See also:

• FRANZ, ROBERT (1815-1892)

FRANZ See also:

• ERNST, HEINRICH WILHELM (1814–1865)

ERNST See also:

• FRANZ ERNST NEUMANN (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

NEUMANN (1798-1895)  , See also:

• GERMAN
• GERMAN, DUTCH AND SCANDINAVIAN

German mineralogist, physicist and mathematician, was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born at Joachimstal on the 11th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1798 . In 1815 he interrupted his studies at See also:

• BERLIN
• BERLIN, CONGRESS AND TREATY OF
• BERLIN, ISAIAH (1725–1799)

Berlin to serve as a volunteer in the See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign against See also:

• NAPOLEON

Napoleon, and was wounded in the See also:

• BATTLE

battle of Ligny . Subsequently he entered Berlin University as a student of See also:

• THEOLOGY

theology, but soon turned to scientific subjects . His earlier papers were mostly concerned with See also:

• CRYSTALLOGRAPHY
• CRYSTALLOGRAPHY (from the Gr. Kpbo TaXXO , ice, and -ypachew, to write)

crystallography, and the reputation they gained him led to his See also:

• APPOINTMENT, POWER OF

appointment as Privatdozent at See also:

• KONIGSBERG (Polish Krolewiec)

Konigsberg, where in 1828 he became extraordinary, and in 1829 See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary, See also:

• PROFESSOR (the Latin noun formed from the verb profiteri, to declare publicly, to acknowledge, profess)

professor of See also:

• MINERALOGY

mineralogy and physics . In 1831, from a study of the specific heats of,compounds, he formulated " See also:

• NEUMANN, FRANZ ERNST (1798-1895)
• NEUMANN, KARL FRIEDRICH (1793-1870)

Neumann's See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law," which expressed in See also:

• MODERN

modern See also:

• LANGUAGE (adapted from the Fr. langage, from langue, tongue, Lat. lingua)

language runs: " The molecular See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat of a See also:

• COMPOUND
• COMPOUND (from Lat. componere, to combine or put together)

compound is equal to the sum of the atomic heats of its constituents." Devoting himself next to See also:

• OPTICS

optics, he produced See also:

• MEMOIRS

memoirs which entitle him to a high See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place among the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early searchers after a true dynamical theory of See also:

• LIGHT

light . In 1832, by the aid of a particular See also:

• HYPOTHESIS (from Gr. inrorcOivat, to put under; cf. Lat. suppositio, from sub-ponere)

hypothesis as to the constitution of the See also:

• ETHER, (C2H5)2O

ether, he reached by a rigorous dynamical calculation results agreeing with those obtained by A . L . See also:

• CAUCHY, AUGUSTIN LOUIS, BARON (1789-1857)

Cauchy, and succeeded in deducing See also:

• LAWS

laws of See also:

• DOUBLE
• DOUBLE (from the Mid. Eng. duble, the form which gives the present pronunciation, through the Old Er. duble, from Lat. duplus, twice as much)

double See also:

• REFRACTION
• REFRACTION (Lat. refringere, to break open or apart)

refraction closely resembling those of A . J . See also:

• FRESNEL, AUGUSTIN JEAN (1788-1827)

Fresnel; and in subsequent years he attacked the problem of giving mathematical expression to the conditions holding for a See also:

• SURFACE

surface separating two crystalline See also:

• MEDIA

media, and worked out from theory the laws of double refraction in strained crystalline bodies . He also made important contributions to the mathematical theory of electrodynamics, and in papers published in 1845 and 1847 established mathematically the laws of the See also:

• INDUCTION (from Lat. inducere, to lead into; cf. Gr. ilrayu yli)

induction of electric currents . His last publication, which appeared in 1878, was on spherical harmonics (Beitrdge zur Theorie der Kugelfunctionen) .

He took See also:

• PART

part in See also:

• FOUNDING (from Lat. fundere, to pour)

founding the Math ematisch-Physikalisches Seminar, to give students a See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical acquaintance with the methods of See also:

• ORIGINAL

original See also:

• RESEARCH (O. Fr. recerche, from recercher, re- and cercer, mod. chercher, to search; Late Lat. circare, to go round in a circle, to explore)

research . He retired from his professorship in 1876, and died at Konigsberg on the 23rd of May 1895 . His son, CARL GOTTFRIED NEUMANN (b . 1832), became in 1858 Privatdozent, and in 1863 extraordinary professor of See also:

• MATHEMATICS (Gr. /saBnµar1Kil, Sc. vOcvn or E7rlQTt'µn; from p iN.La, "learning" or "science ")

mathematics at See also:

• HALLE (known as HALLE-AN-DER-SAALE, t0 distinguish it from the small town of Halle in Westphalia)
• HALLE, SIR CHARLES (originally KARL HALLE) (1819-1895)

Halle . He was then appointed to the ordinary See also:

• CHAIR (in. Mid. Eng. chcere, through O. Fr. chaire or chaiere, from Lat. cathedra, later caledra, Gr. xaOi3pa, seat, cf. "cathedral"; the modern Fr. form chaise, a chair, has been adopted in English with a particular meaning as a form of carriage; chaire

chair of mathematics successively at See also:

• BASEL (Fr. Bale)
• BASEL (Fr. Belle, but Basle is a wholly erroneous form; Ital. Basilea)
• BASEL, CONFESSION OF
• BASEL, COUNCIL OF

Basel (1863), See also:

• TUBINGEN

Tubingen (1865) and . See also:

• LEIPZIG

Leipzig (1868) .