See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

NEVADA (a See also:

• SPANISH

Spanish word meaning " See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow-clad " or " snowy See also:

• LAND

land," originally applied to a snow-capped See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain range on the Pacific slope)  , one of the far western states of the See also:

• AMERICAN

American See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

Union, lying between 35° and 42° N. and 114° 1' 34" and 120° 1' 34" W . (370 and 430 W. of See also:

• WASHINGTON
• WASHINGTON (or WASHINGTON COURT HOUSE)
• WASHINGTON, BOOKER TALIAFERRO (c. 1859– )
• WASHINGTON, BUSHROD (1762-1829)
• WASHINGTON, GEORGE (1732-1799)

Washington) . It is bounded N. by See also:

• OREGON

Oregon and See also:

• IDAHO

Idaho, E. by See also:

• UTAH

Utah and See also:

• ARIZONA (from the Spanish-Indian Arizonac, of unknown meaning,—possibly " few springs,"-the name of an 18th-century mining camp in the Santa Cruz valley, just S. of the present border of Arizona)

Arizona, the See also:

• COLORADO

Colorado See also:

• RIVER

River separating it in See also:

• PART

part from the latter See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state, and S. and W. by See also:

• CALIFORNIA
• CALIFORNIA, LOWER (Baja California)
• CALIFORNIA, UNIVERSITY OF

California . See also:

• NEVADA
• NEVADA (a Spanish word meaning " snow-clad " or " snowy land," originally applied to a snow-capped mountain range on the Pacific slope)

Nevada ranks See also:

• SIXTH

sixth in See also:

• SIZE

size among the states of the Union . Of its See also:

• TOTAL

total See also:

• AREA

area of 1 ro,690 sq. m., 869 sq. m•. are See also:

• WATER

water See also:

• SURFACE

surface . Its extreme length, N. and S., is 484 m., and its river, in the vicinity of the See also:

• WHITE
• WHITE, ANDREW DICKSON (1832– )
• WHITE, GILBERT (1720–1793)
• WHITE, HENRY KIRKE (1785-1806)
• WHITE, HUGH LAWSON (1773-1840)
• WHITE, JOSEPH BLANCO (1775-1841)
• WHITE, RICHARD GRANT (1822-1885)
• WHITE, ROBERT (1645-1704)
• WHITE, SIR GEORGE STUART (1835– )
• WHITE, SIR THOMAS (1492-1567)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM ARTHUR (1824--1891)
• WHITE, SIR WILLIAM HENRY (1845– )
• WHITE, THOMAS (1628-1698)
• WHITE, THOMAS (c. 1550-1624)

White See also:

• PINE (Lat. Pinus, Gr. srlrur)

Pine Mountains, is reached. extreme width, E. and W., is 321 M . (For See also:

• MAP
• MAP (or MAPES), WALTER (d. c. 1208/9)

map, see CALIFORNIA.) Physiography.—With the exception of its N.E. and S.E. corners, the state lies wholly within the See also:

• GREAT

Great See also:

• BASIN, or BASON (the older form bacin is found in many of the Romanic languages, from the Late Lat. baccinus or bacchinus, probably derived from bacca, a bowl)
• BASIN, THOMAS (1412—1491)

Basin, the See also:

• FLOOR (from O. Eng. flor, a word common to many Teutonic languages, cf. Dutch vloer, and Ger. Flur, a field, in the feminine, and a floor, masculine)

floor of which is really a vast table-See also:

• LAND

land between 4000 and 5000 ft. above the See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

sea . This See also:

• PLATEAU (a French term, older platel, for a flat piece of wood, metal, &c., from plat, flat)
• PLATEAU, JOSEPH ANTOINE FERDINAND (1801-1883)

plateau, however, is not a See also:

• PLAIN (O. Fr. plain, from Lat. plenum)

plain, but contains many buttes and mesas and isolated See also:

• MOUNTAIN (0. Fr. montaigne; popular Lat. montanea, an adjectival form from the classical mons, montis, whence Eng. " mount," a form usually used along with the name of an individual mountain, e.g. Mt Everest)
• MOUNTAIN, THE (La Montagne)

mountain. ranges rising from loco to 8000 ft. above its surface . In the N.E. an unnamed range of See also:

• HIGHLANDS, THE

highlands, with an E. and W. trend, forms the water-parting between the streams tributary to the See also:

• HUMBOLDT, FRIEDRICH HEINRICH ALEXANDER, BARON
• HUMBOLDT, KARL WILHELM VON (1767-1835)

Humboldt river in Nevada and those that flow into the Snake river through Idaho and Oregon and thence to the Pacific Ocean . This range is very broken and See also:

• ILL

ill-defined, with peaks often reaching altitudes of from 9000 to 12,000 ft., and with numerous spurs diverging N. and S. from the See also:

• MAIN (from the Aryan root which appears in " may " and " might," and Lat. magnus, great)
• MAIN (Lat. Moenus)

main See also:

• DIVIDE

divide . Between this See also:

• RIDGE (a word. common to many Teutonic languages, meaning " back," whether of a man or an animal, cf. German Rucke)
• RIDGE, WILLIAM PETT (1864- )

ridge and the valley of the Colorado river lies all that portion of the Great Basin included within the state . The surface of this table-land is very rugged, and frequently broken by mountain ranges See also:

• RUNNING

running N. and S. and from 5 to 20 M. wide at their bases .

Intersecting the mountains are numerous ravines and passes . Between the ranges See also:

• LIE, JONAS LAURITZ EDEMIL (1833—1908)
• LIE, MARIUS SOPHUS (1842–1899)

lie valleys of about the same width as the bases of the mountains . These valleys are generally level-floored, but at their See also:

• BORDERS, THE

borders gradually slope upward, and are filled, often to a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of several thousand feet, with the detritus of See also:

• GRAVEL, or PEBBLE BEDS

gravel, See also:

• SAND
• SAND, GEORGE (1804-1876)

sand and silt from the neighbouring hills . This is a region of innumerable faulted crust blocks, the elevated ones creating the N. and S. mountain ranges, and the depressed ones the valleys that lie between . It is for this See also:

• REASON (Lat. ratio, through French raison)

reason that the mountain slopes are generally more abrupt on one See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

side than on the other . Several valleys often unite into a large elevated plain, broken only by scattered buttes and spurs . The combined areas of the valleys and the area occupied by the mountains are about equal . The mean See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation of the state is 5500 ft . There are 5400 sq. m. between 2000 and 3000 ft. above the sea; I1,See also:

• IOO

IOO sq. m. between 3000 and 4000 ft.; 23,700 sq. m. between 4000 and 5000 ft.; 29,800 sq. m. between 5000 and 6000 ft.; 30,100 sq. m. between 6000 and 7000 ft.; 7800 sq. m. between 7000 and 8000 ft.; and 2800 sq. m. between 8000 and woo ft . The highest point within the state is See also:

• WHEELER, JOSEPH (1836-1906)
• WHEELER, WILLIAM ALMON (1819-1887)

Wheeler See also:

• PEAK, THE

Peak, near the centre of the eastern boundary, with an elevation of 13,058 ft.; the lowest points are along the Colorado river, where the altitudes range from 700 to 800 ft . With the exception of this See also:

• DIP (Old Eng. dyppan, connected with the common Teutonic root seen in " deep ")

dip in the S.E. corner, the entire state lies above the 2000 ft. See also:

• LINE

line . The Sierra Nevada range, which forms the western rim of the Basin, sends into the state a single lofty See also:

• SPUR (A.S. spura, spora, related to spornan, spurnan, to kick, spurn; cf. M.H.G. sporn, mod. Ger. Sporn)

spur, the Washoe Mountains .

At the See also:

• FOOT

foot of this range there is, relatively speaking, a depression, with an See also:

• ALTITUDE (Lat. altitudo, from altus, high)

altitude of about 3850 ft. above the sea, which receives the drainage of the eastern slopes of the Sierra and what little drainage there is in the See also:

• NORTHERN

northern See also:

• HALF

half of Nevada . From this depression See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east-See also:

• WARD
• WARD, ADOLPHUS WILLIAM (1837- )
• WARD, ARTEMUS
• WARD, EDWARD MATTHEW (1816-1879)
• WARD, ELIZABETH STUART PHELPS (1844-1911)
• WARD, JAMES (1769--1859)
• WARD, JAMES (1843– )
• WARD, JOHN QUINCY ADAMS (1830-1910)
• WARD, LESTER FRANK (1841– )
• WARD, MARY AUGUSTA [MRS HUMPHRY WARD]
• WARD, WILLIAM (1766-1826)
• WARD, WILLIAM GEORGE (1812-1882)

ward the See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

general level of the plateau gradually rises to an elevation of 6000 ft. near the eastern borders of the state . The mountains also increase in height and importance as far as the East Humboldt range, a lofty See also:

• MASS (O.E. maesse; Fr. messe; Ger. Messe; Ital. messa; from eccl. Lat. missa)
• MASS, IN

mass about 6o m . W. of the Utah boundary . This range is the water-parting for nearly all the westward-flowing streams of the state, and is by far the steepest and most rugged within Nevada, a number of its peaks attaining a height of 11,000 or 12,000 ft . On its eastern slope the See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters soon disappear within the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of narrow canyons, but break out again at the foot in See also:

• ICE (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Eis)

ice-See also:

• COLD (in O. Eng. cald and ceald, a word coming ultimately from a root cognate with the Lat. gelu, gelidus, and common in the Teutonic languages, which usually have two distinct forms for the substantive and the adjective, cf. Ger. Kolte, kalt, Dutch koude

cold springs that See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form the source of the See also:

• RUBY (Lat. rubeus, red)

Ruby and See also:

• FRANKLIN
• FRANKLIN, BENJAMIN (1706-1790)
• FRANKLIN, SIR JOHN (1786-1847)
• FRANKLIN, WILLIAM BUEL (1823-1903)

Franklin lakes; on its western side the descent is more See also:

• GENTLE (through the Fr. gentil, from Lat. gentilis, belonging to the same gens, or family)

gentle, and the waters form the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• FORK (Lat. furca)

Fork of the Humboldt river . Somewhat S. of the centre of the state lie the Toyabe Mountains, with several peaks from 10,000 to 12,000 ft. in height . The waters on the eastern slopes flow into the Smoky Valley; those on the other side assist the neighbouring Shoshone Mountains in feeding the Reese river, which flows N. toward the Humboldt, but seldom has sufficient See also:

• VOLUME

volume to enable it to reach that stream . About too m . E. of the California boundary lies a third important range, the Humboldt Mountains, whose highest point (See also:

• STAR

Star Peak) is 9925 ft. above the sea . Owing to their great height these three ranges receive heavier rainfall than the surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country and are feeders to the northern valleys, which constitute the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief agricultural region of the state . Many of the See also:

• BLOCK
• BLOCK (from the Fr. bloc, and possibly connected with an Old Ger. Block, obstruction, cf. " baulk ")
• BLOCK, MAURICE (1816–19or)

block mountains of the Great Basin are of complicated See also:

• INTERNAL

internal structure, showing rocks of all ages—See also:

• SLATE (properly CLAY SLATE; in M. Eng. slat or sclat, from O. Fr. esclat, a small piece of wood used as a tile; esclater, to break into pieces, whence modern Fr. eclat, the root being seen also in Ger. schleissen, to split)

slate, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, quartzites, See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite, multi-coloured volcanic rocks, and large areas of See also:

• LAVA

lava overflow .

