See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

NEVADA (a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish word meaning " See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad " or " snowy See also:

• LAND

land," originally applied to a snow-capped See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range on the Pacific slope)  , one of the far western states of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, lying between 35° and 42° N. and 114° 1' 34" and 120° 1' 34" W . (370 and 430 W. of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington) . It is bounded N. by See also:

• OREGON

Oregon and See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho, E. by See also:

• UTAH

Utah and See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, the See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado See also:

• RIVER

River separating it in See also:

• PART

part from the latter See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and S. and W. by See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California . See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada ranks See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in See also:

• SIZE

size among the states of the Union . Of its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 1 ro,690 sq. m., 869 sq. m•. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Its extreme length, N. and S., is 484 m., and its river, in the vicinity of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine Mountains, is reached. extreme width, E. and W., is 321 M . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see CALIFORNIA.) Physiography.—With the exception of its N.E. and S.E. corners, the state lies wholly within the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin, the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of which is really a vast table-See also:

• LAND

land between 4000 and 5000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . This See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, however, is not a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but contains many buttes and mesas and isolated See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain. ranges rising from loco to 8000 ft. above its surface . In the N.E. an unnamed range of See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, with an E. and W. trend, forms the water-parting between the streams tributary to the See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt river in Nevada and those that flow into the Snake river through Idaho and Oregon and thence to the Pacific Ocean . This range is very broken and See also:

• ILL

ill-defined, with peaks often reaching altitudes of from 9000 to 12,000 ft., and with numerous spurs diverging N. and S. from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• DIVIDE

divide . Between this See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge and the valley of the Colorado river lies all that portion of the Great Basin included within the state . The surface of this table-land is very rugged, and frequently broken by mountain ranges See also:

• RUNNING

running N. and S. and from 5 to 20 M. wide at their bases .

Intersecting the mountains are numerous ravines and passes . Between the ranges See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie valleys of about the same width as the bases of the mountains . These valleys are generally level-floored, but at their See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders gradually slope upward, and are filled, often to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of several thousand feet, with the detritus of See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and silt from the neighbouring hills . This is a region of innumerable faulted crust blocks, the elevated ones creating the N. and S. mountain ranges, and the depressed ones the valleys that lie between . It is for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that the mountain slopes are generally more abrupt on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side than on the other . Several valleys often unite into a large elevated plain, broken only by scattered buttes and spurs . The combined areas of the valleys and the area occupied by the mountains are about equal . The mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the state is 5500 ft . There are 5400 sq. m. between 2000 and 3000 ft. above the sea; I1,See also:

• IOO

IOO sq. m. between 3000 and 4000 ft.; 23,700 sq. m. between 4000 and 5000 ft.; 29,800 sq. m. between 5000 and 6000 ft.; 30,100 sq. m. between 6000 and 7000 ft.; 7800 sq. m. between 7000 and 8000 ft.; and 2800 sq. m. between 8000 and woo ft . The highest point within the state is See also:

• WHEELER, JOSEPH (1836-1906)
• WHEELER, WILLIAM ALMON (1819-1887)

Wheeler See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak, near the centre of the eastern boundary, with an elevation of 13,058 ft.; the lowest points are along the Colorado river, where the altitudes range from 700 to 800 ft . With the exception of this See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip in the S.E. corner, the entire state lies above the 2000 ft. See also:

• LINE

line . The Sierra Nevada range, which forms the western rim of the Basin, sends into the state a single lofty See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur, the Washoe Mountains .

At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of this range there is, relatively speaking, a depression, with an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 3850 ft. above the sea, which receives the drainage of the eastern slopes of the Sierra and what little drainage there is in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HALF

half of Nevada . From this depression See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level of the plateau gradually rises to an elevation of 6000 ft. near the eastern borders of the state . The mountains also increase in height and importance as far as the East Humboldt range, a lofty See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass about 6o m . W. of the Utah boundary . This range is the water-parting for nearly all the westward-flowing streams of the state, and is by far the steepest and most rugged within Nevada, a number of its peaks attaining a height of 11,000 or 12,000 ft . On its eastern slope the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters soon disappear within the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of narrow canyons, but break out again at the foot in See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold springs that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the source of the See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

