See also:

• NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a See also:

• NERVE (Lat. nervus, Gr. vevpov, a bowstring)

nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)  , a See also:

• TERM

term used in zoological See also:

• CLASSIFICATION (Lat. classis, a class, probably from the root cal-, cla-, as in Gr. icaMce, clamor)

classification for an See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of the class See also:

• HEXAPODA (Gr. 4, six, and gobs, foot)

Hexapoda (q.v.) . No ordinal name used in the class has had so many varying meanings given to it by different authors . As first used by See also:

• LINNAEUS

Linnaeus (1735) it included all See also:

• INSECTS

insects with mandibulate jaws and two pairs of See also:

• NET

net-veined .wings—See also:

• DRAGON (Fr. dragon, through Lat. draco, from the Greek; connected with SEpeoµay " see," and interpreted as " sharp-sighted "; O.H. Ger. tracho, dracho, M.H.G. trache, Mod. Ger. Drachen; A.S. draca, hence the equivalent English form " drake," " fire-drake,

dragon-flies, May-flies, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone-flies, lacewing-flies and caddis-flies—and it has been employed in the same wide sense by D . See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

Sharp (See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge Nat . Hist. vol. v., 1895) . But detailed study of these various See also:

• GROUPS
• GROUPS, THEORY

groups of insects shows that beneath their See also:

• COMMON

common superficial resemblances See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie important distinctions in structure, and essential See also:

• DIFFERENCES, CALCULUS OF (Theory of Finite Differences)

differences in the course of the See also:

• LIFE

life-See also:

• HISTORY

history . Some of the families —the stone-flies, for example—have the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young See also:

• INSECT

insect much like the adult, growing its wings visibly outside the thoracic segments, and active at all stages of its life . The dragon-flies and May-flies are also active throughout their lives and possess See also:

• EXTERNAL

external wing-rudiments, though the young insects differ rather strikingly from their parents . All such families—falling into the See also:

• GROUP

group Exopterygota as defined in the classification of the Hexapodawere separated from the See also:

• NEUROPTERA (Gr. vevpov, a nerve, and ,rmpbv, a wing)

Neuroptera by W . E . Erichson (1839) and See also:

• UNITED

united with the See also:

• ORTHOPTERA (Gr. Op®os, straight, and rTepov, a wing)

Orthoptera, with which order some entomologists still See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate them under the name of " Pseudoneuroptera." The other groups of the old Linnean order (such as lacewing-flies and caddis-flies)—which are hatched as larvae markedly unlike the See also:

• PARENT, SIMON NAPOLEON (1855– )

parent, develop wing-rudiments hidden under the larval cuticle, and only show the wings externally in a resting pupal See also:

• STAGE (Fr. 6/age; from Lat. stare, to stand)

stage, passing thus through a " See also:

• COMPLETE

complete " See also:

• METAMORPHOSIS

metamorphosis and falling into the sub-class Endopterygotawere retained in the order Neuroptera, which thus became much restricted in its extent . More recently the subdivision of the Linnean Neuroptera has been carried .still further by the separation of the caddis-flies and See also:

• SCORPION (Lat. Scorpio)

scorpion-flies as distinct orders (Trichoptera and Mecaptera respectively), and by the withdrawal of the " Pseudo-neuroptera " from the Orthoptera—with whose typical families they have little in common—and their See also:

• DIVISION (from Lat. dividere, to break up into parts, separate)

division into a number of _small orders .

Altogether, eight orders are recognized in the classification adopted here, the first five of these belonging to the sub-class Exopterygota and the last three to the Endopterygota (see HEXAPOD) . The multiplication of orders is attended with See also:

• PRACTICAL

practical difficulties, and the distinctions between the various groups of the Linnean Neuroptera are without doubt less obvious than those between the See also:

• COLEOPTERA

Coleoptera (beetles) and the See also:

• DIPTERA (Sir, double, arepa, wings)

Diptera (two-winged flies) for example . But if classification is to See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express relationship, it is impossible to associate in the same order families whose kinship to insects of other orders is nearer than their kinship to each other . And no student can doubt that the stone-flies are akin to Orthoptera and the caddis-flies to the See also:

• LEPIDOPTERA (Gr. ?emir, a scale or husk, and 7rrepov, a wing)