From the valley of the Humboldt river southward the plateau gradually rises until the divide between this stream and the Colorado From this point there is a fall, which is See also:

• GRADUAL (Med. Lat. gradualis, of or belonging to steps or degrees; gradus, step)

gradual as far S. as the 38th parallel, and then more abrupt . Thus at Fioche the altitude is 6too ft., at Hiko 3881 ft., at St See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas 1600 ft., and at the Eldorado See also:

• CANYON (Anglicized form of Span. canon, a tube, pipe or cannon; the Spanish form being also frequently written)

Canyon 828 ft . The region of the Colorado river is largely See also:

• DESERT

desert, with occasional buttes and spurs . See also:

• RIVERS
• RIVERS, ANTHONY WOODVILLE, or WYDEVILLE, 2ND EARL (c. 1442—1483)
• RIVERS, EARL
• RIVERS, RICHARD SAVAGE, 4TH EARL (c. 1660—1712)

Rivers and Lakes.—There are three drainage systems within the state . See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North of the Humboldt Valley an area of about 5000 sq. m. is drained by the Owyhee, the Little Owyhee, the See also:

• SALMON
• SALMON, GEORGE (1819-1904)

Salmon and See also:

• BRUNEAU, ALFRED (1857– )

Bruneau rivers, whose waters eventually reach the Pacific Ocean . Below this region flow the streams of the Great Basin, none of which reach the sea, but either terminate in lakes having no outlet or else vanish in sloughs or " sinks." Small streams often sink from sight in their beds of gravel, and after flowing some distance underground, reappear farther on . Of the basin streams the Humboldt is the most important . Rising in the N.E., it flows in a tortuous channel in a general S.W. direction for 300 M. and drains 7000 or 8000 sq. m . This stream empties into the Humboldt See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

lake, the overflow from which goes into the so-called See also:

• CARSON, CHRISTOPHER [" KIT "] (1809-1868)

Carson Sink . At no part of its course is it a large river, and near its mouth its waters are sub-alkaline . The Truckee river flows with more vigour, having its source in Lake Tahoe, in California, at an altitude of 6225 ft., and entering the Carson river through an_ See also:

• IRRIGATION (Lat. in, and rigare, to water or wet)

irrigation See also:

• CANAL
• CANAL (from Lat. canalis, " channel " and " kennel " being doublets of the word)

canal completed in 1905; before this date it flowed into See also:

• PYRAMID

Pyramid Lake and Lake Winnemucca in the depression at the foot of the Sierra Nevada . A See also:

• SHORT, FRANCIS JOB (1857– )

short distance to the S. two other streams, the Carson and the See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker rivers, receive their waters from the eastern slope of this range and empty into lakes bearing their names .

Of this See also:

• GROUP

group of lakes in the western depression, Pyramid Lake is the largest, being 33 M. See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long and 14 M. wide . Fed by the same stream is its western See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour, Lake Winnemucca, a much smaller See also:

• BODY

body . The waters of these two lakes are only moderately saline and may be used for live-stock but not for human beings . Next in importance is Walker lake, 33 M. long and 6 or 7 m. wide, whose waters are strongly saline . On the western boundary, and partly included within the limits of Nevada, is Lake Tahoe, 20 M. long and to m. wide, which is 1645 ft. deep at its centre and whose waters have never been known to freeze, notwithstanding the lake's elevation . The See also:

• TOPOGRAPHY
• TOPOGRAPHY (Gr. Toros, place, -partied', to write)

topography and the See also:

• CLIMATE

climate of Nevada have led to the formation of two kinds of lakes, the ephemeral and the perennial . The perennial lakes, such as those just described, hold their waters for years and perhaps centuries; but the ephemeral lakes usually evaporate in the course of the summer . The latter class is formed by waters that fall on the barren mountain-sides and See also:

• RUSH
• RUSH, BENJAMIN (1745–1813)
• RUSH, RICHARD (1780–1859)

rush down in torrents, forming in the valleys shallow bodies of water yellow with the mud held in suspension . The largest of these occurs in the See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

Rock Desert, in the N.W., and at times is from 450 to 500 M. in length and only a few inches deep . Such bodies often become nothing but vast sheets of liquid mud, and are called " mud lakes," a See also:

• TERM

term most frequently applied to the sloughs fed by Quinn's river . When the waters evaporate in the summer they leave a See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay bed of remarkable hardness, which is sometimes encrusted with saline See also:

• MATTER

matter of a snowy whiteness and dazzles the eyes of the traveller .. When such is the See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case the beds are called " See also:

• ALKALI

alkali flats." During the glacial See also:

• PERIOD
• PERIOD (Gr. irepioSos, a going or way round, circuit, aepi, round, and &Sis, way, road)

period many of the Nevada lakes attained a great size, several of them uniting to form the See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient " Lake Lahontan," in north-western Nevada .

As these lakes shrank after the return of an arid climate, they See also:

• LEFT

left elevated beaches and deposits of various minerals, which See also:

• MARK
• MARK, CARL (1858– )
• MARK, GOSPEL OF ST
• MARK, ST

mark their former extent . Both hot and cold springs are numerous, with temperatures ranging from 50° to 204° F . In the S.E. corner of the state is the third drainage See also:

• SYSTEM

system . Here the Virgin river enters the state after See also:

• CROSSING

crossing the N.W. corner of Arizona and flows S.W. for 6o m. until it joins the Colorado river . The latter stream flows for 15o m. along the S.E. boundary towards the Gulf of California . See also:

• FAUNA

Fauna and See also:

• FLORA

Flora.—Of native animals the varieties are few and the See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers of individuals small . In the arid valleys coyotes (See also:

• PRAIRIE (adopted from the Fr. prairie, a meadow-tract. Late Lat. prataria, Lat. pratum, meadow)

prairie wolves), rabbits and badgers are found . Large animals, such as the black and the grizzly See also:

• BEAR
• BEAR, BLACK
• BEAR, BROWN
• BEAR, GRIZZLY
• BEAR, ISABELLINE
• BEAR, WHITE

bear, and See also:

• DEER (O. E. rigor, dfor, a common Teutonic word, meaning a wild animal, cf. Ger. Tier, Du. dier, &c., probably from a root dhus-, to breathe)
• DEER, CHINESE

deer are found on the slopes of the Sierra Mountains, and See also:

• ANTELOPE

antelope, deer and See also:

• ELK

elk visit the northernmost valleys in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter . At rare intervals antelope appear in the See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern deserts . Here also are found the See also:

• SAGE, RUSSELL (1816-1906)

sage thrasher, Le See also:

• CONTE

Conte's thrasher, the See also:

• TEXAS

Texas nighthawk, See also:

• BAIRD, HENRY MARTYN (1832—1906)
• BAIRD, JAMES (1802—1876)
• BAIRD, SIR DAVID (1757—1829)
• BAIRD, SPENCER FULLERTON (1823--1887)

Baird's See also:

• WOODPECKER

woodpecker, and the See also:

• MOURNING (from the verb " to mourn," to be sorrowful, 0. Eng. murnan; cf. O.H.G. mornen, Goth. maurnan, to be anxious, O.N. morna, to pine away; by some referred to root seen in Gr. jdptpva, sorrow, by others to root mer-, to die)

mourning See also:

• DOVE
• DOVE (Dutch duyve, Dan. due, Ice. dufa, Ger. Taube)

dove . Certain See also:

• SPECIES

species of See also:

• GROUSE

grouse are See also:

• COMMON

common high in the timbered mountains . Several varieties of water-See also:

• FOWL (Dan. Fugl, Ger. Vogel)

fowl, especially curlews, pelicans, gulls, ducks, terns, geese and See also:

• SNIPE (0. Eng. Spite, Icel. Snipe, Dutch Snip, Ger. Schnepfe)

snipe, are found in the vicinity of the lakes .

The Truckee river and the western lakes abound in See also:

• TROUT (Salmo trutta)

trout and black See also:

• BASS
• BASS (the same word as " base," and so pronounced, but influenced in spelling by the Ital. basso)

bass . Of the See also:

• REPTILES (Lat. Reptilia, creeping things, from reptilis; ref ere, to creep; Gr. Ep7rety, whence the term " herpetology," for the science dealing with them)

reptiles the See also:

• LEOPARD

leopard See also:

• LIZARD (Lat. lacertal)

lizard and gridiron-tailed lizard, the " chuck-walla " (Sauromalus ater), the rattle-snake, and the horned See also:

• TOAD

toad are the most numerous . The " black See also:

• MOUSE

mouse " or Carson See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field mouse (Microtus montanus) is found throughout Nevada, as well as in Utah, north-eastern California, and eastern Oregon; it multiplies rapidly under favour-able conditions, and at times causes serious injury to crops . The flora of Nevada, although scanty, varies greatly according to its location . With the exception of the alkali flats, no portion of the desert i5 devoid of vegetation, even in the driest seasons . In the Washoe Mountains, as in the See also:

• REST (O. Eng. rest, reste, bed, cognate with other Teutonic forms, e.g. Ger. Rast, Riiste, rest, and probably Gothic Rasta, league, i.e. resting or stopping place)

rest of the Sierra Nevada range, there is a heavy growth of conifers, extending down to the very valleys; but in many places these mountains have been almost deforested to provide timbers for the mines . In very limited spaces on other mountains there are scattered trees—the piiion (See also:

• NUT
• NUT (0. Eng. knutu, cf. Dutch noot, Ger. Nuss; allied with Gael. cno; it is not of the same form as Lat. nux)

nut pine) and the See also:

• JUNIPER

juniper at an altitude between 5000 and 7000 ft. on all but the lowest ranges, the trees rarely reaching a height of over 15 ft.; and the stunted mountain See also:

• MAHOGANY

mahogany on the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal ranges at an altitude of 6800 ft . Several varieties of See also:

• POPLAR
• POPLAR (Lat. Populus)

poplar are found in the upper canyons, and trees of the See also:

• WILLOW (Salix)

willow-leaved species in the Humboldt Mountains often attain a height of 6o ft . But except for these infrequent wooded strips, the mountains are even more See also:

• BARE

bare than the valleys, because their shrubs are dwarfed from exposure . The trees, except in the Washoe Mountains, are of very slow growth and therefore knotty and ill-adapted for See also:

• TIMBER

timber . As a See also:

• RULE

rule, the elevation of the timber line on the mountains increases as the See also:

• LATITUDE (Lat. latitudo, latus, broad)

latitude decreases . On the foothills are found See also:

• PHLOX (Nat. Ord. Polemoniaceae)

phlox and See also:

• LUPINE (Lupinus)

lupine, and in the N. much bunch grass, which is valuable for grazing purposes .

