See also:

• NENNIUS (fl. 796)

NENNIUS (fl. 796)  , a Welsh writer to whom we owe the Historia Britonum, lived and wrote in Brecknock or See also:

• RADNOR, EARLS OF

Radnor . His See also:

• WORK

work is known to us through See also:

• THIRTY

thirty See also:

• MANUSCRIPTS

manuscripts; but the earliest of these cannot be dated much earlier than the See also:

• YEAR

year roots; and all are defaced by interpolations which give to the work so confused a See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character that critics were See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long disposed to treat it as an unskilful See also:

• FORGERY (derived through the French from Latin fabricare, to construct)

forgery . A new turn was given to the controversy by Heinrich Zimmer, who, in his See also:

• NENNIUS (fl. 796)

Nennius vindicatus (1893), traced the See also:

• HISTORY

history of the work and, by a comparison of the manuscripts with the 11th-See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century See also:

• TRANSLATION

translation of the Irish See also:

• SCHOLAR, SCHOLARSHIP

scholar, Gilla Coemgim (d . 1072), succeeded in stripping off the later accretions from the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• NUCLEUS (Lat. for the kernal of a nut, nux, the stone of fruit)

nucleus of the Historia . Zimmer follows previous critics in rejecting the Prologus maim . (§§ 1, 2), the Capitula, or table of contents, and See also:

• PART

part of the Mirabilia which See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the concluding See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section . But he proves that Nennius should be regarded as the compiler of the Historia proper (§§ 7-65) . Zimmer's conclusions are of more See also:

• INTEREST

interest to See also:

• LITERARY

literary critics. than to historians . The only part of the Historia which deserves to se treated as a See also:

• HISTORICAL

historical document is the section known as the Genealogiae Saxonum (§§ 57-65) . This is merely a recension of a work which was composed about 679 by a Briton of See also:

• STRATHCLYDE

Strathclyde . The author's name is unknown; but he is, after See also:

• GILDAS, or GILDUS (c. 516–J70)

Gildas, our earliest authority for the facts of the See also:

• ENGLISH

English See also:

• CONQUEST

conquest of See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . Nennius himself gives us the See also:

• OLDEST

oldest legends See also:

• RELATING

relating to the victories of See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King See also:

• ARTHUR (Fr. Arius)
• ARTHUR, CHESTER ALAN (1830 – 1886)

Arthur; the value of the Historia from this point of view is admitted by the severest critics .

The See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief authorities whom Nennius followed were Gildas' De excidio Britonum, See also:

• EUSEBIUS
• EUSEBIUS (Gr. EuOi/3tos, from ebaegils, pious, cf. the Latin name Pius)
• EUSEBIUS [OF CAESAREA] (c. 260-c. 340)
• EUSEBIUS [OF EMESA] (d. c. "36o)

Eusebius, the Vita Patricii of Murichu Maccu Machtheni, the Collectanea of Tirechan, the See also:

• LIBER

Liber occupations (an Irish work on the See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland), the Liber de See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex aetatibus mundi, the See also:

• CHRONICLE (from Gr. Xpovos, time)

chronicle of Prosper of See also:

• AQUITAINE

Aquitaine, the Liber beati Germani . The See also:

• SOURCES

sources from which he derived his notices of King Arthur (§ 56) have not been determined . See J . See also:

• STEVENSON, ADLA1 EWING (1835- )
• STEVENSON, ROBERT (1772-1850)
• STEVENSON, ROBERT LEWIS BALFOUR (1850-1894)

Stevenson's edition of the Historia Britonum (English Hist . See also:

• SOC

Soc., 1838), based on a careful study of the See also:

• MSS

MSS . ; A. de la Borderie, L'Historia Britonum (See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris and See also:

• LONDON

London, 1883), which summarizes the older negative See also:

• CRITICISM
• CRITICISM (from the Gr. KpiTrlS, a judge, Kpivew, to decide, to give an authoritative opinion)

criticism; H . Zimmer, Nennius vindicatus (See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin, 1893) ; T . See also:

• MOMMSEN, THEODOR (1817–1903)

Mommsen in Neues Archie der Gesellschaft far altere deutsche Geschichtskunde, xix . 283 . (H . W . C .