Lepidoptera, while dragon-flies and May-flies stand in an isolated position with regard to all other insects . In the See also:

• PRESENT

present See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article. for the See also:

• SAKE

sake of convenience, all the insects which have been regardedby Linnaeus and others as "Neuroptera" are included, but they are distributed into the orders agreed upon by the See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of See also:

• MODERN

modern observers, and See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short characters of these orders and their See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal families are given . For further details the reader should consult the See also:

• SPECIAL

special articles on these groups, to which See also:

• CROSS

cross-references will be found . Sub-class EXOPTERYGOTA Order Plecoptera . This order was founded (1869) by F . Brauer—the name having been See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long previously suggested by H . Burmeister (1832)—to include the single See also:

• FAMILY

family of the Perlidae or stone-flies . They resemble the Orthoptera more nearly than do any other group of the Linnean Neuroptera, having the anal See also:

• AREA

area of the See also:

• HIND

hind-wings folding fanwise beneath the costal area and the whole hind-wing covered by the fore-wing when the insect is at See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest, though the forewing is not firmer in texture than the hind-wing, as is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case in the Orthoptera . In the See also:

• OPINION (Lat. opinio, from opinari, to think)

opinion of J .

H . Comstock and J . G . Needham the wing-neuration in this order is the most See also:

• PRIMITIVE

primitive to be found in the Hexapoda . The tenth abdominal segment carries a pair of jointed cerci which are often elongate, and the feelers are always long, while the jaws are usually feeble and membrancus, though the typical parts of a mandibulate mouth are present—mandibles, maxillae with inner and See also:

• OUTER

outer lobes and palps, and second maxillae (labium) whose lacinae are not fused to See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a ligula . Both See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head and See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk are somewhat flattened dorso-ventrally, giving the insects a very distinct and characteristic aspect . The stone-flies further resemble the Orthoptera in their numerous Malpighian excretory tubes, which vary in number from twenty to sixty . The reproductive See also:

• ORGANS

organs, both ovaries and testes, become fused together in the See also:

• MIDDLE

middle of the See also:

• BODY

body . A remarkable point in the Plecoptera is the presence in some forms (Pteronarcys) of small branching gills on the three thoracic and the front abdominal segments . These organs appear, however, from the observations of H . A . See also:

• HAGEN
• HAGEN, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH VON DER (178o-1856)

Hagen not to be functional in the adult insect—they are merely survivals from the aquatic nymphal stage .

Life-history and Habits.—The See also:

• NYMPHS

nymphs of the Perlidae are closely like their parents and breathe dissolved See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air by means of tracheal gills on the thoracic segments, for they all live in the See also:

• WATER

water of streams . They feed upon weaker aquatic creatures, such as the larvae of May-flies . The perfect insects, whose See also:

• FLIGHT

flight is feeble, are never found far from the water . A curious feature among them is the frequent reduction of the wings in the See also:

• MALES

males of certain See also:

• SPECIES

species, contrary to the usual See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition among the Hexapoda, where if the sexes differ in the development of their wings it is the See also:

• FEMALE

female which has them reduced . The Plecoptera are See also:

• WORLD

world-wide in their range and fossils referable to them have been described from rocks of See also:

• EOCENE (Gr. *In, dawn, icauvos, recent)

Eocene, See also:

• MIOCENE

Miocene and See also:

• JURASSIC

Jurassic See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, while C . See also:

• BRONGNIART, ADOLPHE THEODORE (1801–1876)
• BRONGNIART, ALEXANDRE (1770-1847)

Brongniart states that allied forms lived in the Carboniferous See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

Period . Order Isoptera . The two families included in this order agree with the Plecoptera in the young insect resembling the parent, but they are all terrestrial d e b C f After C . L . Marlatt, Ent . See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull . 4 (N.S.), U.S .

Dept . Agric . a, Male from above. b and c, Hind segments of male and female abdomens, showing short d, Male from See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side. cerci . e, See also:

• ABDOMEN (a Latin word, either from abdere, to hide, or from a form adipomen, from adeps, fat)

Abdomen of female from f, End of shin and See also:

• FOOT

foot-segments. side . throughout life . The hind-wings have no folding anal area and the wings of both pairs, when present, are closely alike (see fig . I) whence the name Isoptera (=equal winged) lately applied to the group by G . Enderlein . The See also:

• ELEVENTH

eleventh abdominal segment which carries the short jointed cerci (fig . I, b, c) may remain in a reduced condition distinct from the tenth . There are only six or eight Malpighian tubes—contrasting with the large number of these excretory organs found in the Orthoptera and Plecoptera . The Embiidae are feeble, somewhat soft-skinned insects with the prothorax small and the mesothorax and metathorax elongate .