The valleys are covered with typical desert shrubs; grease-See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

wood (sarcobatus vermiculatus), See also:

• CREOSOTE, CREASOTE

creosote bushes (larrea tridenlala), and sage-See also:

• BRUSH (from Fr. brosse, which, like the English word, means both the undergrowth of a wood and the instrument; if the word in both these meanings is ultimately the same, then the origin is from a bundle of brushwood used as a brush or broom, but this is h
• BRUSH, GEORGE DE FOREST (1855– )

brush (See also:

• ARTEMISIA
• ARTEMISIA (159o-1642)

artemisia trsdentata) ; the first-named plant is abundant, chiefly in the N . This vegetation, covering plains, mesas, and even extending up the sides of the mountains, gives the entire landscape the greyish or dull See also:

• OLIVE (Olea europaea)

olive See also:

• COLOUR (Lat. color, connected with celare, to hide, the root meaning, therefore, being that of a covering)

colour characteristic of the Great Basin . To the southward, as the valleys become increasingly sandy and saline, even the sage-brush disappears, and little vegetation besides the See also:

• CACTUS

cactus and the See also:

• YUCCA

yucca is to be seen . The valleys are treeless, except in the vicinity of the Truckee river, where considerable quantities of the See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton wood and a small amount of willow, See also:

• BIRCH
• BIRCH (Betula)
• BIRCH, SAMUEL (1813–1885)
• BIRCH, THOMAS (1705-1766)

birch, and See also:

• WILD, JONATHAN (c. 1682-1725)

wild See also:

• CHERRY

cherry are found . The See also:

• MESQUITE, or HONEY LOCUST

mesquite grows some distance from water, and is especially common near the Colorado river . In See also:

• JANUARY

January 1910 there were seven See also:

• NATIONAL

national forests in the state, created since See also:

• JULY

July 1908 and chiefly in 1909, containing 7983.76 sq. m . Climate.—As the lofty range of mountains on the W. deprives the winds from the Pacific of nearly all their moisture before they reach the Great Basin, the climate of Nevada is characterized by an excessive dryness . The skies are clear nearly every See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day in the See also:

• YEAR

year . The mean See also:

• ANNUAL

annual precipitation varies from 3 in. in the S.W . (Esmeralda See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county) to 12 in. in the E . (White Pine county) . In the central, north-eastern and north-western sections, embracing the counties of See also:

• NYE, EDGAR WILSON (1850-1896)

Nye, Elko and Humboldt, the See also:

• AVERAGE

average annual rainfall varies from 7 to 8 in.; in the See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west-central See also:

• SECTION
• SECTION (Lat. sectio, cutting, secare, to cut)

section, at the foot of the Sierra, the average is about to in .

A so-called " See also:

• RAINY, ROBERT (1826-1906)

rainy See also:

• SEASON (0. Fr. seson, seison, mod. saison, Lat. satio, sowing time, the spring, from serere, to sow; in Late Lat. the word is found with its present meaning, the spring being considered as particularly the season of the year)

season " lasts from See also:

• OCTOBER

October to See also:

• APRIL

April, but the precipitation is chiefly in the form of See also:

• SNOW (in O. Eng. sndw; a common Indo-European word; cf. in Teutonic languages, Ger. Schnee, Du. sneeuw; in Slavonic snieg', Lith. snegas; Gr. vi4a, Lat. nix, nivis, whence the Romanic forms, Ital. neve, Fr. neige, &c.; Ir. and Gael. sneachd; the original

snow on the mountains . Except at great altitudes snow lies on' the ground only a few days each year . The melting of the mountain snow-caps in the See also:

• SPRING (from " to spring," " to leap or jump up," " burst out," O. Eng., springau, a common Teut. word, cf. Ger. springer, possibly allied to Gr. QnrFpxecOac, to move rapidly)

spring causes severe freshets, which in turn are followed by long seasons of drought at a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time when water is most needed for agricultural purposes . Fogs and See also:

• HAIL (O. Eng. kcegl and hagol, 1 cf. the cognate Teutonic hagel, as in German, Dutch, Swedish, &c.; the Gr. K&XX17E, pebble, is probably allied)

hail are rare, but, as in all treeless countries, the See also:

• RAIN (O.E. regn; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Regen, Swed. and Dan. regn; it has been connected with Lat. rigare, to wet, Gr. 13pixeav)

rain comes in unequal quantities, and cloudbursts are not unknown . The mean annual temperature for the state is 49° F., but varies from 54° in the S.W. to 46° in the N . The daily and annual variation is very great, and is intensified toward the E., where the altitudes are greater . At Elko, Elko county, in the N.E., the mean temperature for the year is 46° F.; for the winter (See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December, January and See also:

• FEBRUARY

February) It is 26', with extremes reported of 73° and – 2°; the mean temperature for the summer (See also:

• JUNE

June, July and See also:

• AUGUST (originally Sextilis)

August) is 69°, with extremes of toe and 200 . At See also:

• HAWTHORNE, NATHANIEL (1804-1864)

Hawthorne, Esmeralda county, in the S.W., the mean temperature for the year is 54°; for the winter it is 36°, with extremes of 69° and -6°; the mean temperature for the summer is 72°, with extremes of 102° and 320 . At the See also:

• HEAD (in 0. Eng. heafad; the word is common to Teutonic languages; cf. Dutch hoofd, Ger. Haupt, generally taken to be in origin connected with Lat. caput, Gr. KerbOvi7)
• HEAD, SIR EDMUND WALKER, BART
• HEAD, SIR FRANCIS BOND, BART

head of the Humboldt river frosts are of almost nightly occurrence, and in the Carson Valley damaging frosts often occur in June . In the extreme S. the isothermal lines run almost due E. and W.; but farther northward they take a N.W. and S.E. direction . The annual range of temperature is about 124°; the highest temperature ever recorded being 119°, and the lowest -42° . In spite of the high temperatures of summer, however, the See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low humidity prevents the See also:

• HEAT (0. E. haktu, which like " hot," Old Eng. hat, is from the Teutonic type haita, hit, to be hot; cf. Ger. hitze, heiss; Dutch, hitte, heet, &c.)

heat from being oppressive, and cases of See also:

• SUNSTROKE (Heatstroke; Insolation; Thermic Fever; Siriasis)

sunstroke are unknown .

While the western mountains keep out the moisture, they do not ward off the winds which pour down the steep slopes in the winter and spring and raise clouds of dust . See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

Early-sown See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain is often injured by flying sand and gravel . In the summer and autumn the winds are See also:

• LIGHT

light . See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

Agriculture.—Because of this extreme aridity, agriculture in Nevada is dependent on irrigation . The three principal areas in which irrigation is practicable are along the Humboldt river, in the plains watered by the Carson, Truckee and Walker rivers, and at the foot of the mountains along the western edge of the state . There are various places also near the mouths of desert canyons, where small amounts of water are obtainable for irrigation purposes from intermittent streams . The total number of acres irrigated in 1899 was 504,168, an increase of 1241% in the See also:

• DECADE (from Gr. Oka, ten)

decade . In 1902 the total irrigated acreage was 570,001, an increase of 13.1 % in three years . In 1902 See also:

• CONGRESS (Lat. congressus, coming together, from congredi; cum, with, and gradus, step)

Congress provided for the beginning of extensive irrigation See also:

• WORKS

works in the arid West, and Nevada (where preliminary reconnaissances had been made in 1889–1890) was the first state to profit from this undertaking . The survey for the Truckee-Carson system was begun in 1902, with the See also:

• OBJECT

object of utilizing the waters flowing to See also:

• WASTE (O. Fr. wast, guast, gast, gaste; Lat. vastus, vast, desolate)

waste in western Nevada for the irrigation and reclamation of the adjacent arid regions in See also:

• CHURCHILL (MISSINNIPPI or ENGLISH)
• CHURCHILL, CHARLES (1731-1764)
• CHURCHILL, LORD RANDOLPH HENRY SPENCER (1849-1895)

Churchill, See also:

• LYON, MARY MASON (1797-1849)
• LYON, NATHANIEL (1818-1861)

Lyon and See also:

• STOREY (equivalents are Fr. etage, Ital. piano, Ger. Stock)

Storey counties . A canal 31 M. long, diverting the waters of the Truckee river into the Carson river, was completed in 1905at a cost of $1,250,000 . A system of reservoirs (the main See also:

• RESERVOIR

reservoir is Lake Tahoe with an area of 193 sq. m.), distributing canals, and drain ditches was also projected, making it possible to reclaim 231,300 acres of the desert .