Ruby and See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin lakes; on its western side the descent is more See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle, and the waters form the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork of the Humboldt river . Somewhat S. of the centre of the state lie the Toyabe Mountains, with several peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 ft. in height . The waters on the eastern slopes flow into the Smoky Valley; those on the other side assist the neighbouring Shoshone Mountains in feeding the Reese river, which flows N. toward the Humboldt, but seldom has sufficient See also:

• VOLUME

volume to enable it to reach that stream . About too m . E. of the California boundary lies a third important range, the Humboldt Mountains, whose highest point (See also:

• STAR

Star Peak) is 9925 ft. above the sea . Owing to their great height these three ranges receive heavier rainfall than the surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and are feeders to the northern valleys, which constitute the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief agricultural region of the state . Many of the See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block mountains of the Great Basin are of complicated See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure, showing rocks of all ages—See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, quartzites, See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, multi-coloured volcanic rocks, and large areas of See also:

• LAVA

lava overflow .

From the valley of the Humboldt river southward the plateau gradually rises until the divide between this stream and the Colorado From this point there is a fall, which is See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual as far S. as the 38th parallel, and then more abrupt . Thus at Fioche the altitude is 6too ft., at Hiko 3881 ft., at St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas 1600 ft., and at the Eldorado See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

Canyon 828 ft . The region of the Colorado river is largely See also:

• DESERT

desert, with occasional buttes and spurs . See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers and Lakes.—There are three drainage systems within the state . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of the Humboldt Valley an area of about 5000 sq. m. is drained by the Owyhee, the Little Owyhee, the See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon and See also:

• BRUNEAU, ALFRED (1857– )

Bruneau rivers, whose waters eventually reach the Pacific Ocean . Below this region flow the streams of the Great Basin, none of which reach the sea, but either terminate in lakes having no outlet or else vanish in sloughs or " sinks." Small streams often sink from sight in their beds of gravel, and after flowing some distance underground, reappear farther on . Of the basin streams the Humboldt is the most important . Rising in the N.E., it flows in a tortuous channel in a general S.W. direction for 300 M. and drains 7000 or 8000 sq. m . This stream empties into the Humboldt See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, the overflow from which goes into the so-called See also:

• CARSON, CHRISTOPHER [" KIT "] (1809-1868)

Carson Sink . At no part of its course is it a large river, and near its mouth its waters are sub-alkaline . The Truckee river flows with more vigour, having its source in Lake Tahoe, in California, at an altitude of 6225 ft., and entering the Carson river through an_ See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal completed in 1905; before this date it flowed into See also:

• PYRAMID

Pyramid Lake and Lake Winnemucca in the depression at the foot of the Sierra Nevada . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance to the S. two other streams, the Carson and the See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker rivers, receive their waters from the eastern slope of this range and empty into lakes bearing their names .

Of this See also:

• GROUP

group of lakes in the western depression, Pyramid Lake is the largest, being 33 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 14 M. wide . Fed by the same stream is its western See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour, Lake Winnemucca, a much smaller See also:

• BODY

body . The waters of these two lakes are only moderately saline and may be used for live-stock but not for human beings . Next in importance is Walker lake, 33 M. long and 6 or 7 m. wide, whose waters are strongly saline . On the western boundary, and partly included within the limits of Nevada, is Lake Tahoe, 20 M. long and to m. wide, which is 1645 ft. deep at its centre and whose waters have never been known to freeze, notwithstanding the lake's elevation . The See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Nevada have led to the formation of two kinds of lakes, the ephemeral and the perennial . The perennial lakes, such as those just described, hold their waters for years and perhaps centuries; but the ephemeral lakes usually evaporate in the course of the summer . The latter class is formed by waters that fall on the barren mountain-sides and See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush down in torrents, forming in the valleys shallow bodies of water yellow with the mud held in suspension . The largest of these occurs in the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock Desert, in the N.W., and at times is from 450 to 500 M. in length and only a few inches deep . Such bodies often become nothing but vast sheets of liquid mud, and are called " mud lakes," a See also:

• TERM

term most frequently applied to the sloughs fed by Quinn's river . When the waters evaporate in the summer they leave a See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay bed of remarkable hardness, which is sometimes encrusted with saline See also:

• MATTER

matter of a snowy whiteness and dazzles the eyes of the traveller .. When such is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the beds are called " See also:

• ALKALI

alkali flats." During the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period many of the Nevada lakes attained a great size, several of them uniting to form the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient " Lake Lahontan," in north-western Nevada .