The feelers are long and See also:

• SIMPLE

simple, and the wings are very narrow, each with a sub-costal, a radial, a median and a cubital nervure; the branches of the median and the cubital, however, as well as the anal nervures, are vestigial, and there are a few short cross-bars between Q After Marian, Ent . Bull . 4 (N.S.), U.S . Dept . Agric . the radial and the median . Some Embiidae are entirely wingless in the adult See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and it has been suggested that this is always the condition in the female See also:

• SEX (Lat. sexes; possibly connected with secure, to cut)

sex . According to the See also:

• RECENT

recent investigations of K . W . Verhoeff, the family contains only thirteen known species . The Embiidae live in warm countries, and are very retiring in their habits, hiding under stones where they spin webs formed of See also:

• SILK

silk produced by glands in the basal segments of the fore-feet . The Termitidae (so-called " See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

white ants ") are the other family of Isoptera .

They are relatively shorter and broader insects than the Embiidae with large prothorax and long wings, which have a trans-See also:

• VERSE (from Lat. versus, literally a line or furrow drawn by turning the plough, from vertere, and afterwards signifying an arrangement of syllables into feet)

verse See also:

• LINE

line of weakness at the See also:

• BASE

base and are usually See also:

• SHED

shed after the nuptial flight . The Termitidae are numerous in species in warm countries . The vast majority of individuals in a community consist of wingless forms—" workers " and " soldiers," which are undeveloped members of either sex . Their See also:

• ECONOMY

economy is fully described in a special article on TERMITES . Order Corrodentia . The insects included in this order differ from those of the two preceding orders in their more condensed abdomens which See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear no cerci, while the number of Malpighian tubes is reduced to four . In the See also:

• ABSENCE (Lat. absentia)

absence of cerci the Corrodentia are more specialized than the Isoptera and Plecoptera, but some of them show a more primitive See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character in the retention of vestigial maxillulae—the See also:

• MINUTE
• MINUTE (Lat. minutes, small; minuere, to make less)

minute pair of jaws that are found behind the mandibles in the See also:

• APTERA (Greek for " wingless ")

Aptera (Q.v.) . A large proportion of the Corrodentia are wingless . When wings are present the front pair are much larger than the hind pair, and the neuration is remarkable for the concresence of the median with the b After Marlatt, Bull . 4 (N.S.), Div . Ent . U.S .

Dept . Agric . a, From below. c, Second maxillae . b, From above, (eyes, feeler, feet d, Mandible . and claws more highly mag- e, Lacinia or " pick " of first nified). maxilla . f, Its palp . Highly magnified . cubital trunk, and the zigzag course of many of the branches . All the insects of this order are of small See also:

• SIZE

size and the cuticle is imperfectly chitinized, so that the body as a whole is soft . The name Corrodentia was first used by H . Burmeister (1832) and has reference to the biting habits of the insects . Originally, however, the Corrodentia included the order which Enderlein has recently separated as Isoptera (see above) .

As at present restricted, the Corrodentia include two distinct sub-orders . Copeognatha.—This sub-ordinal name has been applied by Enderlein to the " See also:

• BOOK

book-lice." These frail insects, the majority ofwhich have wings of the type described above, are further characterized by the presence of minute but distinct maxillulae, while the inner See also:

• LOBE

lobe (lacinia) of the first maxilla is an elongate, hard structure (the " pick," fig . 3, e) and the outer lobe is See also:

• CONVEX

convex and soft . The labial (second maxillary) palps are reduced to small, rounded prominences external to the still smaller prominences that represent the lobes (fig . 3, c) . The feelers of these insects are elongate and See also:

• THREAD (0. Eng. praed, literally, that which is twisted, prawan, to twist, to throw, cf. " throwster," a silk-winder, Ger. drehen, to twist, turn, Du. draad, Ger. Draht, thread, wire)

thread-like, consisting of from a dozen to nearly See also:

• THIRTY

thirty segments . The prothorax is very small . The book-lice are See also:

• FAMILIAR (through the Fr. familier, from Lat. familiaris, of or belonging to the familia, family)

familiar wingless insects, often found in houses See also:

• RUNNING

running about among old papers and neglected biological collections . They belong to the family Psocidae which has a few See also:

• SCORE (O.E. scor, from sceran, to cut, notch, cf. " shear ")

score species—most of them winged—living out of doors on the bark of trees and among See also:

• VEGETABLE

vegetable refuse . In some Psocidae the wings are in a vestigial state, and the fully winged species rarely if ever See also:

• FLY (formed on the root of the supposed original Tent. fleugan, to fly)

fly . H . A .

Hagen observed that some genera possess wing-like outgrowths on the prothorax, comparable to those seen in certain insects of the Carboniferous Period . The Psocidae themselves have not been traced back beyond the Oligocene, in the See also:

• AMBER

amber of which period their remains are fairly numerous . Mallophaga.—This term was first applied by C . L . See also:

• NITZSCH, GREGOR WILHELM (179x-1861)
• NITZSCH, KARL IMMANUEL (1787-1868)

Nitzsch (1818) . to the degraded wingless parasites (fig . 4) commonly known as See also:

• BIRD

bird-lice or biting-lice, differing from the true lice (see See also:

• HEMIPTERA (Gr. 77µi-, half and IrTep6P, a wing)

HEMIPTERA, See also:

• LOUSE (O. Eng. leis, cf. Du. luis, Ger. Laus, Dan. and Swed. lus)

LousE) by their jaws adapted for biting (not for piercing or sticking) . By their structure they are evidently allied to the Copeognatha . They are abundantly distinct, however, through the short feelers with only three to five segments and the conspicuous prothorax . The head is relatively very large, but the eyes are degraded and often absent . A remarkable feature is the frequent concrescence of mesothorax and metathorax and in some cases, even, their See also:

• FUSION

fusion with the anterior abdominal segments . The legs are stout and spiny, and well adapted for clinging to the See also:

• HAIR (a word common to Teutonic languages)

hair or feathers of the See also:

• HOST

host See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal . It is usual to See also:

• DIVIDE

divide the Mallophaga into two families—the Liotheidae, possessing labial palps and two foot-claws, being fairly active insects, which are capable, on the See also:

• DEATH

death of their host, of seeking another, and the Philopteridae, without labial palps and with a single foot-claw modified for clasping (fig .

4) which never leave the host and perish themselves soon after its death . Order Ephemeroptera . This order includes the single family of the Ephemeridae or May-flies . The name, although quite recently proposed by A . E . See also:

• SHIPLEY
• SHIPLEY, JONATHAN (1714-1788)

Shipley, should be used rather than A . S . Packard's older term Plectoptera on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the See also:

• GREAT

great liability of confusion between the latter and Plecoptera . The May-flies are remarkably primitive in certain of their characters, notably the elongate cerci, the paired, entirely mesodermal genital ducts, and the occurrence of an ecdysis after the acquisition of functional wings . On the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand, the reduced feelers, the numerous Malpighian tubes (40), the large complex eyes, the vestigial condition of the jaws, the excessive size of the fore-wings as compared with the hind-wings and their complex neuration with an enormous number of crossnervules are all specializations . So in some respects is the life-history, with a true larval preparatory stage, unlike the parent form, and living an aquatic life, breathing dissolved air by means of a paired See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of abdominal tracheal gills . Except for its aquatic adaptations, however, the ephemerid larva is wonderfully thysanuran in character, and possesses conspicuous and distinct maxillulae .

See special article on MAY-FLIES . Order Odonata . The distinctness of the dragon-flies from other insects included in Linnaeus's Neuroptera was long ago recognized by J . C . See also:

• FABRICIUS, GAIUS LUSCINUS (i.e. " the one-eyed ")
• FABRICIUS, GEORG (1516-1571)
• FABRICIUS, HIERONYMUS
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN ALBERT (1668-1736)
• FABRICIUS, JOHANN CHRISTIAN (1745-18o8)

Fabricius, who proposed for them the ordinal name of Odonata (1775) . They resemble the May-flies in their " hemimetabolous " life-history; the young insects are markedly unlike their parents, inhabiting fresh water and breathing dissolved air, either through tracheal gills at the tip of the abdomen, or by a branching See also:

• SYSTEM

system of air-tubes on the walls of the rectum into which water is periodically admitted . The winged insects resemble the May-flies in their short feelers and in the large number (5o to 6o) of their Malpighian tubes, but differ most strikingly from those insects in their strong well-armoured bodies, their powerful jaws adapted for a predaceous manner of life, and the See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close similarity of the hind-wings to the fore-wings . All the wings are of See also:

• FIRM

firm, glassy texture, and very complex in their neuration; a remarkable and unique feature is that a See also:

• BRANCH (from the Fr. branche, late Lat. branca, an animal's paw)

branch of the See also:

• RADIUS

radius (the radial sector) crosses the median nervure, while, by the development of multitudinous cross-nervules, the wing-area becomes divided into an immense number of small areolets . The tenth abdominal segment carries strong, unjointed cerci, while the presence of reproductive See also:

• ARMATURE (from Lat. armatura, armour)

armature on the second abdominal segment After See also:

• OSBORN, SHERARD (1822—1875)

Osborn, Ent . Bull . 7 (0.S.), U.S . Dept .

Agric . 440 of the male is a character found in no other order of the Hexapoda . See special DRAGON-FLY . Sub-class ENDOPTERYGOTA Order Neuroptera . The insects retained in the order Neuroptera as restricted by modern systematists are distinguished from the preceding orders by the presence of a resting pupal stage in the life-history, so that a " complete metamorphosis Is undergone . Structurally the Neuroptera are distinguished by elongate feelers, a large, See also:

• FREE

free prothorax, a labium with the inner lobes of the second maxillae fused together to form a median ligula, membranous, net-veined wings without hairy covering, those of the two pairs being usually alike, the absence of abdominal cerci, and the presence of six or eight Malpighian tubes . The larvae are active and well-armoured, upon the whole of the campodeiform " type, but destitute of cerci; they are predaceous in See also:

• HABIT (through the French from Lat. habitus, from habere, to have, hold, or, in a reflective sense, to be in a certain condition; in many of the English senses the French use habitude, not habit)

habit, usually with slender, sickle-shaped mandibles, wherewith they See also:

• PIERCE, FRANKLIN (1804—1869)

pierce various insects so as to suck their juices . The order contains nine families, most of which are wide in their See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

geographical See also:

• DISTRIBUTION (Lat. distribuere, to deal out)

distribution . Fossil Neuroptera occur in the See also:

• LIAS

Lias and even In the Trias if the relationships of certain larvae have been correctly surmised . The Sialidae or See also:

• ALDER

alder-flies (q.v.) differ from other Neuroptera in the jaws of the larva—which is aquatic, breathing by paired, jointed abdominal gills—resembling those of the imago, and being adapted for the mastication of solid See also:

• FOOD
• FOOD (like the verb " to feed," from a Teutonic root, whence O. Eng. foda; cf. " fodder "; connected with Gr. lrareicOae, to feed)

food . Some See also:

• AMERICAN

American genera (Corydalis) which belong to this family are gigantic among insects and their males possess enormous mandibles . The Raphidiidae or snake-flies (q.v.) are remarkable for the long, narrow, tapering prothorax which gives the See also:

• APPEARANCE (from Lat. apparere, to appear)

appearance of a constricted See also:

• NECK (O. Eng. hnecca; the word appears in many Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch ride, Ger. Nacken; in O. E. the common word was heals; cf. Ger. Hals)

neck, while the female has a long ovipositor .

Both these families are very sparingly represented in our See also:

• FAUNA

fauna . The Myrmeleonidae are large insects with short clubbed feelers on their prominent heads, and two pairs of closely similar net-veined wings, with See also:

• REGULAR

regular oblong areolets at the tips . Their predaceous, suctorial larvae are the well-known See also:

• ANT
• ANT (O. Eng. aemete, from Teutonic a, privative, and maitan, cut or bite off, i.e. " the biter off "; aemete in Middle English became differentiated in dialect use to (mete, then amte, and so ant, and also to emete, whence the synonym " emmet," now only u

ant-lions (q.v.) . No members of this family inhabit our islands, though a few species occur in neighbouring parts of the See also:

• CONTINENT (from Lat. continere, "to hold together "; hence " connected," " continuous ")

continent . The same Is the case with the allied Ascalaphidae, which are distinguished from the Myrmeleonidae by their elongate feelers—as long as the body—and by the irregular apical areolets of the wings . The curious Nemopteridae have slender feelers and very long strap-shaped hind-wings . The Mantispidae are remarkable among the Neuroptera for their elongate prothorax, raptorial fore-legs and hypermetamorphic life-history, the young campodeiform larva becoming transformed into a See also:

• FAT (O.E. fdett; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vet, Ger. Fett, &c., and may be ultimately related to Greek Irian, and =apos, and Sanskrit pivan)

fat eruciform See also:

• GRUB

grub parasitic on young See also:

• SPIDERS

spiders or See also:

• WASP (Lat. vespa)

wasp-larvae (see See also:

• MANTIS

MANTIS-FLY) . The last-named two families are confined to warm regions of the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth . The lacewing-flies (q.v.), however, of which there are two families, the Hemerobiidae and Chrysopidae, whose larvae feed on Aphids, sucking their juices, are represented in our fauna . So are the tiny Coniopterygidae, which are covered with a white powdery secretion, and have very small hind-wings . Their larvae resemble those of the lacewings, attacking See also:

• SCALE
• SCALE (1) A

scale-insects and sucking their juices . Order Mecaptera .

This small order was founded (1869) by F . Brauer—under the name of Panorpata—for the small family of the Panorpidae or scorpion-flies (q.v.) . The name Mecaptera Is due to Packard . They may be distinguished from the Neuroptera by the See also:

• ELONGATION

elongation of the head into a See also:

• BEAK (early forms beke and becke, from Fr. bec, late Lat. beccus, supposed to be a Gaulish word; the Celtic bec and beq, however, are taken from the English)

beak, the small prothorax, the narrow, elongate wings with predominantly See also:

• LONGITUDINAL

longitudinal neuration, the presence of abdominal cerci and the eruciform larva . They are generally but sparingly distributed over the earth's See also:

• SURFACE

surface and can be traced back in See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time to the See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Jurassic See also:

• EPOCH (Gr. E7roxij, holding in suspense, a pause, from E1rxav, to hold up, to stop)

epoch . Order Trichoptera . The caddis-flies (q.v.) constitute this order, the name of which (suggested by H . Burmeister) indicates the hairy covering of the wings . They are abundantly distinct from the Neuroptera and Mecaptera, through the absence of mandibles in the imago, the maxillae—both pairs of which possess the typical inner and outer lobes and jointed palps—forming a suctorial apparatus . The feelers are long, slender and many-jointed . While the fore-wings are elongate and narrow, the hind-wings are broad, with a folding anal area . At the base of each wing projects a dorsal lobe—the jugumand the neuration is predominantly longitudinal, resembling so closely that of the See also:

• LOWER

lower Lepidoptera (q.v.) that a nearer relationship of the Trichoptera to that order than to any group of the old Linnean Neuroptera is certain .

Fossil Trichoptera occur in rocks of Liassic age . Frequently the whole of the Trichoptera are included in a single family, but most special students of the order recognize seven families . In all Trichoptera the maxillary palps of the female are five-segmented . The family Phryganeidae have males with four-segmented hairy palps; the larvae inhabit stagnant water and See also:

• HAKE (Merluccius vulgaris)
• HAKE, EDWARD (fl. 1579)
• HAKE, THOMAS GORDON (1809-1895)

hake cases of vegetable fragments . In the Limnephilidae the maxillary palp is three-segmented in the male, the larvae are variable in habit, many forming cases of See also:

• SNAIL

snail-shells . The males of the Sericostomatidae have two or three segmented palps; their larvae inhabit running water and make cases of grains of See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand, or of small stones . In the13,002 . It has three Evangelical churches, one of which belongs to the See also:

• HERRNHUT

Herrnhut brotherhood, a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church and an orphanage . Its largest See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is, perhaps, the manufacture of thread; there are also in the See also:

• TOWN

town ironworks, breweries, See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding yards and See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical See also:

• WORKS

works . See also:

• NEUSALZ

Neusalz became a town in 1743 . See Bronisch, Geschichte von Neusalz an der See also:

• ODER (Lat. Viadua; Slavonic, Vjodr)

Oder (Neusalz, 1893) .