D.) NEO-CAESAREA, See also:

• SYNOD
• SYNOD (Gr. vbvobos)

SYNOD OF, a synod held shortly after that of See also:

• ANCYRA (mod. Angora, q.v.)

Ancyra, probably about 314 or 315 (although See also:

• HEFELE, KARL JOSEF VON (1809-1893)

Hefele inclines to put it somewhat later) . Its See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal work was the See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption of fifteen disciplinary canons, which were subsequently accepted as ecumenical by the See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

Council of See also:

• CHALCEDON
• CHALCEDON, COUNCIL OF

Chalcedon, 451, and of which the most important are the following: i. degrading priests who marry after ordination; vii. forbidding a See also:

• PRIEST (Ger. Priester, Fr. pretre)

priest to be See also:

• PRESENT

present at the second See also:

• MARRIAGE

marriage of any one; viii. refusing ordination to the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband of an adulteress; xi. fixing thirty years as the See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age below which one might not be ordained (because See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ began His public See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry at the age of thirty) ; xiii. according to See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city priests the See also:

• PRECEDENCE (from Lat. praecedere, to go before, precede)

precedence over See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country priests; xiv. permitting Chorepiscopi to celebrate the sacraments; xv. requiring that there be seven deacons in every city . See Mansi ii. pp . 539-551; See also:

• HARDOUIN, JEAN (1646-1729)

Hardouin i. pp . 282-286; Hefele (2nd ed.) i. pp . 242-251 (Eng. trans. i. pp . 222-230) . (T . F . C.) NEOCOMIAN, in See also:

• GEOLOGY (from Gr. yp7, the earth, and Abyor, science)

geology, the name given to the lowest See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage of the Cretaceous See also:

• SYSTEM

system . It was introduced by J . Thurmann in 1835 on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the development of these rocks at NeuclAtel (Neocomum), See also:

• SWITZERLAND

Switzerland .

It has been employed in more than one sense . In the type See also:

• AREA

area the rocks have been divided into two sub-stages, a See also:

• LOWER

lower, Valanginian (from Valengin, E . See also:

• DESOR, PIERRE JEAN EDOUARD (1811-1882)

Desor, 1854) and an upper, Hauterivian (from Hauterive, E . See also:

• RENEVIER, EUGENE (1831– )

Renevier, 1874); there is also another See also:

• LOCAL

local sub-stage, the infra-Valanginian or Berriasian (from Berrias, H . Coquand, 1876) . These three sub-stages constitute the Neocomian in its restricted sense . A. von Koenen and other See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German geologists extend the use of the See also:

• TERM

term to include the whole of the Lower Cretaceous up to the See also:

• TOP (cf. Dan. top, Ger. Topf, also meaning pot)

top of the See also:

• GAULT

Gault or See also:

• ALBIAN (Fr. Albien, from Alba = Aube in France)

Albian . Renevier divided the Lower Cretaceous into the Neocomian See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division, embracing the three sub-stages mentioned above, and an Urgonian division, including the Barremian, Rhodanian and See also:

• APTIAN (Fr. Aptien, from Apt in Vaucluse, France)

Aptian sub-stages . See also:

• SIR

Sir A . See also:

• GEIKIE
• GEIKIE, JAMES (1839- )
• GEIKIE, SIR ARCHIBALD (1835- )

Geikie (See also:

• TEXT (Lat. textum, woven fabric, from texere, to weave)

Text See also:

• BOOK

Book of Geology, 4th ed., 1903) regards " Neocomian" as synonymous with Lower Cretaceous, and he, like Renevier, closes this portion of the system at the top of the Lower See also:

• GREEN, A
• GREEN, ALEXANDER HENRY (1832—1896)
• GREEN, DUFF (1791—1875)
• GREEN, JOHN RICHARD (1837—1883)
• GREEN, MATTHEW (1696-1737)
• GREEN, THOMAS HILL (1836-1882)
• GREEN, VALENTINE (1739–1813)
• GREEN, WILLIAM HENRY (.1825–1900)

Green-See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand (Aptian) . Other See also:

• BRITISH

British geologists (A . J .