As these lakes shrank after the return of an arid climate, they See also:

• LEFT

left elevated beaches and deposits of various minerals, which See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark their former extent . Both hot and cold springs are numerous, with temperatures ranging from 50° to 204° F . In the S.E. corner of the state is the third drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system . Here the Virgin river enters the state after See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the N.W. corner of Arizona and flows S.W. for 6o m. until it joins the Colorado river . The latter stream flows for 15o m. along the S.E. boundary towards the Gulf of California . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Of native animals the varieties are few and the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of individuals small . In the arid valleys coyotes (See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie wolves), rabbits and badgers are found . Large animals, such as the black and the grizzly See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer are found on the slopes of the Sierra Mountains, and See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, deer and See also:

• ELK

elk visit the northernmost valleys in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . At rare intervals antelope appear in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern deserts . Here also are found the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage thrasher, Le See also:

• CONTE

Conte's thrasher, the See also:

• TEXAS

Texas nighthawk, See also:

• BAIRD, HENRY MARTYN (1832—1906)
• BAIRD, JAMES (1802—1876)
• BAIRD, SIR DAVID (1757—1829)
• BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON (1823--1887)

Baird's See also:

• WOODPECKER

woodpecker, and the See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove . Certain See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• GROUSE

grouse are See also:

• COMMON

common high in the timbered mountains . Several varieties of water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, especially curlews, pelicans, gulls, ducks, terns, geese and See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, are found in the vicinity of the lakes .

The Truckee river and the western lakes abound in See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout and black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass . Of the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles the See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard and gridiron-tailed lizard, the " chuck-walla " (Sauromalus ater), the rattle-snake, and the horned See also:

• TOAD

toad are the most numerous . The " black See also:

• MOUSE

mouse " or Carson See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field mouse (Microtus montanus) is found throughout Nevada, as well as in Utah, north-eastern California, and eastern Oregon; it multiplies rapidly under favour-able conditions, and at times causes serious injury to crops . The flora of Nevada, although scanty, varies greatly according to its location . With the exception of the alkali flats, no portion of the desert i5 devoid of vegetation, even in the driest seasons . In the Washoe Mountains, as in the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Sierra Nevada range, there is a heavy growth of conifers, extending down to the very valleys; but in many places these mountains have been almost deforested to provide timbers for the mines . In very limited spaces on other mountains there are scattered trees—the piiion (See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut pine) and the See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper at an altitude between 5000 and 7000 ft. on all but the lowest ranges, the trees rarely reaching a height of over 15 ft.; and the stunted mountain See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ranges at an altitude of 6800 ft . Several varieties of See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar are found in the upper canyons, and trees of the See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow-leaved species in the Humboldt Mountains often attain a height of 6o ft . But except for these infrequent wooded strips, the mountains are even more See also:

• BARE

bare than the valleys, because their shrubs are dwarfed from exposure . The trees, except in the Washoe Mountains, are of very slow growth and therefore knotty and ill-adapted for See also:

• TIMBER

timber . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, the elevation of the timber line on the mountains increases as the See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude decreases . On the foothills are found See also:

• PHLOX (Nat. Ord. Polemoniaceae)

phlox and See also:

• LUPINE (Lupinus)

lupine, and in the N. much bunch grass, which is valuable for grazing purposes .