It was estimated that the works would require nine years for their completion, at a total cost of $9,000,000, although the first 200,000 acres could be reclaimed at a cost of $2,700,000 . The works were to be operated by the See also:

• GOVERNMENT
• GOVERNMENT (0. Fr. governement, mod. gouvernement, O. Fr. governer, mod. gouverner, from Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, guide, rule; cf. Gr. xv(3epvav)

government for ten years, and the cost assessed against the holders of the land.' At the conclusion of this period the system was to pass into the See also:

• CONTROL (Fr. contrdle, older form contre rolle, from Med. Lat. contra-rotulus, a counter roll or copy of a document used to check the original; there is no instance in English of the use of " control " in this, its literal, meaning)

control of the landholders, with no further See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge by the government . The See also:

• SOIL

soil when reclaimed is well adapted for See also:

• FORAGE

forage crops, cereals, vegetables and See also:

• DECIDUOUS (from Lat. decidere, to fall down)

deciduous fruits . Nevada is a great ranching state, and stock-raising has shown a rapid See also:

• EXTENSION (Lat. ex, out ; tendere, to stretch)

extension . In 1900, 88.9 % of its See also:

• FARM

farm acreage was devoted to See also:

• HAY
• HAY (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Heu, Dutch hooi; the root from which it is derived, meaning " to cut," is also seen in " to hew "; cf. " hoe ")
• HAY, GEORGE (1729—1811)
• HAY, GILBERT
• HAY, JOHN (1838–1905)

hay and forage crops, being more than doubled in the decade . Fifty-one per cent. of the improved lands in 1899 were devoted to the cultivation of these crops . With the growing of See also:

• GRASSES

grasses as the chief agricultural product, farming in Nevada is necessarily extensive rather than intensive . In 1899 the average size of the farms was 1174 acres .2 The value of the different kinds of agricultural products for 1899 was as follows: live stock, $4,373,973; hay and grain, $1,535,914; See also:

• DAIRY

dairy produce, $385,220; vegetables, $216,600; fruits, $20,900 . It thus appears that the live stock See also:

• INDUSTRY (Lat. industria, from indu-, a form of the pre, position in, and either stare, to stand, or struere, to pile up)

industry is one of the most important in the state; the value of its product in 1899 exceeded its output of See also:

• GOLD
• GOLD [symbol Au, atomic weight 195.7(H = 1),197.2(0 =16)]

gold and See also:

• SILVER

silver, which had then reached its lowest point, by over one million dollars.' About 64% of the value of the live stock was represented by neat See also:

• CATTLE (Norman Fr. catel, from Late Lat. capitale, wealth or property, a word applied in the feudal system to movable property and particularly to live stock, and surviving in its wider meaning as " chattel " or " chattle ")

cattle; 19% by See also:

• SHEEP
• SHEEP (from the Anglo-Saxon sceap, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages; e.g. the German Schaf)

sheep; to% by horses, and the See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder by mules, See also:

• SWINE

swine, asses, burros and goats . In spite of the predominating See also:

• INTEREST

interest in stock-raising, intensive cultivation of the soil is practicable where the water See also:

• SUPPLY (through Fr. from Lat. supplere, to fill up)

supply is sufficient . Nevada, for example, ranked third in 1909 in the amount of See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat produced to the See also:

• ACRE
• ACRE, or AQUIRY

acre (28.7 bushels),' but in the total amount produced (1,033,000 bushels) ranked only See also:

• THIRTY

thirty-eighth, and furnished only 0.145% of the See also:

• CROP (a word common. in various forms, such as Germ. Kropf, to many Teutonic languages for a swelling, excrescence, round head or top of anything; it appears also in Romanic languages derived from Teutonic, in Fr. as troupe, whence the English " crupper "

crop of the See also:

• UNITED

United States . In 1909 in the amount of See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley per acre (38 bushels) Nevada ranked third, and in the average farm See also:

• PRICE
• PRICE, BARTHOLOMEW (1818–1898)
• PRICE, BONAMY (1807-1888)
• PRICE, RICHARD (1723-1791)

price per See also:

• BUSHEL (from the O. Fr. boissiel, cf. med. Lat. bustellus, busellus, a little box)

bushel ($0.75) ranked first among the barley-producing states of the country, but in the total amount produced (304,000 bushels) held only the twenty-second See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place; and in the same year the average yield of potatoes per acre in Nevada was 180 bushels, exceeded in two states—the average for the entire country was 106.8 bushels per acre—but the total crop in Nevada (540,000 bushels) was smaller than in any state or Territory of the Union, except New See also:

• MEXICO
• MEXICO (Span. Mejico, or Mexico,)
• MEXICO, FEDERAL DISTRICT OF
• MEXICO, GULF OF

Mexico .

The prevailing soils are sand and gravel loalns, but other varieties are numerous, ranging from See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich alluvial beds of See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct lakes, as in parts of Lyon and Esmeralda counties, to the strongly alkaline plains of the southern deserts . The most productive part of the state is the Humboldt Valley and the region near Pyramid Lake, including the counties of Humboldt, Elko and Washoe . A singular menace to agriculture in Nevada was the See also:

• PLAGUE (in Gr. Xotµos; in Lat. pestis, pestilentia)

plague in 1907–1908 of Carson field mice . These first appeared in large numbers in the See also:

• LOWER

lower part of the Humboldt Valley in the summer of 1906, and in October and See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1907 it was estimated that they numbered on certain ranches from 8000 to 12,000 on every acre . The See also:

• ALFALFA

alfalfa crop suffered particularly, the total loss being about $300,000 . After unsuccessful attempts to rid themselves of the mice, the farmers appealed to the United States Biological Survey, and alfalfa hay poisoned with strychnia sulphate was used successfully in the Humboldt Valley in January 1908 and in the Carson Valley, where a similar plague threatened, in April 1908.6 Minerals.—To its See also:

• MINERAL

mineral See also:

• WEALTH

wealth Nevada owes its existence as a state; but for the richness of its See also:

• VEINS

veins of gold and silver ore it would be still little more than an arid waste . Extending from central California S.E. along the dividing line between that state and 1 The public lands are open to entry See also:

• FREE

free of charge, but the government withholds the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title until all the payments for water have been made . The yearly payments amount to $2.6o per acre under the See also:

• PRESENT

present system; this amount covers the cost of See also:

• MAINTENANCE (Fr. maintenance, from maintenir, to maintain, support, Lat. manu tenere, to hold in the hand)

maintenance and operation and also of a thorough drainage system, which is as important to the settler as irrigation . Lands already held in private ownership are supplied with • water at the same price as public lands . 2 Compare this figure with that for the neighbouring state of California, where the average size of the farms was 397.4 acres . 3 That conditions are favourable to the See also:

• ANIMAL
• ANIMAL (Lat. animalis, from anima, breath, soul)

animal, industry is shown by the fact that in 1897 the valleys of northern Nevada were so overrun with wild horses, to the detriment of the grazing grounds for cattle, that the legislature authorized the killing of such animals . For a time this was a profitable pursuit, as the See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse hides brought See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good prices .

4 This is the yield reported by the United States See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

Department of Agriculture . Between its reports and those of the See also:

• CENSUS (from Lat. censere, to estimate or assess; connected by some with centum, i.e. a count by hundreds)

Census See also:

• BUREAU (a Fr. word from burel or bureau, a coarse cloth used for coverings)

Bureau in census years there are sometimes great discrepancies . According to the Year See also:

• BOOK

Book of the Department of Agriculture in 1909 a crop of 165,000 bushels of oats was grown in Nevada on 7000 acres; there was no crop reported of See also:

• INDIAN

Indian See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn or of See also:

• RYE

rye . ' See See also:

• STANLEY (FAMILY)
• STANLEY, ARTHUR PENRHYN (18x5–1881)
• STANLEY, EDWARD (1779-1849)
• STANLEY, SIR HENRY MORTON (184o-1904)
• STANLEY, SIR WILLIAM (1548-163o)
• STANLEY, THOMAS (1625-1678)

Stanley E . See also:

• PIPER, CARL, COUNT (1647-1716)

Piper, The Nevada Mouse Plague of 1907–1908 (Washington, 1909), Farmers' Bulletin 352, U.S . Department of Agriculture . Nevada, and thence past the Colorado river into Arizona, is one of the richest mineral belts in the See also:

• WORLD

world . Gold was found in Gold Canyon near See also:

• DAYTON

Dayton, Nevada, as early as July 1849 . In 1859 the See also:

• DISCOVERY

discovery of the famous Comstock Lode in Western Nevada led to the See also:

• BUILDING

building of See also:

• VIRGINIA
• VIRGINIA, or VERGINIA
• VIRGINIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Virginia See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

City, a prosperous community on the side of a mountain where human beings under See also:

• ORDINARY (med. Lat. ordinarius, Fr. ordinaire)

ordinary conditions would not have lived, and eventually brought a new state into existence . The mines of this one See also:

• DISTRICT

district had produced, up to 1902, $371,248,288, of which $148,145,385 was in gold, $204,653,040 in silver, and the remainder In unclassified tailing:; . For the years 1862–1868 inclusive, the average annual See also:

• PRODUCTION (Lat. productionem, from producere, to pro-duce)

production was over $11,000,000; in the second period of great productivity (1873–1878), after the opening (by See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John W . See also:

• MACKAY
• MACKAY, CHARLES (1814–1889)
• MACKAY, HUGH (c. 164o-169z)
• MACKAY, JOHN WILLIAM (1831–1902)

Mackay and his partners, See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

Flood, See also:

• FAIR

Fair and O'Brien) in the Comstock Lode of the Great Bonanza mine, the average annual yield was over $26,000,000 .

In 1877 the maximum annual output for the mines was attained, being $36,3Q1,537 . For the three years 1875–1877 the production of gold and silver in Nevada was more than the combined product of all the other American states and Territories . After this last year the output of the Comstock mines declined on See also:

• ACCOUNT
• ACCOUNT (through O. Fr. acont, Late Lat. comptum, cornputare, to calculate)

account of the exhaustion of the ore supply, the increased expense of See also:

• MINING

mining at great depths, and the decrease in the price of silver . The yield reached its lowest point in 1899, but subsequently increased through the application of improved machinery, while the tailings of the old diggings were treated by the See also:

• CYANIDE

cyanide See also:

• PROCESS

process with profitable results . In 1859 the mines were worked only for their gold; the ignorant miners threw away the " black stuff " which was really valuable silver ore with an assay value four times as great as that of their ores of gold; and when this was discovered there came a period of unprecedented silver production . But the fall in the price of silver led to a reaction, and from 1893 the gold output predominated . The gold production of 1907 was valued at $I2,099,455; the silver production at $4,675,178 . In connexion with the operation of the Comstock mines was built (in 1869–1879) the Sutro See also:

• TUNNEL (Fr. tonne!, later tonneau, a diminutive from Low Lat. tonna, tunna, a tun, cask)

Tunnel, named in See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour of its engineer, Adolph Sutro (183o–1898), piercing the mountain horizontally far below the mouth of the mines, and at a distance of nearly 4 M. striking the shafts of the Comstock Lode, securing See also:

• VENTILATION (Lat. ventilare, from ventus, wind)

ventilation and cool See also:

• AIR (from an Indo-European root meaning " breathe," " blow ")
• AIR, or ASBEN

air for the miners, draining the mines above its level, and obviating much pumping and hoisting.' Two lateral tunnels were also constructed, making the total length 61 m . Another mining region that attained importance in the early period was the See also:

• EUREKA

Eureka District, in Eureka county, about 90 M . S. of the Southern Pacific railway . Ore was first discovered here in 1864, but it was five years before the mines became productive . By 1882 they had produced $6o,00o.000 of See also:

• PRECIOUS (O. Fr. precios, mod. precieux, Lat. pretiosus, of high value or price, pretium)

precious metals .

