NERCHINSK  , a See also:

• TOWN

town of Eastern See also:

• SIBERIA

Siberia, in the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government of See also:

• TRANSBAIKALIA (sometimes also known as Muria)

Transbaikalia, 183 in. by See also:

• RAIL

rail E. of See also:

• CHITA

Chita, on the See also:

• LEFT

left See also:

• BANK

bank of the Nercha, 21 M. above its confluence with the Shilka . Pop . (1897) 6713 . It is.badly built of See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood, and its See also:

• LOWER

lower parts frequently suffer from inundations . It has a small museum . The inhabitants support themselves mainly by See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, See also:

• TOBACCO

tobacco-growing and See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle-breeding; a few merchants See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade in furs and cattle, in See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick-See also:

• TEA (Chinese cha, Amoy dialect t€)

tea from See also:

• CHINA

China, and manufactured wares from See also:

• RUSSIA
• RUSSIA (Rossiya)

Russia . The fort of Nerchinsk See also:

• DATES

dates from 1654, and the town was founded in 1658 by Pashkov, who in that See also:

• YEAR

year opened See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication between the See also:

• RUSSIAN

Russian settlements in Transbaikalia and those on the See also:

• AMUR
• AMUR (known also as the Sakhalin-ula)

Amur which had been founded by See also:

• COSSACKS (Russ. Kazak; plural, Kazaki, from the Turki quzzaq, " adventurer, free-hooter ")

Cossacks and See also:

• FUR (connected with O. Fr. forre, a sheath or case; so " an outer covering ")

fur-traders coming from the See also:

• YAKUTSK

Yakutsk region . In 1689 was signed between Russia and China the treaty of Nerchinsk, which stopped for two centuries the farther advance of the Russians into the See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

basin of the Amur . After that Nerchinsk became the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief centre for the trade with China . The opening of the western route through See also:

• MONGOLIA

Mongolia, by See also:

• URGA (the Russian form of the Mongol Orgo = palace of a high official)

Urga, and the See also:

• ESTABLISHMENT (0. Fr. establissement, Fr. etablissement, late Norm. Fr. establishement, from O. Fr. establir, Fr. etablir, Lat. stabilire, to make stable)

establishment of a See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house at See also:

• KIAKHTA

Kiakhta in 1728 diverted this trade into a new channel . But Nerchinsk acquired fresh importance from the influx of immigrants, mostly exiles, into eastern Transbaikalia, the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich mines and the arrival of See also:

• GREAT

great See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of convicts, and ultimately it became the chief town of Transoaikalia . In 1812 it was transferred from the See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks of the Shilka to its See also:

• PRESENT

present site, on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the floods .

Since the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation, in her own See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person . Ordinarily the See also:

• CONSORT (Lat. consors, a companion)

consort of See also:

• NERGAL

Nergal is Laz. of May . He had some thought of going to See also:

• INDIA
• INDIA, FRENCH

India as a missionary, but was dissuaded by his See also:

• FRIENDS, SOCIETY
• FRIENDS, SOCIETY OF

friends who saw that there was abundant See also:

• WORK

work to be done in See also:

• ROME
• ROME (Roma)

Rome, and that he was the See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man to do it . Accordingly he settled down, with some companions, at the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• GIROLAMO (1450-1486)

Girolamo della Carita, and while there tentatively began, in 1556, the See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

institute with which his name is more especially connected, that of the See also:

• ORATORY (Lat. oratorio, sc. ors; from orare, to speak or pray)

Oratory . The See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme at first was no more than a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of evening meetings in a See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall (the Oratory), at which there were prayers, See also:

• HYMNS

hymns, readings from Scripture, from the fathers, and from the See also:

• MARTYROLOGY

Martyrology, followed by a lecture, or by discussion of some religious question proposed for See also:

• CONSIDERATION (from Lat. considerare, to look at closely, examine, generally taken to be from con-, and the base seen in sidus, sideris, a star, the word being supposed to be originally an astrological or astronomical term)

consideration . The musical selections (settings of scenes from sacred See also:

• HISTORY

history) were called oratorios . The scheme was See also:

• DEVELOPED

developed, and the members of the society undertook various kinds of See also:

• MISSION

mission work throughout Rome, notably the See also:

• PREACHING (Fr. preecher, from Lat. praedicare, to proclaim)

preaching of sermons in different churches every evening, a wholly novel agency at that See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time . In 1564 the Florentines requested him to leave San Girolamo, and to take the oversight of their See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church in Rome, San Giovanni dei Fiorentini, then newly built . He was at first reluctant, but by consent of See also:

• PIUS

Pius IV. he accepted, while retaining the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of San Girolamo, where the exercises of the Oratory were kept up . At this time the new society included amongst its members See also:

• CAESAR, GAIUS JULIUS (102—44 B.c.)
• CAESAR, SIR JULIUS (1557-1558-1636)

Caesar See also:

• BARONIUS, CAESAR (1538-1607)

Baronius, the ecclesiastical historian, See also:

• FRANCESCO
• FRANCESCO, 210

Francesco Maria Tarugi, afterwards See also:

• ARCHBISHOP (Lat. archiepiscopus, from Gr. apxceatorcoros)

archbishop of See also:

• AVIGNON

Avignon, and Paravicini, all three subsequently cardinals, and also Gallonius, author of a well-known work on the Sufferings of the Martyrs, Ancina, Bordoni, and other men of ability and distinction . The Florentines, however, built in 1574 a large oratory or mission-See also:

• ROOM

room for the society contiguous to San Giovanni, in See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order to See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save them the fatigue of the daily See also:

• JOURNEY (through O. Fr. jornee or journee, mod. Fr. journee, from med. Lat. diurnata, Lat. diurnus, of or belonging to dies, day)

journey to and from San Girolamo, and to provide a more convenient See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

assembly, and the headquarters were transferred thither . As the community See also:

• GREW, NEHEMIAH (1641-1712)

grew, and its mission work extended, the need of having a church entirely its own, and not subject to other claims, as were San Girolamo. and San Giovanni, made itself See also:

• FELT (cognate with Ger. Filz, Du. vilt, Swed. and Dan. fill; the root is unknown; the word has given Med. Lat. filtrum, " filter ")

felt, and the offer of the small See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish church of See also:

• SANTA

Santa Maria in Vallicella, conveniently situated in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of Rome, was made and accepted .

The See also:

• BUILDING

building, however, as not large enough for their purpose, was pulled down, and a splendid church erected on the site . It was immediately after taking See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of their new quarters that See also:

• NERI, PHILIP (FILIppo DE) (1515-1595)

Neri formally organized, under permission of a See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

bull dated See also:

• JULY

July 15, 1595, a community of See also:

• SECULAR (Lat. saecularis, of or belonging to an age or generation, saeculum)

secular priests, entitled the See also:

• CONGREGATION (Lat. congregatio, a gathering together, from cum, with, grex, gregis, a flock, herd)

Congregation of the Oratory . The new church was consecrated See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early in 1577, and the See also:

• CLERGY (M.E. clergie, O. Fr. clergie, from Low Lat. form clericia [Skean, by assimilation with O. Fr. clergie, Fr. clerge,from Low Lat. clericatus)
• CLERGY, BENEFIT OF

clergy of the new society at once resigned the charge of San Giovanni dei Fiorentini; but Neri himself did not migrate from San Girolamo till 1583, and then only in virtue of an See also:

• INJUNCTION (from Lat. injungere, to fasten, or attach to, to lay a burden or charge on, to enjoin)

injunction of the See also:

• POPE (Gr. irarraas, post-classical Lat. papa, father)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1688–1744)
• POPE, ALEXANDER (1763-1835)
• POPE, JANE (1742-1818)
• POPE, JOHN (1822-1892)
• POPE, SIR THOMAS (c. 1507-1559)

pope that he, as the See also:

• SUPERIOR

superior, should reside at the chief house of his congregation . He was at first elected for a See also:

• TERM

term of three years (as is usual in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• SOCIETIES, LEARNED

societies), but in 1587 was nominated superior for See also:

• LIFE

life . He was, however, entirely See also:

• FREE

free from See also:

• PERSONAL

personal ambition, and had no See also:

• DESIRE

desire to be See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general over a number of dependent houses, so that he desired that all congregations formed on his See also:

• MODEL (0. Fr. modelle, mod. modele; It. modello, pattern, mould; from Lat. modus, measure, standard)

model outside Rome should be autonomous, governing themselves, and without endeavouring to retain See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control over any new colonies they might themselves send out—a regulation afterwards formally confirmed by a brief of See also:

• GREGORY
• GREGORY (Gregorius)
• GREGORY (Grigorii) GRIGORIEVICH ORLOV, COUNT (1734-1783)
• GREGORY, EDWARD JOHN (1850-19o9)
• GREGORY, OLINTHUS GILBERT (1774—1841)
• GREGORY, ST (c. 213-C. 270)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NAZIANZUS (329–389)
• GREGORY, ST, OF NYSSA (c.331—c. 396)
• GREGORY, ST, OF TOURS (538-594)

Gregory XV. in 1622 . Much as he mingled with society, and with persons of importance in church and See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, his single interference in See also:

• POLITICAL

political matters was in 1593, when his persuasions induced the pope, See also:

• CLEMENT (Lat. Clemens, i.e. merciful; Gr. K)4gs)
• CLEMENT, FRANCOIS (1714-1793)
• CLEMENT, JACQUES (1567-1589)