The valleys are covered with typical desert shrubs; grease-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (sarcobatus vermiculatus), See also:

• CREOSOTE, CREASOTE

creosote bushes (larrea tridenlala), and sage-See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush (See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

artemisia trsdentata) ; the first-named plant is abundant, chiefly in the N . This vegetation, covering plains, mesas, and even extending up the sides of the mountains, gives the entire landscape the greyish or dull See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour characteristic of the Great Basin . To the southward, as the valleys become increasingly sandy and saline, even the sage-brush disappears, and little vegetation besides the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus and the See also:

• YUCCA

yucca is to be seen . The valleys are treeless, except in the vicinity of the Truckee river, where considerable quantities of the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton wood and a small amount of willow, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry are found . The See also:

• MESQUITE, or HONEY LOCUST

mesquite grows some distance from water, and is especially common near the Colorado river . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1910 there were seven See also:

• NATIONAL

national forests in the state, created since See also:

• JULY

July 1908 and chiefly in 1909, containing 7983.76 sq. m . Climate.—As the lofty range of mountains on the W. deprives the winds from the Pacific of nearly all their moisture before they reach the Great Basin, the climate of Nevada is characterized by an excessive dryness . The skies are clear nearly every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the See also:

• YEAR

year . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual precipitation varies from 3 in. in the S.W . (Esmeralda See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) to 12 in. in the E . (White Pine county) . In the central, north-eastern and north-western sections, embracing the counties of See also:

• NYE, EDGAR WILSON (1850-1896)

Nye, Elko and Humboldt, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual rainfall varies from 7 to 8 in.; in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-central See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, at the foot of the Sierra, the average is about to in .

A so-called " See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season " lasts from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• APRIL

April, but the precipitation is chiefly in the form of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow on the mountains . Except at great altitudes snow lies on' the ground only a few days each year . The melting of the mountain snow-caps in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring causes severe freshets, which in turn are followed by long seasons of drought at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when water is most needed for agricultural purposes . Fogs and See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail are rare, but, as in all treeless countries, the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain comes in unequal quantities, and cloudbursts are not unknown . The mean annual temperature for the state is 49° F., but varies from 54° in the S.W. to 46° in the N . The daily and annual variation is very great, and is intensified toward the E., where the altitudes are greater . At Elko, Elko county, in the N.E., the mean temperature for the year is 46° F.; for the winter (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, January and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February) It is 26', with extremes reported of 73° and – 2°; the mean temperature for the summer (See also:

• JUNE

June, July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) is 69°, with extremes of toe and 200 . At See also:

• HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864)

Hawthorne, Esmeralda county, in the S.W., the mean temperature for the year is 54°; for the winter it is 36°, with extremes of 69° and -6°; the mean temperature for the summer is 72°, with extremes of 102° and 320 . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Humboldt river frosts are of almost nightly occurrence, and in the Carson Valley damaging frosts often occur in June . In the extreme S. the isothermal lines run almost due E. and W.; but farther northward they take a N.W. and S.E. direction . The annual range of temperature is about 124°; the highest temperature ever recorded being 119°, and the lowest -42° . In spite of the high temperatures of summer, however, the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low humidity prevents the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from being oppressive, and cases of See also:

• SUNSTROKE (Heatstroke; Insolation; Thermic Fever; Siriasis)

sunstroke are unknown .

While the western mountains keep out the moisture, they do not ward off the winds which pour down the steep slopes in the winter and spring and raise clouds of dust . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early-sown See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is often injured by flying sand and gravel . In the summer and autumn the winds are See also:

• LIGHT

light . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Because of this extreme aridity, agriculture in Nevada is dependent on irrigation . The three principal areas in which irrigation is practicable are along the Humboldt river, in the plains watered by the Carson, Truckee and Walker rivers, and at the foot of the mountains along the western edge of the state . There are various places also near the mouths of desert canyons, where small amounts of water are obtainable for irrigation purposes from intermittent streams . The total number of acres irrigated in 1899 was 504,168, an increase of 1241% in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . In 1902 the total irrigated acreage was 570,001, an increase of 13.1 % in three years . In 1902 See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress provided for the beginning of extensive irrigation See also:

• WORKS

works in the arid West, and Nevada (where preliminary reconnaissances had been made in 1889–1890) was the first state to profit from this undertaking . The survey for the Truckee-Carson system was begun in 1902, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of utilizing the waters flowing to See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste in western Nevada for the irrigation and reclamation of the adjacent arid regions in See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill, See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon and See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

Storey counties . A canal 31 M. long, diverting the waters of the Truckee river into the Carson river, was completed in 1905at a cost of $1,250,000 . A system of reservoirs (the main See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir is Lake Tahoe with an area of 193 sq. m.), distributing canals, and drain ditches was also projected, making it possible to reclaim 231,300 acres of the desert .