With the working out of the deposits in the Comstock region, the mining industry declined, and between 1877 and 1900 there was a period of great depression, in which Nevada See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell from first to sixth place among the silver-producing states and Territories . In May 1900, however, very rich deposits of gold and silver were discovered in Nye county, near the See also:

• SUMMIT

summit of the See also:

• SAN

San See also:

• ANTONIO
• ANTONIO (1429—1498)
• ANTONIO, NICOLAS (1617-1684)

Antonio Mountains, and a new era began in Nevada's mining industry . The See also:

• VILLAGE

village of Tonopah sprang into existence as soon as the rush of newcomers to this region began, and in 1903 it contained 4000 inhabitants . In two years $7,000,000 See also:

• WORTH
• WORTH, CHARLES FREDERICK (1825-1895)

worth of gold and silver had been taken from the Tonopah mines and it was asserted that they would prove as rich as the mines of the Comstock Lode . The Tonopah ores were richer in silver than in gold, the respective values in 1904 and 1905 being approximately in the proportion of three to one . This discovery gave a new impetus to prospecting in south-western Nevada, and it was soon discovered that the district was not an isolated mining region but was in the See also:

• HEART
• HEART, LUNG

heart of a great mineral See also:

• BELT (a word common to Teutonic languages, the Old Ger. form being bale, from which the Lat. balteus probably derived)
• BELT, THOMAS (1832-1878)

belt . Tonopah is at the outcropping of a number of ledges which continue for several See also:

• HUNDRED

hundred feet below the surface for an unknown distance . In 1902, in Esmeralda county, 24 M . S. of Tonopah, rich ores were found in the See also:

• GOLDFIELD

Goldfield District, and within three years there were 8000 See also:

• PEOPLE

people in this region . During 1905 the See also:

• TOWN

town of Goldfield had a period of See also:

• MUSHROOM

mushroom growth, then quieted, and finally revived to a healthy development . The value of the production of the Goldfield District in 1904 amounted to $2,341,979 . This discovery was followed in 1904 by that of the Bullfrog District, in Nye county, 6o m .

S.E. of Goldfield, and within ninety days after its See also:

• BIRTH (a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages from the root of the verb " to bear ")

birth the village of Bullfrog, although too m. from a railway, had an electric-See also:

• LIGHTING

lighting plant, an ice plant and a hotel . In 1905 gold was discovered in Nye county, 29 M . N.E. of Tonopah, in what became known as the Manhattan District, and by See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1906 the village of Manhattan was a mile in length and contained 3000 inhabitants . After 1902 the production of gold and silver steadily increased, being $4,980,786 in that year, 1:.,184,996 in 1905, and $16,774,633 in 1907 . By far the greater portion of these metals came from the southern part of the state . In production of gold in 1907 Esmeralda county ranked first with $8,533,617 (nearly 70% of the total) ; Nye county's output was $1,547,408, See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln county's $929,775, ' Apart from their commercial uses, the Sutro Tunnel and the shafts of the Comstock Lode have been employed for scientific investigations, with the object of classifying igneous rocks, deter-mining the See also:

• VARIATIONS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS
• VARIATIONS, CALCULUS OF

variations of temperature, and the See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character of See also:

• ELECTRICAL
• ELECTRICAL (or ELECTROSTATIC) MACHINE

electrical manifestations beneath the See also:

• EARTH
• EARTH (a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Erde, Dutch aarde, Swed. and Dan. jord; outside Teutonic it appears only in the Gr. 'pq'e, on the ground; it has been connected by some etymologists with the Aryan root ar-, to plough, which is seen in
• EARTH, FIGURE OF
• EARTH, FIGURE OF THE

earth's surface, and the relation between the structure of rocks and their See also:

• RATE

rate of cooling.and Storey county's a little more than $250,000 . In the production of silver Nye county ranked first in 1907 ($3,667;973, of which $3,544,788 was from Tonopah), Churchill county second ($432,617, from Fairview, Wonder and Stillwater), and Eureka county (with See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead silver ores) and Storey county were third and See also:

• FOURTH

fourth respectively . See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

Copper, lead and See also:

• ZINC

zinc are produced in small quantities, being found in fissure veins with gold and silver . In 1907 .the production of copper was 1,782,571 1.b, valued at $356,514 . The output of lead in 1907 was 6,271,341 lb (valued at $322,381) . The output of zinc was 2,168,783 lb (valued at $127,958) . Other minerals exist in great variety .

See also:

• SALT (a common Teutonic word, cf. Dutch zout, Ger. Salz, Scand. salt; cognate with Gr. &Xs, Lat. sal)
• SALT, SIR TITUS, BART

Salt deposits are extensive and commercially important in Washoe and Churchill counties . After 1900 the production of salt rapidly increased up to 1906, when it was 11,249 bbls ; in 1907 it was only 6457 bbls., all graded as " common coarse " and all obtained by See also:

• SOLAR, SOLLER (Lat. solarium, Fr.• galetas, Ital. solaio)

solar evaporation from brine . See also:

• BORAX (sodium pyroborate or sodium biborate)

Borax marshes are numerous in the west and south-west, but they are no longer commercially productive . Large beds of See also:

• MICA

mica are found in the east . See also:

• GYPSUM

Gypsum occurs in a number of places, the best known being in the north-west . Veins of See also:

• ANTIMONY (symbol Sb, atomic weight 120.2)

antimony are worked in the See also:

• BATTLE

Battle Mountain District and in See also:

• BULLION

Bullion Canyon, 15 M. south of See also:

• MILL
• MILL (O. Eng. mylen, later myln, or miln, adapted from the late Lat. molina, cf. Fr. moulin, from Lat. mola, a mill, molere, to grind; from the same root, mol, is derived " meal;" the word appears in other Teutonic languages, cf. Du. molen, Ger. muhle)
• MILL, JAMES (1773-1836)
• MILL, JOHN (c. 1645–1707)
• MILL, JOHN STUART (1806-1873)

Mill City . There are veins of See also:

• BISMUTH

bismuth near Sodaville . A little See also:

• GRAPHITE

graphite is produced in Humboldt county . A sub-bituminous See also:

• LIGNITE (Lat. lignum, wood)

lignite is See also:

• MINED

mined in Esmeralda county (800 tons in 1906; 330 tons in 1907) . Considerable quantities of the following minerals have been found: See also:

• BARYTES

barytes (heavy spar), See also:

• MAGNETITE

magnetite (magnetic See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore), and pyrolusite (See also:

• MANGANESE (symbol Mn; atomic weight, 54.93 (0=16)], a metallic chemical element. Its dioxide (pyrolusite)

manganese dioxide) in Humboldt county; roofing slate in Esmeralda county; See also:

• CINNABAR (Ger. Zinnober)

cinnabar (ore containing quicksilver) in Washoe county; See also:

• HAEMATITE, or HEMATITE

haematite in Elko and Churchill counties; See also:

• CERUSSITE

cerussite and See also:

• GALENA

galena (lead ores) in Eureka county; and See also:

• WOLFRAMITE, or WOLFRAM

wolframite (a source of See also:

• TUNGSTEN [symbol W, atomic weight 184.o (0=16)]

tungsten) at See also:

• ROUND (O. Fr. rond, Lat. rotundus, the Fr. is the source also of Du. rond; Ger., Swed., Dan. and Nor. rond)

Round Mountain, White Pine county . In 1903 and 1907 Nevada ranked second among the American states in the production of See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur, but its output is very small in comparison with that of See also:

• LOUISIANA

Louisiana . Manufactures.—The manufacturing interests of Nevada are unimportant .

Of the manufacturing establishments in the state in 1900, Ioq, or 47.8%, were situated in See also:

• RENO

Reno, Carson City and Virginia City, named in the See also:

• ORDER
• ORDER (through Fr. ordre, for earlier ordene, from Lat. ordo, ordinis, rank, service, arrangement; the ultimate source is generally taken to be the root seen in Lat. oriri, rise, arise, begin; cf. " origin ")
• ORDER, HOLY

order of their importance . These places employed 359% of the labour engaged in manufacturing, and the value of their products was 38.8 % of the total for the state . Manufactures based on the products of mines and quarries (chemicals, See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, clay, See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone and See also:

• METAL
• METAL (through Fr. from Lat. metallum, mine, quarry, adapted from Gr. µATaXAov, in the same sense, probably connected with ,ueraAAdv, to search after, explore, µeTa, after, aAAos, other)

metal works) constituted about one-fifth of the whole product . See also:

• CAR (Late Lat. carra)

Car construction and general See also:

• SHOP

shop See also:

• WORK

work of See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways was the leading manufacturing industry in 1905; next in importance were the See also:

• FLOUR

flour and grist milling industry and the See also:

• PRINTING (from Lat. imprimere, O. Fr. empreindre)

printing and See also:

• PUBLISHING

publishing of See also:

• NEWSPAPERS

newspapers and See also:

• PERIODICALS

periodicals . Such See also:

• STATISTICS

statistics of the See also:

• SPECIAL

special census of manufactures (under the factory system) of 1905 as are comparable with those of 1900 show 99 factories in 1900 and 115 in 1905, an increase of 16.2 % . Their See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital in 1900 was $1,251,208 and in 1905 $2,891,997, an increase of 131.1 % . The value of their products in 1.900 was $I.261,005, and in 1905, $3,096,274, an increase of 145'5% . Transportation.—In its See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial development Nevada has always been hampered by lack of transportation facilities . There are no navigable waterways, and the railway mileage is small . Until the completion of the trans-See also:

• CONTINENTAL

continental railway in 1869, See also:

• WAGON, or WAGGON

wagon trains were the only means of transporting the products of the mines across the desert . An unsuccessful See also:

• ATTEMPT (Lat. adtemptare, attentare, to try)

attempt was made, beginning in 1861, to domesticate the See also:

• CAMEL (from the Arabic Djemal or the Heb. Gamal)

camel for this purpose.' The railway mileage in 188o was 739 m.; in 189o, 923 m.; in the following decade railway building was at a standstill . Since 1900, however, there has been considerable development, and the total mileage on the 1st of January 1909, was 1,866.92 m .