Clement VIII., to withdraw the See also:

• EXCOMMUNICATION (Lat. ex, out of, away from; communis, common)

excommunication and See also:

• ANATHEMA (from Gr. avarz6 'cu, to lift up)

anathema of See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry IV. of See also:

• FRANCE
• FRANCE, ANATOLE (1844– )

France, and the refusal to receive his See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador, even though the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king had formally abjured Calvinism . Neri saw that the pope's attitude was more than likely to drive Henry to a relapse, and probably to rekindle the See also:

• CIVIL

civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war in France, and directed Baronius, then the pope's See also:

• CONFESSOR

confessor, to refuse him See also:

• ABSOLUTION (Lat. absolutio from absolvo, loosen, acquit)

absolution, and to resign his See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office of confessor, unless he would withdraw the anathema . Clement yielded at once, though the whole See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of cardinals had supported his policy; and Henry, who did not learn the facts till several years afterwards, testified. lively gratitude for the Nergal was pictured as a See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

lion and on boundary-See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone monuments his See also:

• SYMBOL (Gr. o-uµ(3oXov, a sign)

symbol is a See also:

• MACE (Fr. masse, O. Fr. mace, connected with Lat.'ntateola, a mallet)

mace surmounted by the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of a lion . As in the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case of See also:

• NINIB

Ninib, Nergal appears to have absorbed a number of See also:

• MINOR
• MINOR (Lat. for smaller, lesser)
• MINOR, ROBERT CRANNELL (1839-1904)

minor See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar deities, which accounts for the various names or designations under which he appears, such as Lugalgira, Sharrapu (" the burner," perhaps a See also:

• MERE
• MERE, ADALBERT (1838-1909)

mere epithet), Ira, Gibil (though this name more properly belongs to See also:

• NUSKU

Nusku, q.v.) and Sibitti . A certain confusion exists in See also:

• CUNEIFORM (from Lat. cuneus, a wedge)

cuneiform literature between Ninib and Nergal, perhaps due to the traces of two different conceptions regarding these two solar deities . Nergal is called the " raging king," the " furious one," and the like, and by a See also:

• PLAY

play upon his name—separated into three elements Ne-urugal " See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

lord of the great dwelling "—his position at the head of the nether-See also:

• WORLD

world See also:

• PANTHEON (Lat. pantheum or pantheon; Gr. srav& ov, all-holy, from re, s, all, and Oeor god)

pantheon is indicated . In the astral-theological See also:

• SYSTEM

system he is the See also:

• PLANET (Gr. ssXavirrns, a wanderer)

planet See also:

• MARS
• MARS (MAYORS, MARMAR, MARSPITER GA MASPITER)
• MARS, MLLE [ANNE FRANCOISE HYPPOLYTE BOUTET] (1779-1847)

Mars, while in ecclesiastical See also:

• ART

art the great lion-headed colossi serving as guardians to the temples and palaces seem to be a symbol of Nergal, just as the bull-headed colossi are probably intended to typify Ninib .

The name of his chief See also:

• TEMPLE
• TEMPLE, FREDERICK (1821-1902)
• TEMPLE, RICHARD
• TEMPLE, SIR RICHARD, BART
• TEMPLE, SIR WILLIAM, BART

temple at Kutha was E-shid-lam, from which the See also:

• GOD

god receives the designation of Shidlamtaea, " the one that rises up from Shidlam." The cult of Nergal does not appear to have been as widespread as that of Ninib . He is frequently invoked in hymns and in votive and other See also:

• INSCRIPTIONS (from Lat. inscribere, to write upon)

inscriptions of Babylonian and See also:

• ASSYRIAN

Assyrian rulers, but we do not learn of many temples to him outside of Kutha . See also:

• SENNACHERIB (Ass. Sin-akhi-erba, " the Moon-god has increased the brethren ")

Sennacherib speaks of one at Tarbisu to the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north of See also:

• NINEVEH (Heb. m}'?, in classical authors Nivos, Ninus; LXX. Ntsetni, Nnveun: Assyrian Nind or Ninua)

Nineveh, but it is significant that although See also:

• NEBUCHADREZZAR, or NEBUCHADNEZZAR

Nebuchadrezzar II . (6o6–586 B.c.), the great temple-builder of the neo-Babylonian See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy, alludes to his operations at E-shid-lam in Kutha, he makes no mention of a See also:

• SANCTUARY (from the late Lat. sanctuarium, a sacred place)

sanctuary to Nergal in See also:

• BABYLON (mod. Hillah)

Babylon . See also:

• LOCAL

Local associations with his See also:

• ORIGINAL

original seat—Kutha—and the conception formed of him as a god of the dead acted in making him feared rather than actively worshipped . (M .