It was estimated that the works would require nine years for their completion, at a total cost of $9,000,000, although the first 200,000 acres could be reclaimed at a cost of $2,700,000 . The works were to be operated by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for ten years, and the cost assessed against the holders of the land.' At the conclusion of this period the system was to pass into the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the landholders, with no further See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge by the government . The See also:

• SOIL

soil when reclaimed is well adapted for See also:

• FORAGE

forage crops, cereals, vegetables and See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous fruits . Nevada is a great ranching state, and stock-raising has shown a rapid See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension . In 1900, 88.9 % of its See also:

• FARM

farm acreage was devoted to See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and forage crops, being more than doubled in the decade . Fifty-one per cent. of the improved lands in 1899 were devoted to the cultivation of these crops . With the growing of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses as the chief agricultural product, farming in Nevada is necessarily extensive rather than intensive . In 1899 the average size of the farms was 1174 acres .2 The value of the different kinds of agricultural products for 1899 was as follows: live stock, $4,373,973; hay and grain, $1,535,914; See also:

• DAIRY

dairy produce, $385,220; vegetables, $216,600; fruits, $20,900 . It thus appears that the live stock See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is one of the most important in the state; the value of its product in 1899 exceeded its output of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver, which had then reached its lowest point, by over one million dollars.' About 64% of the value of the live stock was represented by neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle; 19% by See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep; to% by horses, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder by mules, See also:

• SWINE

swine, asses, burros and goats . In spite of the predominating See also:

• INTEREST

interest in stock-raising, intensive cultivation of the soil is practicable where the water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is sufficient . Nevada, for example, ranked third in 1909 in the amount of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat produced to the See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre (28.7 bushels),' but in the total amount produced (1,033,000 bushels) ranked only See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-eighth, and furnished only 0.145% of the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . In 1909 in the amount of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley per acre (38 bushels) Nevada ranked third, and in the average farm See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price per See also:

• BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel ($0.75) ranked first among the barley-producing states of the country, but in the total amount produced (304,000 bushels) held only the twenty-second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; and in the same year the average yield of potatoes per acre in Nevada was 180 bushels, exceeded in two states—the average for the entire country was 106.8 bushels per acre—but the total crop in Nevada (540,000 bushels) was smaller than in any state or Territory of the Union, except New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico .

The prevailing soils are sand and gravel loalns, but other varieties are numerous, ranging from See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial beds of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct lakes, as in parts of Lyon and Esmeralda counties, to the strongly alkaline plains of the southern deserts . The most productive part of the state is the Humboldt Valley and the region near Pyramid Lake, including the counties of Humboldt, Elko and Washoe . A singular menace to agriculture in Nevada was the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague in 1907–1908 of Carson field mice . These first appeared in large numbers in the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the Humboldt Valley in the summer of 1906, and in October and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1907 it was estimated that they numbered on certain ranches from 8000 to 12,000 on every acre . The See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa crop suffered particularly, the total loss being about $300,000 . After unsuccessful attempts to rid themselves of the mice, the farmers appealed to the United States Biological Survey, and alfalfa hay poisoned with strychnia sulphate was used successfully in the Humboldt Valley in January 1908 and in the Carson Valley, where a similar plague threatened, in April 1908.6 Minerals.—To its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth Nevada owes its existence as a state; but for the richness of its See also:

• VEINS

veins of gold and silver ore it would be still little more than an arid waste . Extending from central California S.E. along the dividing line between that state and 1 The public lands are open to entry See also:

• FREE

free of charge, but the government withholds the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title until all the payments for water have been made . The yearly payments amount to $2.6o per acre under the See also:

• PRESENT

present system; this amount covers the cost of See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance and operation and also of a thorough drainage system, which is as important to the settler as irrigation . Lands already held in private ownership are supplied with • water at the same price as public lands . 2 Compare this figure with that for the neighbouring state of California, where the average size of the farms was 397.4 acres . 3 That conditions are favourable to the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, industry is shown by the fact that in 1897 the valleys of northern Nevada were so overrun with wild horses, to the detriment of the grazing grounds for cattle, that the legislature authorized the killing of such animals . For a time this was a profitable pursuit, as the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse hides brought See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good prices .