The state is crossed from east and west by three main lines of railway, parts of the great transcontinental systems, the Southern Pacific and the Western Pacific in the northern part of the state and the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake in the southern . The See also:

• OLDEST

oldest of these See also:

• TRUNK (Fr. tronc, Lat. truncus, cut off, maimed)

trunk lines, the Southern Pacific (formerly the Central Pacific), follows the course of the Humboldt and Truckee rivers . It is met at several points by lines which serve the rich mining districts to the south; at Cobre by the Nevada Northern from See also:

• ELY
• ELY, RICHARD THEODORE (1854— )

Ely in White Pine county in the See also:

• ROBINSON, EDWARD (1794–1863)
• ROBINSON, HENRY CRABB (1777–1867)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1575–1625)
• ROBINSON, JOHN (1650-1723)
• ROBINSON, JOHN THOMAS ROMNEY (1792–1882)
• ROBINSON, MARY [" Perdita "] (1758–1800)
• ROBINSON, SIR JOHN BEVERLEY, BART
• ROBINSON, SIR JOSEPH BENJAMIN (1845– )
• ROBINSON, THEODORE (1852-1896)

Robinson copper mining district; at Palisade by the Eureka & Palisade, a narrow-See also:

• GAUGE, or GAGE (Med. Lat. gauja, jaugia, Fr. jauge, perhaps connected with Fr. jale, a bowl, galon, gallon)

gauge railway, connecting with the lead and silver mines of the Eureka District; at Battle Mountain by the Nevada Central, also of narrow gauge, from See also:

• AUSTIN
• AUSTIN, ALFRED
• AUSTIN, JOHN (179o-1859)
• AUSTIN, SARAH (1793-1867)
• AUSTIN, STEPHEN FULLER (1793-1836)

Austin; at Hazen by the Nevada & California (controlled by the Southern Pacific) which runs to the California line, connecting in that state with other parts of the Southern Pacific system, and at See also:

• MINA, FRANCISCO ESPOZ Y (1781-1836)

Mina, Nevada, with the Tonopah & Goldfield, which runs to Tonopah and thence to Goldfield, thus giving these mining regions See also:

• ACCESS (Lat. accessus)

access to the Southern Pacific's transcontinental service; and at Reno, See also:

• CLOSE
• CLOSE (from Lat. clausum, shut)
• CLOSE, MAXWELL HENRY (1822-1903)

close to the western boundary, by the Virginia & Truckee, connecting with Carson City, See also:

• MINDEN

Minden, in the Carson Valley, and Virginia City, in the Comstock District, and by the Nevada-California-Oregon, projected to run through north-eastern California into Oregon, in 1910, in operation to Alturas, California . The Western Pacific railway, completed in 1910, extending from Salt Lake City tc San Francisco, and running entirely s It is interesting to See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note that in 1875 the Nevada legislature passed an See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

act forbidding camels or dromedaries to run at large . This See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law remained on the See also:

• STATUTE

statute books until 1898, when it was formally repealed . across the state of Nevada, is parallel with the Southern Pacific for some distance in the eastern part of the state, and crosses the mountains at See also:

• BECKWITH, JAMES CARROLL (1852– )
• BECKWITH, SIR THOMAS SYDNEY (1772–1831)

Beckwith Pass 20 M. north of Reno . The San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake railway, also an important See also:

• FACTOR (from Lat. facere, to make or do)

factor in east and west transcontinental See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic, opened in May 1905, has been of special value in the development of the southern part of the state . It crosses a section that is mostly desert, but is connected with the Bullfrog District by the See also:

• LAS

Las Vegas & Tonopah, which runs from Goldfield through Beatty and See also:

• RHYOLITE (Gr. peiv, to flow, because of the frequency with which they exhibit fluxion structures)

Rhyolite, and meets the San Pedro, Los Angeles & Salt Lake at Las Vegas . The Goldfield and See also:

• BULL
• BULL, GEORGE (1634–1710)
• BULL, JOHN (c. 1562–1628)
• BULL, OLE BORNEMANN (18ro-188o)

Bull-See also:

• FROG

frog districts have a further outlet to the south through a second railway, the Nevada Short Line (Bullfrog-Goldfield and Tonopah & Tidewater railways) which connects with the See also:

• ATCHISON

Atchison, See also:

• TOPEKA

Topeka & See also:

• SANTA

Santa Fe at See also:

• LUDLOW
• LUDLOW, EDMUND (c. 1617-1692)

Ludlow in California . See also:

• POPULATION (Lat. populus, people; populare, to populate)

Population.—Nevada is the most sparsely settled state of the Union . Its population in 186o was 6857; in 1870, 42,491; in 1880, 62,266; in 1890, 45,761; in 1900, 42,335; and in 1910, 81,895 (0.7 per sq. m.) . In 1900 10,093 were See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born (mostly See also:

• ENGLISH

English, Irish, Germans, Italians and See also:

• CHINESE, JAPANESE AND

Chinese in almost equal See also:

• PRO

pro- portions); and there were 35,405 white persons, 5216 See also:

• INDIANS, NORTH AMERICAN

Indians, 1352 Chinese, 228 See also:

• JAPANESE

Japanese and 134 negroes .

There were then only three towns of importance: Reno, Virginia City and Carson City, the capital . The Indian population consists of See also:

• PAIUTE

Paiute, Shoshoni and the remnants of a few other tribes of Shoshonean stock . On the See also:

• DUCK

Duck Valley See also:

• RESERVATION (Lat. reservare, to keep back)

reservation (488 sq. m.), established in 1897, in Elko county, between the forks of the Owyhee river and lying partly in Nevada and partly in Idaho, and under the western Shoshoni (boarding) school (55 pupils in 1908), there were 252 Paiute, 238 Shoshoni and i See also:

• HOPI

Hopi in 1908; on the Pyramid Lake reservation (503 sq. m.), established in 1874, in Washoe county, on the borders of the lake from which it is named, 486 Paiute; on the Walker river reservation (99.37 sq. m.), established in 1874 (partly opened to See also:

• SETTLEMENT
• SETTLEMENT, ACT OF

settlement in 1906) along Walker river and Walker Lake, 466 Paiute; on the Moapa river reserve (15.6 sq. m.), in the south-eastern part of the state, 117 Paiute . In 1906, of the 14,944 members of religious denominations 9,970 were See also:

• ROMAN

Roman Catholics, 1,210 See also:

• PROTESTANT

Protestant Episcopalians, 1,105 Latter-Day See also:

• SAINTS, BATTLE OF THE

Saints (See also:

• MORMONS

Mormons), 618 Methodists and 520 Presbyterians . See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration.—Nevada is governed under the See also:

• ORIGINAL

original constitution of 1864, with the amendments adopted in 1880, 1889, 1904 and 1906 . The constitution as adopted limited the See also:

• SUFFRAGE (Lat. suffragium)

suffrage to adult white See also:

• MALES

males, but this See also:

• PROVISION (Lat. provisio)

provision was annulled by the fifteenth See also:

• AMENDMENT (through the O. Fr. amender, to correct, from Lat. mendum, a fault)

amendment to the Federal constitution; and in 188o amendments to the state constitution were adopted striking out the word " white " from the suffrage clause and adding a new See also:

• ARTICLE (from Lat. articulus, a joint)

article granting rights of suffrage and See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office holding without regard to See also:

• RACE

race, colour or previous See also:

• CONDITION (Lat. condicio, from condicere, to agree upon, arrange; not connected with conditio, from condere, conditum, to put together)

condition of See also:

• SERVITUDE (Lat. servitus, from service, to serve)

servitude . A See also:

• RESIDENCE (Latin residere, to remain behind, to dwell, reside)

residence in the state of six months and in the district or county of thirty days preceding the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election is required of all voters . Persons guilty of See also:

• TREASON (Fr. trahison, Lat. traditio)

treason or See also:

• FELONY (0. Fr. felonie, from felon, a word meaning " wicked," common to Romanic languages, cf. Italian fella, fellone, the ultimate origin of which is obscure, but is possibly connected either with Lat. fel, gall, or fallere, to deceive. The English " fel

felony in any state or Territory and not restored to See also:

• CIVIL

civil rights, idiots and insane persons, are excluded from the suffrage . An unusual provision in the constitution, a result of its See also:

• ADOPTION (Lat. adoptio, for adoptalio, from adoptare, to choose for oneself)

adoption in the midst of the Civil See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

War, gives soldiers and sailors in the service of the United States the right to See also:

• VOTE

vote; their votes to be applied to the township and county in which they were See also:

• BONA (BONE)
• BONA, JOHN (1609-1674)

bona fide residents at the time of enlistment.' The legislature has the right to make the See also:

• PAYMENT (Fr. paiement, from payer, to pay; Lat. pacare, to appease, pax, peace)

payment of the See also:

• POLL

poll tax a requirement for voting, but no such provision is in force ? A law passed in 1887, requiring all voters to take an See also:

• OATH (0. Eng. ddh)

oath against See also:

• POLYGAMY, (Gr. nabs, many, and yayos, marriage)

polygamy, with the object of disfranchising Mormons, was declared unconstitutional by the State Supreme See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

Court . A See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor, See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant-governor, secretary of state, See also:

• ATTORNEY (from O. Fr. atorne, a person appointed to act for another, from atourner, legal Lat. attornare, attorn, literally to turn over to another or commit business to another)

attorney-general, controller, treasurer, See also:

• SUPERINTENDENT

superintendent of public instruc- t An interesting application of this provision was made in 1898, when Nevada soldiers on their way to See also:

• MANILA

Manila were allowed to vote at sea . It was discovered, however, that no statute had ever been passed to carry this provision into effect, and the votes were rejected .