See also:

• JUKES, JOSEPH BEETE (1811-1869)

Jukes-See also:

• BROWNE
• BROWNE, EDWARD HAROLD (18,1–1891)
• BROWNE, ISAAC HAWKINS (1705-1760)
• BROWNE, JAMES (1793–1841)
• BROWNE, MAXIMILIAN ULYSSES, COUNT VON, BARON DE CAMUS AND MOUNTANY (1705-1757)
• BROWNE, PETER (?1665-1735)
• BROWNE, ROBERT (1550-1633)
• BROWNE, SIR JAMES (1839–1896)
• BROWNE, SIR THOMAS (1605-1682)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM (1591–1643)
• BROWNE, WILLIAM GEORGE (1768-1813)

Browne, &c.) restrict the Neocomian to the marine beds of Speeton and Tealby, and their estuarine equivalents, the See also:

• WEALD, THE

Weald See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

Clay and See also:

• HASTINGS
• HASTINGS, FRANCIS
• HASTINGS, FRANK ABNEY (1794-1828)
• HASTINGS, WARREN (1732-1818)

Hastings Sands (See also:

• WEALDEN

Wealden) . Much confusion would be avoided by dropping the term Neocomian entirely and employing instead, for the type area, the sub-divisions given above . This becomes the more obvious when it is pointed out that the Berriasian type is limited to See also:

• DAUPHINE

Dauphine; the Valanginian has not a much wider range; and the Hauterivian does not extend See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of the Paris See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin . Characteristic fossils of the Berriasian are Hoplites euthymi, H. occitanicus; of the Valanginian, Natica See also:

• LEVIATHAN

leviathan, Belemnites pistilliformis and B. dilatatus, Oxynoticeras Gevrili; of the Hauterivian, Hoplites radiatus, Crioceras capricornu, Exogyra Couloni and Toxaster complanatus . The marine equivalents of these rocks in England are the lower Speeton See also:

• CLAYS, PAUL JEAN (1819-1900)

Clays of See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire and the Tealby beds of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln-See also:

• SHIRE

shire . The Wealden beds of See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern England represent approximately an estuarine phase of See also:

• DEPOSIT (Lat. depositurn, from deponere, to lay down, to put in the care of)

deposit of the same age . The Hits clay of See also:

• GERMANY
• GERMANY (Ger. Deutschland)

Germany and Wealden of See also:

• HANOVER
• HANOVER (Ger. Hannover)

Hanover; the limestones and shales of See also:

• TESCHEN (Czech, Tesin; Polish, Cieszyn)

Teschen; the Aptychus and Pygope diphyoides marls of See also:

• SPAIN
• SPAIN (Espana)

Spain, and the Petchorian formation of See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia are equivalents of the Neocomian in its narrower sense . See CRETACEOUS, WEALDEN, SPEETON BEDS . (J . A . H.) is found, except See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold, which seems to have been sometimes used for ornaments . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture, pottery, See also:

• WEAVING

weaving, the domestication of animals, the burying of the dead in dolmens, and the rearing of megalithic monuments are the typical developments of See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man during this stage .

See See also:

• ARCHAEOLOGY (from Gr. &pxa1a, ancient things, and Xoyos, theory or science)

ARCHAEOLOGY ; also See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord See also:

• AVEBURY
• AVEBURY, JOHN LUBBOCK, 1ST BARON (1834– )

Avebury, Prehistoric Times (1900) ; Sir See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• EVANS, CHRISTMAS (1766-1838)
• EVANS, EVAN HERBER (1836-1896)
• EVANS, OLIVER (1755–1819)
• EVANS, SIR GEORGE DE LACY (1787–1870)
• EVANS, SIR JOHN (1823-1908)

Evans, See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

Ancient See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

Stone Implements of See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BRITAIN (Gr. Hperavuml vi7vot, Bperravia; Lat. Britannia, rarely Britannia)

Britain (1h97); Sir J . See also:

• PRESTWICH
• PRESTWICH, SIR JOSEPH (1812-1896)

Prestwich, Geology (1886-i888) .