)
• BROWN, WILLIAM LAURENCE (1755–1830)

brown or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

black, sometimes somewhat yellowish, their hair woolly (scanty on See also:

• FACE (from Lat. fades, derived either from facere, to make, or from a root fa-, meaning " appear "; cf. Gr. cbatvstv)

face and See also:

• BODY

body), and they have the flat See also:

• NOSE (O.Eng. nosu, cf. Dutch neus, Swed. nos, snout; the Aix in Provence. Both at Aix and at Lyons he acquired great connexion with O.Eng. nasu is obscure, cf. Ger. Nase, Lat. pares, distinction by his labours during outbreaks of the plague. In nostrils,

nose and thick lips and other physical features of the negro . Among peoples undoubtedly negrito are those of the Andaman Islands (q.v.), the Malay Peninsula (q.v.) and some of the Philippines (q.v.), the best types being the Sakais (q.v.), Mincopies and Aetas . The question of the so-called negrito races of See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India, the See also:

• ORAONS

Oraons, Gonds, &c., is in much dispute, Quatrefages believing the See also:

• INDIAN

Indian aborigines to have been negritos, while other ethnologists find the primitive See also:

• PEOPLE

people of Hindustan in the See also:

• DRAVIDIAN (Sanskrit Dravida)

Dravidian races . Some authorities have placed the See also:

• VEDDAHS, or WEDDAHS (from Sanskrit veddha, " hunter ")

Veddahs of See also:

• CEYLON

Ceylon among the negritos, but their straight hair and See also:

• DOLICHOCEPHALIC (long-headed)

dolichocephalic skulls are sufficient arguments against their inclusion . The negrito is often confounded with the Papuan; but the latter, though possessing the same woolly hair and being of the same See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour, is a large, often See also:

• MUSCULAR

muscular See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, with a See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long, high skull .

See A. de Quatrefages, See also:

• LES

Les Pygmies (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, 1887; Eng. trans . 1895) ; E . H . Man, The Aborigines of the Andaman Islands (See also:

• LONDON

London, 1885) ; Giglioli, Nuove notizie sui populi negroidi dell' See also:

• ASIA

Asia e specialmente sui Negriti (See also:

• FLORENCE
• FLORENCE (Ital. Firenze, Lat. Florentia)

Florence, 1879); See also:

• MEYER, CHRISTIAN ERICH HERMANN VON (18or-1869)
• MEYER, HEINRICH AUGUST WILHELM (1800-1873)
• MEYER, JULIUS LOTHAR (183o-1895)
• MEYER, KONRAD FERDINAND (1825-1898)
• MEYER, VICTOR (1848-1897)
• MEYER, [MARIE] PAUL HYACINTHE (184o- )

Meyer, See also:

• ALBUM (Lat. albus, white)

Album von Philippinen-Typen (See also:

• DRESDEN

Dresden, 1885) ; Blumentritt, Ethnographie der Philippinen (See also:

• GOTHA

Gotha, 1892); A . B . Meyer, See also:

• DIE
• DIE (Fr. de, from Lat. datum, given)

Die Negritos (Dresden, 1899); A . H . See also:

• KEANE, JOHN JOSEPH (1839– )

Keane, See also:

• ETHNOLOGY

Ethnology; A . C . Haddon in Nature for See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1899 . NEGRO less platyrrhine and less dark . A few tribes in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of the negro domain (the Welle See also:

• DISTRICT

district of Belgian See also:

• CONGO

Congo) show a tendency to See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

round See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head, shorter stature and fairer complexion; but there seems See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason to suppose that they have received an infusion of Libyan (or less probably Hamitic) or Negrito See also:

• BLOOD

blood .

The colour of the skin, which is also distinguished by a velvety See also:

• SURFACE

surface and a characteristic odour, is due not to the presence of any See also:

• SPECIAL

special pigment, but to the greater abundance of the colouring See also:

• MATTER

matter in the Malpighian mucous membrane between the inner or true skin and the epidermis or See also:

• SCARF

scarf skin .2 This colouring matter is not distributed equally over the body, and does not reach its fullest development until some See also:

• WEEKS, EDWIN LORD (1849-1903)

weeks after See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth; so that new-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born babies are a reddish See also:

• CHOCOLATE

chocolate or See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper colour . But excess of pigmentation is not confined to the skin; spots of pigment are often found in some of the See also:

• INTERNAL

internal See also:

• ORGANS

organs, such as the See also:

• LIVER (O. Eng. lifer; cf. cognate forms, Dutch lever, Ger. Leber, Swed. lefver, &c.; the O. H. Ger. forms are libara, lipora, &c.; the Teut. word has been connected with Gr. i'prap and Lat. jecur)

liver, See also:

• SPLEEN (Gr. o-1rXilv)

spleen, &c . Other characteristics appear to be a See also:

• HYPERTROPHY (Gr. inrEp, over, and rpo(A, nourishment)

hypertrophy of the organs of See also:

• EXCRETION (Lat. ex, out of, cernere, cretum, to separate)

excretion, a more See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed venous See also:

• SYSTEM

system, and a less voluminous See also:

• BRAIN (A.S. braegen)

brain, as compared with the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white races . In certain of the characteristics mentioned above the negro would appear to stand on a See also:

• LOWER

lower evolutionary See also:

• PLANE

plane than the white man, and to be more closely related to the highest anthropoids . The characteristics are length of See also:

• ARM (a common Teutonic word; the Indo-European root is ar, to join or fit; cf. the Lat. armus, shoulder, and the plural word arma, weapons, Gr. apphs, joint, and the reduplicated apapilKSV, to join)

arm, See also:

• PROGNATHISM (Gr. 7rpb, forward, and yv&Oos, jaw)

prognathism, a heavy massive cranium with large zygomatic See also:

• ARCHES, COURT OF

arches, flat nose depressed at See also:

• BASE

base, &c . But in one important respect, the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of the hair, the white man stands in closer relation to the higher apes than does the Negro . Mentally the negro is inferior to the white . The remark' of F . Manetta, made after a long study of the negro in See also:

• AMERICA

America, may be taken as generally true of the whole race: " the negro See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children were See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp, intelligent and full of vivacity, but on approaching the adult See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period a See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual See also:

• CHANGE (derived through the Fr. from the Late Lat. cambium, cambiare, to barter; the ultimate derivation is probably from the root which appears in the Gr. «a urmu', to bend)

change set in . The See also:

• INTELLECT (Lat. intellectus, from intelligere, to understand)

intellect seemed to become clouded, animation giving place to a sort of lethargy, briskness yielding to indolence . We must necessarily suppose that the development of the negro and white proceeds on different lines . While with the latter the See also:

• VOLUME

volume of the brain grows with the expansion of the brainpan, in the former the growth of the brain is on the contrary arrested by the premature closing of the See also:

• CRANIAL

cranial sutures and lateral pressure of the frontal boned This explanation is reasonable and even probable as a contributing cause; but See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence is lacking on the subject and the See also:

• ARREST (Fr. arrester, arreeter, to stop or stay)

arrest or even deterioration in See also:

• MENTAL

mental development is no doubt very largely due to the fact that after See also:

• PUBERTY (Lat. pubertas, from pubes, puber, mature, adult)

puberty sexual matters take the first place in the negro's See also:

• LIFE

life and thoughts .

At the same See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time his environment has not been such as would tend to produce in him the restless See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy which has led to the progress of the white race; and the easy conditions of tropical life and the fertility of the See also:

• SOIL

soil have reduced the struggle for existence to a minimum . But though the mental inferiority of the negro to the white or yellow races is a fact, it has often been exaggerated; the negro is largely the creature of his environment, 2 It is also noteworthy that the dark colour seems to depend neither on See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical position, the isothermals of greatest See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat, nor even altogether on racial purity . The extremes of the See also:

• CHROMATIC (Gr. xpcoµaruc6s, coloured, from xpwµa, colour)

chromatic See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale are found in juxtaposition throughout the whole negro domain, in See also:

• SENEGAMBIA

Senegambia, the See also:

• GABUN

Gabun, upper See also:

• NILE
• NILE, BATTLE OF THE
• NILE, SOBAT

Nile See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin, lower Congo, See also:

• SHARI

Shari valley, See also:

• MOZAMBIQUE [Sao Sebastiao de Mocambique]

Mozambique . In the last region M de Froberville determined the presence of See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-one different shades from dusky or yellow-brown to sooty black . Some of the sub-negroid and mixed races, such as many Abyssinians, Galla, Jolof and See also:

• MANDINGO

Mandingo, are quite as black as the darkest full-blood negro . A See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general similarity in the outward conditions of soil, See also:

• ATMOSPHERE (Gr. fir µ6r, vapour; orkaipa, a sphere)

atmosphere, See also:

• CLIMATE

climate, See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food charged with an excess of See also:

• CARBON (symbol C, atomic weight 12)

carbon, such as the See also:

• FRUIT (through the French from the Lat. fructus; frui, to enjoy)

fruit of the See also:

• BUTTER (Lat. butyrum, Gr. 0obrvpov, apparently connected with $ous, cow, and rvpbs, cheese, but, according to the New English Dictionary, perhaps of Scythian origin)

butter-See also:

• TREE (0. Eng. treo, treow, cf. Dan. tree, Swed. Odd, tree, trd, timber; allied forms are found in Russ. drevo, Gr. opus, oak, and 36pv, spear, Welsh derw, Irish darog, oak, and Skr. dare, wood)
• TREE, SIR HERBERT BEERBOHM (1853- )

tree, and other undetermined causes have tended to develop a tendency towards dark shades every-where in the negro domain apart from the See also:

• BIAS
• BIAS (from the Fr. biais, of unknown origin; the derivation from Lat. bifax, two-faced, is wrong)

bias mainly due to an See also:

• ORIGINAL

original stain of black blood . Perhaps the most satisfactory theory explains the excessive development of pigment in the dark-skinned races as a natural See also:

• PROTECTION

protection against the ultra-See also:

• VIOLET

violet rays in which tropical See also:

• LIGHT

light is so See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich and which are destructive of See also:

• PROTOPLASM

protoplasm (see C . E . Woodruff, Tropical Light, London, tgog) . The expression ` See also:

• JET (Fr. jais, Ger. Gagat)

jet black " is applied by See also:

• SCHWEINFURTH, GEORG AUGUST (1836– )

Schweinfurth to the upper-Nilotic See also:

• SHILLUK

Shilluk, See also:

• NUER

Nuer and See also:

• DINKA (called by the Arabs Jange)

Dinka, while the neighbouring See also:

• BONGO (Boocercus eurycerus)
• BONGO (Don or DERAN)

Bongo and Mittu are de-scribed as of a " red-brown " colour " like the soil upon which they reside " (Heart of Africa, vol. i. ch. iv.) . 2 La Razza Negra nel suo stato selvaggio, &c . (See also:

• TURIN

Turin, 1864), p. zo .