In 1897 a law was passed making the right of suffrage dependent on the payment of poll taxes for the preceding two years; but in the following year the State Supreme Court declared this act unconstitutional because the title was not descriptive of the and 2% of the receipts of See also:

• TOLL (etymologically, that which is numbered or counted; from a common Teutonic form, cf. " tale," " tell ")
• TOLL, JOHAN KRISTOFFER, COUNT (1743-1817)

toll roads and See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges go into the school matter . } fund, which is invested in state and Federal securities and the tion and surveyor-general are chosen by popular vote every four years . Their functions are similar to those of the administrative officials in other states, with the exception that the governor does not possess the usual pardoning See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power but is ex officio a member of the pardoning See also:

• BOARD (O. Eng. bord)

board . The governor and lieutenant-governor must each be at least twenty-five years old at the time of election to office . The legislative department consists of a See also:

• SENATE (Lat. senatus, from root sen-, as in senex, old; the root is the Sanskrit sana, cf. Gr. 'vos; the same element appears in senor, seigneur, seneschal)

Senate, with members chosen every four years, about half of whom retire every two years; and an See also:

• ASSEMBLY, UNLAWFUL

Assembly, whose members are chosen biennially . The constitution requires that the number of senators shall be not less than one-third nor more than one-half the number of members of the Assembly, and that the total membership of both houses shall not exceed seventy-five . Bills of any character may originate in either See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The legislative sessions are biennial and are limited to fifty days; special sessions are limited to twenty days . The judicial department consists of a supreme court with a chief See also:

• JUSTICE (Lat. justitia)

justice and two See also:

• ASSOCIATE (Lat. associates, from ad, to, and sociare to join)

associate justices, chosen for six years, and district courts, with See also:

• JUDGES, THE BOOK OF

judges chosen for four years . The state is divided into fifteen counties, each of which is governed in See also:

• LOCAL

local matters by a board of county commissioners, and is divided for administrative purposes into townships . The constitution re-quires that township and county governments shall be See also:

• UNIFORM

uniform throughout the state . For each township there is a justice of the See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace, chosen biennially by its voters .

The See also:

• HOMESTEAD

homestead exemption extends to a dwelling-house, with its land and See also:

• APPURTENANCES (from late Lat. appertinentia, from appertinere, to appertain)

appurtenances, with a value not exceeding $5000; but no exemption is granted against a process to enforce the payment of See also:

• PURCHASE

purchase-See also:

• MONEY

money, or for improvements, or for legal taxes, or of a See also:

• MORTGAGE

mortgage to which both the See also:

• HUSBAND

husband and wife have consented . The exemption can be claimed by the husband, wife, or other head of the See also:

• FAMILY

family, by a written See also:

• DECLARATION (from Lat. declarare, to make fully clear, clams)

declaration duly acknowledged and recorded in the manner prescribed for conveyances; and the homestead can then be mortgaged or alienated by a husband only with the wife's consent, if 'the wife is at the time a See also:

• RESIDENT

resident of the state . The exemption is not affected by the See also:

• DEATH

death of the husband or wife, but inures to the benefit of the surviving members of the family . For See also:

• DIVORCE

divorce a residence in the state of six months is necessary; the grounds for divorce are See also:

• DESERTION

desertion or neglect to provide for one year, conviction of felony, habitual See also:

• DRUNKENNESS

drunkenness, See also:

• CRUELTY (through the O. Fr. crualte, mod. cruaute, from the Lat. crudelitas)

cruelty or See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical incapacity . There are a number of unusual provisions in the constitution of Nevada . The assertion in the " Declaration of Rights " that " no power exists in the people of this or any other state of the Federal Union to dissolve their connexion therewith or perform any act tending to impair, subvert, or resist the supreme authority of the government of the United States," is a result of the drafting of the See also:

• INSTRUMENT (Lat. instrumentum, from insincere, to build up, furnish, arrange, prepare)

instrument during the Civil War . There is also a provision that only three-fourths of the jurors may be required to agree to a See also:

• VERDICT (O. Fr. verdit, Lat. vere dictum, truly said, used in Late Latin in one word with its present significance)

verdict in civil cases, although the legislature has the power to require by statute a unanimous agreement . Amendments to the constitution must be passed by a See also:

• MAJORITY (Fr. majorite; Med. Lat. majoritas; Lat. major, greater)

majority of each house of the legislature at two consecutive sessions and submitted to a vote of the people at the next See also:

• REGULAR

regular election . Under this provision an amendment cannot be adopted until nearly four years after it is first proposed . At the election of 1904 an amendment was adopted which provides that whenever 10 % of the voters of the state, as shown by the votes of the last preceding election, See also:

• EXPRESS (through the French from the past participle of the Lat. exprimere, to press out, by transference used of representing objects in painting or sculpture, or of thoughts, &c. in words)

express a wish that any law or See also:

• RESOLUTION

resolution of the legislature shall be submitted to the people, the Act or Resolve shall be voted on at the next election of the state or county See also:

• OFFICERS

officers, and if a majority of the voters approve the measure it shall stand; otherwise, it shall become void . Nevada thus became the fourth American state to adopt the See also:

• REFERENDUM

referendum . Institutions.—The state maintains a See also:

• PENITENTIARY (med. Lat. poenitentiarius, from poenitentia, penance, poena, punishment, a term used both as adjective and substantive, referring either to the means of repentance or that of punishment. In its ecclesiastical use the word is used as the equi

penitentiary at Carson City and an insane See also:

• ASYLUM (from Gr. b.-, privative, arid earl, right'of seizure)
• ASYLUM, RIGHT OF (Fr. droit d'asile; Ger. Asylrecht)

asylum at Reno .

The See also:

• DEAF

deaf, dumb and See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind are cared for at its expense in the California institution for these defectives . The State University, established at Elko in 1874 and removed to Reno in 1887, is supported by the income from a Federal See also:

• GRANT (from A.-Fr. graunter, O. Fr. greanter for creanter, popular Lat. creantare, for credentare, to entrust, Lat. credere, to believe, trust)
• GRANT, ANNE (1755-1838)
• GRANT, CHARLES (1746-1823)
• GRANT, GEORGE MONRO (1835–1902)
• GRANT, JAMES (1822–1887)
• GRANT, JAMES AUGUSTUS (1827–1892)
• GRANT, ROBERT (1814-1892)
• GRANT, SIR ALEXANDER
• GRANT, SIR FRANCIS (1803-1878)
• GRANT, SIR JAMES HOPE (1808–1895)
• GRANT, SIR PATRICK (1804-1895)
• GRANT, U
• GRANT, ULYSSES SIMPSON (1822-1885)

grant of two townships (72 sq. m.) of public land and an additional grant, under the See also:

• MORRILL, JUSTIN SMITH (1810–1898)

Morrill Act of 1862, of 90,000 acres for the support of a See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college for agriculture and mechanic arts . An agricultural experiment station and a normal school are conducted in connexion with the university . The control of this institution is vested in a board of regents, chosen by popular vote . At Virginia City is a school of mines, established by the state in 1903 . The Federal government maintains three boarding See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for Indians in the state . The public schools are supported by the income from a Federal grant of 2,000,000 acres of public land (given in lieu of the usual sixteenth and thirty-sixth sections) supplemented by state and local See also:

• TAXATION
• TAXATION (from " tax," derived, through the French, from Lat. taxare, to appraise, which again is connected with the same root as tangere, to touch)

taxation . The constitution provides that a special state tax, at a rate of not over two See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills on the See also:

• DOLLAR

dollar, may be levied for school purposes . All fines collected under the penal See also:

• LAWS

laws, all escheats interest apportioned among the counties according to their school population . The administration of the school system is in the hands of a superintendent of public instruction . See also:

• FINANCE

Finance.—The bonded See also:

• DEBT (Lat. debitum, a thing owed)

debt of the state on the 31st of December 19o8 amounted to $550,000, of which the state held an irredeemable See also:

• BOND
• BOND, SIR EDWARD AUGUSTUS (1815-1898)

bond for $380,000; the actual redeemable bonded debt of $170,000 was due to the investment of the school and university funds in the bonds of the state . The actual borrowing capacity of the state is limited by its constitution to $300,000, except for the extraordinary purpose of repelling invasion or suppressing insurrection .

Practically all the See also:

• REVENUE
• REVENUE (0. Fr. revenu, from revenir, to return)

revenue is derived from the taxation of real and See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• PROPERTY

property . Mines and mining claims are exempt from taxation, but a quarterly tax is levied on the See also:

• NET

net proceeds of mines, and is not to be paid a second time so long as the products remain in the hands of the original producer . The rate of taxation for state purposes is fixed by the legislature, and for county purposes by the board of county commissioners . A poll tax is required of all males between the ages of 21 and 6o years, one half of which goes to the county in which it is collected and the rest to the state . At the close of 1908 the state receipts for the year amounted to $1,004,041, and expenditures to $875,941 . See also:

• HISTORY

History.—The first recorded See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person of See also:

• EUROPEAN

European descent to enter the limits of Nevada was Francisco Garces (1738–1781), of the Order of St See also:

• FRANCIS
• FRANCIS (FRarrcols) OF SALES, ST (1567-1622)
• FRANCIS (Lat. Franciscus, Ital. Francesco, Span. Francisco, Fr. Francois, Ger. Franz)
• FRANCIS, SIR PHILIP (174o-1818)

Francis, who set out from Sonora in 1775 and passed through what is now the extreme southern corner of the state on his way to California . Half a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century later a party of trappers of the See also:

• HUDSON
• HUDSON, GEORGE (180o-1871)
• HUDSON, HENRY
• HUDSON, JOHN (1662–1719)

Hudson's See also:

• BAY

Bay See also:

• COMPANY

Company entered Nevada and plied their See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade along the Humboldt river . American trappers came about the same time . Emigrants to California followed the trappers, and many crossed Nevada in the early 'forties of the 19th century . During 1843–1845 John C . See also:

• FREMONT
• FREMONT, JOHN CHARLES (1813-1890)

Fremont made a See also:

• SERIES (a Latin word from serere, to join)

series of explorations in this region . By the treaty of Guadalupe See also:

• HIDALGO
• HIDALGO (a Spanish word, contracted from hijo d'algo or hijo de algo, son of something, or somewhat)

Hidalgo, negotiated in 1848, at the close of the war with Mexico, Nevada became United States territory .