4 This is the yield reported by the United States See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture . Between its reports and those of the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Census See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau in census years there are sometimes great discrepancies . According to the Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Department of Agriculture in 1909 a crop of 165,000 bushels of oats was grown in Nevada on 7000 acres; there was no crop reported of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn or of See also:

• RYE

rye . ' See See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley E . See also:

• PIPER, CARL, COUNT (1647-1716)

Piper, The Nevada Mouse Plague of 1907–1908 (Washington, 1909), Farmers' Bulletin 352, U.S . Department of Agriculture . Nevada, and thence past the Colorado river into Arizona, is one of the richest mineral belts in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Gold was found in Gold Canyon near See also:

• DAYTON

Dayton, Nevada, as early as July 1849 . In 1859 the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the famous Comstock Lode in Western Nevada led to the See also:

• BUILDING

building of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, a prosperous community on the side of a mountain where human beings under See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary conditions would not have lived, and eventually brought a new state into existence . The mines of this one See also:

• DISTRICT

district had produced, up to 1902, $371,248,288, of which $148,145,385 was in gold, $204,653,040 in silver, and the remainder In unclassified tailing:; . For the years 1862–1868 inclusive, the average annual See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production was over $11,000,000; in the second period of great productivity (1873–1878), after the opening (by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John W . See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay and his partners, See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood, See also:

• FAIR

Fair and O'Brien) in the Comstock Lode of the Great Bonanza mine, the average annual yield was over $26,000,000 .

In 1877 the maximum annual output for the mines was attained, being $36,3Q1,537 . For the three years 1875–1877 the production of gold and silver in Nevada was more than the combined product of all the other American states and Territories . After this last year the output of the Comstock mines declined on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the exhaustion of the ore supply, the increased expense of See also:

• MINING

mining at great depths, and the decrease in the price of silver . The yield reached its lowest point in 1899, but subsequently increased through the application of improved machinery, while the tailings of the old diggings were treated by the See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide See also:

• PROCESS

process with profitable results . In 1859 the mines were worked only for their gold; the ignorant miners threw away the " black stuff " which was really valuable silver ore with an assay value four times as great as that of their ores of gold; and when this was discovered there came a period of unprecedented silver production . But the fall in the price of silver led to a reaction, and from 1893 the gold output predominated . The gold production of 1907 was valued at $I2,099,455; the silver production at $4,675,178 . In connexion with the operation of the Comstock mines was built (in 1869–1879) the Sutro See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel, named in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of its engineer, Adolph Sutro (183o–1898), piercing the mountain horizontally far below the mouth of the mines, and at a distance of nearly 4 M. striking the shafts of the Comstock Lode, securing See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation and cool See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air for the miners, draining the mines above its level, and obviating much pumping and hoisting.' Two lateral tunnels were also constructed, making the total length 61 m . Another mining region that attained importance in the early period was the See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka District, in Eureka county, about 90 M . S. of the Southern Pacific railway . Ore was first discovered here in 1864, but it was five years before the mines became productive . By 1882 they had produced $6o,00o.000 of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals .

With the working out of the deposits in the Comstock region, the mining industry declined, and between 1877 and 1900 there was a period of great depression, in which Nevada See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from first to sixth place among the silver-producing states and Territories . In May 1900, however, very rich deposits of gold and silver were discovered in Nye county, near the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Mountains, and a new era began in Nevada's mining industry . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Tonopah sprang into existence as soon as the rush of newcomers to this region began, and in 1903 it contained 4000 inhabitants . In two years $7,000,000 See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of gold and silver had been taken from the Tonopah mines and it was asserted that they w