It was then a part of California known as the Washoe Country, and remained so until the 9th of See also:

• SEPTEMBER (Lat. septem, seven)

September 1850, when most of the present state was included in the newly organized Territory of Utah . In the meantime the discovery of gold in California had swelled the stream of westward See also:

• MIGRATION

migration across the Washoe Country, and had resulted in the settlement of traders, mostly Mormons, along the routes to the gold See also:

• FIELDS, JAMES THOMAS (1817-1881)

fields . The first settlement in what is now the state of Nevada was planted in the valley of the Carson river in 1849 . The earliest recorded public See also:

• MEETING (from " to meet," to come together, assemble, 0. Eng. metals ; cf. Du. moeten, Swed. mota, Goth. gamotjan, &c., derivatives of the Teut. word for a meeting, seen in O. Eng. Wit, moot, an assembly of the people; cf. witanagemot)

meeting was held at Mormon Station (now See also:

• GENOA (anc. Genua, Ital. Genova, Fr. GPnes)

Genoa) on the 12th of November 1851 . The object of this gathering was to See also:

• FRAME

frame a government for the settlers, as the seat of the Territorial government of Utah was too remote to afford See also:

• PROTECTION

protection for See also:

• LIFE

life and property . Congress was petitioned to organize a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate Territory . An See also:

• INDEPENDENT

independent local government was formed a See also:

• WEEK (from A.S. wicu, Germanic *wikon, probably=change, turn)

week later, and this lasted for several months, until the Utah authorities intervened . In 1854 the Utah legislature created the county of Carson, which included all the settlements in western Utah; but the inhabitants sought to rid themselves of all connexion with the people of the Salt Lake region, and petitioned Congress to annex them to California . In 1858 Carson City was laid out, and in the following year the people of Carson county held a mass meeting and See also:

• CHOSE (Fr. for " thing ")

chose delegates to a constitutional See also:

• CONVENTION (Lat. conventio, an assembly or agreement, from convenire, to come together)
• CONVENTION, THE NATIONAL

convention, which met at Genoa on the 18th of July 1859, and in ten days drafted a constitution . The instrument was submitted to a vote of the people and was adopted, and a full set of state officers was chosen . This attempt to create a new state proved abortive, however, and it was not till the mineral wealth of the Washoe Country became generally known that Congress took any See also:

• ACTION

action . On the 2nd of March 1861 the Territory of Utah was divided at 39° W .

(of Washington) and the western portion was called Nevada . As then constituted, the northern boundary of Nevada was the 42nd parallel, its southern the 37th, and its western boundary was made to conform to the eastern limits of the state of California . See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James W . Nye (1814–1876) of New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York was appointed Territorial governor . In December 1862 the Territorial legislature passed an act " to frame a constitution and state government for the state of Washoe." This was submitted to the people and adopted at the polls . Delegates to a constitutional convention accordingly drafted a frame of government, which on the 19th of January 1864 was submitted to a popular vote and overwhelmingly defeated . The instrument contained avery unpopular clause taxing all mining property, unproductive as well as productive . Moreover, as state officers were to be chosen at the same time that the constitution was voted on, disappointed candidates for party nominations fought against ratification . As a result, the constitution was rejected while officers to act under it were at the same time duly elected . Early in 1864, when it became evident that two more Republican votes might be needed in the United States Senate for reconstruction purposes, party leaders at Washington urged the people of Nevada to adopt a constitution and enter the Union as a patriotic See also:

• DUTY (from " due," that which is owing, O. Fr. deu, dil, past participle of devoir; Lat. debere, debitum; cf. " debt ")

duty, and on the 21st of March 1864 Congress passed an act to enable the people of the Territory to form a state government . The third constitutional convention in its history now met at Carson City and See also:

• DREW
• DREW, SAMUEL (1765-1833)

drew up a constitution which was duly ratified . On the 31st of October See also:

• PRESIDENT (Fr. president, from Lat. praesidens, post-Augustan Lat. for praeses, director, ruler, from praesidere, to sit in front of, preside)

President Lincoln issued a See also:

• PROCLAMATION (Lat. proclamare, to make public by announcement)

proclamation declaring Nevada a state .

By the Enabling Act Congress had . extended the eastern boundary to the 38th See also:

• MERIDIAN
• MERIDIAN (from the Lat. meridianus, pertaining to the south or mid-day)

meridian (W. of Washington), and in 1866 still farther extended it to the 37th and fixed the southern boundary as it exists at present . The additions eastward were made from Utah and those to the south from Arizona . Being " battle-born," Nevada was loyal to the Union throughout the Civil War, and in spite of its scanty population furnished a company of troops in 1861, which were joined to a California See also:

• REGIMENT (from Late Latin regimentum, rule, regere, to rule, govern, direct)

regiment . In 1863 the Territory raised six companies of See also:

• INFANTRY

infantry and six of See also:

• CAVALRY (Fr. cavalerie, Ger. Kavallerie or Reiterei, derived ultimately from late Lat. caballus, horse)

cavalry (about See also:

• I000

I000 men), which saw no actual service against the Confederates but were useful in subduing hostile Indians . The history of the state since its organization has been largely a history of its mines . The period from r86o to 1864 was one of rapid development accompanied by the wildest See also:

• SPECULATION

speculation . This was followed by a reaction and a general collapse of inflated values until 1873, when the discovery of the Great Bonanza mine brought about a revival of industry and of speculation . A second period of decline followed the working out of this mine and lasted until xgoo, when the discovery of a new mineral belt in southern Nevada brought renewed prosperity . Until 187o the state was regularly Republican, but in this year the Democrats gained most of the offices, including the seat in the national House of Representatives . The Republicans, however, secured the electoral votes of Nevada in 1872 and in 1876, and in 1878 were again in full control, only to suffer defeat in 1880 . Not until the silver currency question became a See also:

• POLITICAL

political issue did Nevada take a prominent part in national politics . In 1885 the Nevada Silver Association was formed for the purpose of advocating the free and unlimited coinage of silver .

Both parties in the state in x888 declared in favour of free coinage, and in 1892 instructed their delegates to the national conventions to oppose any See also:

• CANDIDATE

candidate who did not favour this policy . As a means of asserting their views effectively, the citizens, irrespective of party, organized local silver clubs, and these eventually led to the formation of the Silver party of Nevada, which drafted a " See also:

• PLATFORM (Fr. plateforme, i.e. ground plan)

platform " and nominated a state See also:

• TICKET (O. Fr. esliquet, also estiquette, mod. etiquette, from Ger. sleeken, to stick up)

ticket and presidential See also:

• ELECTORS (Ger. Kurfursten, from Kilren, O.H.G. kiosan, choose, elect, and Furst, prince)

electors who were instructed to support the Populist national ticket . The Republicans in the state divided, and the majority of them went over to the Silver party . At the national election in this year the Silver ticket received in Nevada 7264 votes; the Republican 2811; the Democrat 714; and the Prohibitionist 86 . In the state election of 1894 the Silver party was again victorious, and. not a Democrat was returned 'to the legislature . In the election of 1896 all the parties in the state declared in favour of the free and unlimited coinage of silver at the ratio of 16 to 1 . The Democratic and Silver parties united, with the result that the state's electoral vote went to See also:

• BRYAN, WILLIAM JENNINGS (186o– )

Bryan and See also:

• SEWALL, SAMUEL (1652-1730)

Sewall, the Democratic nominees, while the Silver party retained most of the state offices . In the presidential election of 1900 the Nevada Republicans pursued a non-committal policy with regard to the silver question, declaring in favour of " the largest use of silver as a money metal in all matters compatible with the best interests of our government." The Democratic and the Silver parties again united, and subsequently dominated the politics of the state . Territorial Governor.—James W . Nye, 1861–1864 . State See also:

• GOVERNORS

Governors . H .

G . Blasdel, See also:

• REP, REPP, or REPS

Rep., 1865–187o . L . R . See also:

• BRADLEY, GEORGE GRANVILLE (1821–1903)
• BRADLEY, JAMES (1693–1762)

Bradley, Dem., 1871-1878 . J . Kinkhead, Rep., 1879-1882 . ewett W . See also:

• ADAMS
• ADAMS, ANDREW LEITH (1827-1882)
• ADAMS, CHARLES FRANCIS (1807-1886)
• ADAMS, HENRY (1838— )
• ADAMS, HENRY CARTER (1852— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT (i858— )
• ADAMS, HERBERT BAXTER (1850—1901)
• ADAMS, JOHN (1735–1826)
• ADAMS, JOHN QUINCY (1767-1848)
• ADAMS, SAMUEL (1722-1803)
• ADAMS, THOMAS (d. c. 1655)
• ADAMS, WILLIAM (d. 162o)

Adams, Dem., 1883-1886 . See also:

• CHRISTOPHER, SAINT (Christophorus, Christoferus)

Christopher C . See also:

• STEPHENSON, GEORGE (1781–1848)
• STEPHENSON, O
• STEPHENSON, ROBERT (1803-1859)

Stephenson, Rep., 1887–18891 See also:

• FRANK, JAKOB (1726-1791)

Frank See also:

• BELL
• BELL, ALEXANDER MELVILLE (1819—1905)
• BELL, ANDREW (1753—1832)
• BELL, GEORGE JOSEPH (1770-1843)
• BELL, HENRY (1767-1830)
• BELL, HENRY GLASSFORD (1803-1874)
• BELL, JACOB (1810-1859)
• BELL, JOHN (1691-178o)
• BELL, JOHN (1763-1820)
• BELL, JOHN (1797-1869)
• BELL, ROBERT (1800-1867)
• BELL, SIR CHARLES (1774—1842)

Bell, Rep., 189o . R .

K . Colcord, Rep., 1891–1894 . John E . See also:

• JONES
• JONES, ALFRED GILPIN (1824-1906)
• JONES, EBENEZER (182o-186o)
• JONES, ERNEST CHARLES (1819-1869)
• JONES, HENRY (1831-1899)
• JONES, HENRY ARTHUR (1851- )
• JONES, INIGO (1573-1651)
• JONES, JOHN (c. 1800-1882)
• JONES, MICHAEL (d. 1649)
• JONES, OWEN (1741-1814)
• JONES, OWEN (1809-1874)
• JONES, RICHARD (179o-1855)
• JONES, SIR ALFRED LEWIS (1845-1909)
• JONES, SIR WILLIAM (1746-1794)
• JONES, THOMAS RUPERT (1819– )
• JONES, WILLIAM (1726-1800)

Jones, Silver, 1895.E See also:

• REINHOLD, KARL LEONHARD (1758-1823)

Reinhold See also:

• SADLER (or SADLEIR), SIR RALPH (1507-1587)
• SADLER, MICHAEL THOMAS (1780-1835)

Sadler, Silver, 1895-1902 . John See also:

• SPARKS, JARED (1789-1866)

Sparks, Dem . (Silver), 1903-1906 . D . S . Dickerson, Dem., 1907-1910 . T . L .