NEWCASTLE  , a See also:

• CITY (through Fr. cite, from Lat. civitas)

city and the See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county-seat of See also:

• LAWRENCE
• LAWRENCE (LAURENTIUS, LORENZO), ST
• LAWRENCE, AMOS (1786—1852)
• LAWRENCE, AMOS ADAMS (1814–1886)
• LAWRENCE, GEORGE ALFRED (1827–1876)
• LAWRENCE, JOHN LAIRD MAIR LAWRENCE, 1ST BARON (1811-1879)
• LAWRENCE, SIR HENRY MONTGOMERY (1806–1857)
• LAWRENCE, SIR THOMAS (1769–1830)
• LAWRENCE, STRINGER (1697–1775)

Lawrence county, See also:

• PENNSYLVANIA
• PENNSYLVANIA, UNIVERSITY OF

Pennsylvania, U.S.A., on the Shenango See also:

• RIVER

river, at the mouth of Neshannock See also:

• CREEK
• CREEK (Mid. Eng. crike or creke, common to many N. European languages)

Creek, about 5o m . N.N.W. of See also:

• PITTSBURG
• PITTSBURG, or PITTSBURGH

Pittsburg . Pop . (1890) 11,600; (1900) 28,339, 5324 being See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign-See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born and 463 negroes; (191o) 36,280 . It is served by the Pennsylvania, the See also:

• ERIE

Erie, the See also:

• BALTIMORE
• BALTIMORE, GEORGE CALVERT, 1ST BARON (C. 1580—1632)

Baltimore & See also:

• OHIO

Ohio, the See also:

• BUFFALO

Buffalo, See also:

• ROCHESTER
• ROCHESTER, JOHN WILMOT, 2ND EARL
• ROCHESTER, LAWRENCE HYDE, EARL OF (1641-1711)

Rochester & Pittsburgh, and the Pittsburgh & See also:

• LAKE
• LAKE, GERARD LAKE, 1ST VISCOUNT (1744-1808)

Lake Erie See also:

• RAILWAYS

railways . Cascade See also:

• PARK (Fr. part; Ital. parco; Sp. Marque; O.Eng. pearroc; connected with Ger. pferch, fold, and pfarrei, district, translating med. Lat. parochia, parish)
• PARK, EDWARDS AMASA (1808–1900)
• PARK, MUNGO (1771-1806?)

Park, in the neighbourhood, is a See also:

• PLEASURE (through Fr. plaisir from Lat. placere, to please; Gr. rlbovii)

pleasure resort . The surrounding See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

country, with which the city has an extensive See also:

• TRADE (O. Eng. trod, footstep, from tredan, to tread; in M. Eng. the forms teed, trod and trade appear, the last in the sense of a beaten track)
• TRADE, BOARD OF

trade, is well adapted to See also:

• AGRICULTURE
• AGRICULTURE (from Lat. ages, field, and colere, to cultivate)
• AGRICULTURE, BOARD OF

agriculture, and abounds in bituminous See also:

• COAL

coal, See also:

• IRON [symbol Fe, atomic weight 55.85 (0=16)]

iron ore, See also:

• LIMESTONE

limestone, See also:

• SANDSTONE

sandstone and See also:

• FIRE (in O. Eng. f j'r; the word is common to West German languages, cf. Dutch vuur, Ger. Feuer; the pre-Teutonic form is seen in Sanskrit pu, pavaka, and Gr. irup; the ultimate origin is usually taken to be a root meaning to purify, cf. Lat. purus)

fire-See also:

• CLAY (from O. Eng. claeg, a word common in various forms to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Klei)
• CLAY, CASSIUS MARCELLUS (1810-1903)
• CLAY, CHARLES (1801–1893)
• CLAY, FREDERIC (1838–1889)
• CLAY, HENRY (1777–1852)

clay . In 1905 the city ranked fifth among the cities of the See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in the value of its factory product, and of its products (valued at $29,433,635, an increase of 47.1 %since woo) iron and See also:

• STEEL, FLORA ANNIE (1847– )

steel, and See also:

• TIN (Lat.- stannum, whence the chemical symbol " Sn "; atomic weight =117.6, 0=16)

tin and terne-plates were the most important . Newcastle was founded in 1802, became a See also:

• BOROUGH (A.S. nominative burh, dative byrig, which produces some of the place-names ending in bury, a sheltered or fortified place, the camp of refuge of a tribe, the stronghold of a chieftain; cf. Ger. Burg, Fr. bor, bore, bourg)
• BOROUGH [BURROUGH, BURROWE, BORROWS], STEVEN (1525–1584)

borough in 1869, and was first chartered as a city in 1875, its See also:

• CHARTER (Lat. charta, carta, from Gr. Xap-rns, originally for papyrus, material for writing, thence transferred to paper and from this material to the document, in O. Eng. boc, book)

charter being revised in 1887 . NEWCASTLE-UNDER-LYME, a See also:

• MARKET (Lat. mercatus, trade or place of trade)

market See also:

• TOWN

town and municipal and See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary borough of See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England, 2 M . W. of Stoke-upon-See also:

• TRENT
• TRENT (Lat. Tridentum; Ital. Trento; Ger. relent)
• TRENT, COUNCIL OF

Trent by the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

North Staffordshire railway . Pop .

(1901) 19,914 . The See also:

• PARISH (Gr. irapouda, district, neighbourhood; 7r&poucos, one dwelling near or beside, from crap&, OtKOS, house; Lat. paroecur, Late Lat. parochia; cf. Fr. paroisse)

parish See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

church of St See also:

• GILES (GIL, GILLES), ST

Giles was rebuilt in 1873-1876 by See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• GILBERT
• GILBERT (KINGSMILL) ISLANDS
• GILBERT (or GYLBERDE), WILLIAM (1544-1603)
• GILBERT, ALFRED (1854– )
• GILBERT, ANN (1821-1904)
• GILBERT, GROVE KARL (1843– )
• GILBERT, J
• GILBERT, JOHN (1810-1889)
• GILBERT, MARIE DOLORES ELIZA ROSANNA [" LOLA MONTEZ "] (1818-1861)
• GILBERT, NICOLAS JOSEPH LAURENT (1751–1780)
• GILBERT, SIR HUMPHREY (c. 1539-1583)
• GILBERT, SIR JOSEPH HENRY (1817-1901)
• GILBERT, SIR WILLIAM SCHWENK (1836– )

Gilbert See also:

• SCOTT, ALEXANDER (fl. 1550)
• SCOTT, DAVID (18o6-1849)
• SCOTT, MICHAEL (1789-1835)
• SCOTT, ROBERT (1811-1887)
• SCOTT, SIR GEORGE GILBERT (1811-1878)
• SCOTT, SIR WALTER, BART
• SCOTT, WILLIAM BELL (1811-1890)
• SCOTT, WINFIELD (1786-1866)

Scott, with the exception of the See also:

• TOWER (Lat. turris; Fr. tour, clocker; Ital. torre; Ger. Thurm)

tower, which See also:

• DATES

dates from the 12th See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century . The See also:

• FREE

free See also:

• GRAMMAR (from Lat. grammatica, sc. ars; Gr. ypaµ)

grammar school, originally founded in 1602, possesses large endowments, increased by the amalgamation of various subsequent bequests for educational purposes, and now consists of high and See also:

• MIDDLE

middle See also:

• SCHOOLS

schools for boys and See also:

• ORME, ROBERT (1728-1801)

Orme's school for girls . There is also a school of See also:

• ART

art included with a free library in handsome municipal buildings . The manufacture of hats was once the See also:

• STAPLE

staple trade, but it has declined . There are See also:

• COTTON
• COTTON (Fr. coton; from Arab. qutun)
• COTTON, CHARLES (163o–1687)
• COTTON, GEORGE EDWARD LYNCH (1813–1866)
• COTTON, JOHN (1585–1652)
• COTTON, SIR ROBERT BRUCE

cotton and See also:

• PAPER
• PAPER (Fr. papier, from Lat. papyrus)

paper See also:

• MILLS, JOHN (d. 1736)
• MILLS, ROGER QUARLES (1832– )

mills; and tanning, See also:

• BREWING

brewing, malting and the manufacture of See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

army clothing are carried on . In the neighbourhood there are large collieries, as at Silverdale and elsewhere . Partly included in the parliamentary borough is the populous parish of Wolstanton, of which the See also:

• FINE

fine church, well placed on high ground, has See also:

• GOOD, JOHN MASON (1764-1827)

good details of the 13th century, with a massive tower and See also:

• SPIRE

spire . The See also:

• MINING

mining town of See also:

• AUDLEY, or AUDELEY, SIR JAMES (c. 1316-1386)
• AUDLEY, THOMAS AUDLEY, BARON (c. 1488-1544)

Audley lies 4 . M . N.W., with a fine See also:

• EARLY
• EARLY, JUBAL ANDERSON (1816-1894)

early Decorated church . Newcastle-under-Lyme is governed by a See also:

• MAYOR (Lat. major, greater)
• MAYOR, JOHN EYTON BICKERSTETH (1825– )

mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors .

See also:

• AREA

Area, 671 acres . Newcastle-under-Lyme (Neofchastell-sur-Lyme, Newcastle-under-Lyme) is not mentioned in Domesday, but it must early have become a See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of importance, for a charter, known only through a reference in a charter to See also:

• PRESTON
• PRESTON, JOHN (1587-1628)

Preston, was given to the town by See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry II . The town owes its name to a See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

castle built here in the 12th century to supersede an older fortress at See also:

• CHESTER
• CHESTER, EARLS OF

Chester-ton about 2 M. to the north, of which the ruins were to be seen in the 16th century, and to the fact that it was situated under the See also:

• FOREST

forest of Lyme . Henry III . (1235) constituted it a free borough, granting a gild See also:

• MERCHANT (O. Fr. marcheant, modern marchand; from Lat. mercari, to trade, merx, goods, merchandise)

merchant and other privileges; in 1251 he leased it at See also:

• FEE

fee-See also:

• FARM

farm to the burgesses; the governing charter in 1835 was that of 1590 enlarged by that of 1664, under which the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of the See also:

• CORPORATION (from Lat. corporare, to form into a body, corpus, corporis)

corporation was the " mayor, bailiffs and burgesses of Newcastle-under-Lyme." Newcastle, which was originally held by the See also:

• CROWN

crown, was granted (1265) to See also:

• SIMON, ABRAHAM (1622-1692)
• SIMON, JULES FRANCOIS (1814–1896)
• SIMON, RICHARD (1638–1712)
• SIMON, SIR JOHN (1816–1904)
• SIMON, THOMAS (c. 1623-1665)

Simon de See also:

• MONTFORT
• MONTFORT, SIMON DE, EARL OF LEICESTER (d. 1265)

Montfort, and subsequently to See also:

• EDMUND
• EDMUND, or EADMUND (c. 980-1016)
• EDMUND, SAINT [EDMUND RICE] (d. 1240)

Edmund Crouchback, through whom it passed to Henry IV . In See also:

• LELAND (LEYLAND Or LAYLONDE), JOHN (c. 1506-1552)
• LELAND, CHARLES GODFREY (1824-1903)
• LELAND, JOHN (1691–1766)

Leland's See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time the castle had disappeared " See also:

• SAVE, or SAVA (Ger. Sau; Hungarian Szdva; Lat. Savus)

save one See also:

• GREAT

great Toure "; in the 17th and 18th centuries the town was flourishing and had a manufacture of hats . The market was originally held on See also:

• SUNDAY

Sunday; in the reign of See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John it was changed to Saturday; by the charter of See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth it was fixed on See also:

• MONDAY (in O.E. Monandaeg, the moon's day, a translation of the Late Lat. Lunae dies, from which the French lundi is taken)

Monday . Markets are now held on Monday, Wednesday and Saturday . Grants of fairs were given by See also:

• EDWARD

Edward I., Edward III. and Henry VI . Up to the time of the passing of the Municipal Reform See also:

• ACT (Lat. actus, actum)

Act the See also:

• FARCE

farce of electing a See also:

• MOCK

mock mayor was gone through annually after the See also:

• ELECTION
• ELECTION (from Lat. eligere, to pick out)

election of the real mayor . Newcastle sent two members to See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament from 1355 to 1885, when it lost one representative . See See also:

• VICTORIA
• VICTORIA (or VITTORIA), TOMMASSO LUDOVICO DA (C. I540-C. 1613)
• VICTORIA [ALEXANDRINA VICTORIA]

Victoria County See also:

• HISTORY

History, See also:

• STAFFORD
• STAFFORD, EARLS AND MARQUESSES OF

Stafford; T .

Ingamells, See also:

• HISTORICAL

Historical Records and See also:

• DIRECTORY

Directory of Newcastle-under-Lyme . NEWCASTLE-UPON-See also:

• TYNE

TYNE, a city and county of a city, municipal, county and parliamentary borough, and See also:

• PORT

port of See also:

• NORTHUMBERLAND
• NORTHUMBERLAND, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN DUDLEY, VISCOUNT LISLE, EARL OF WARWICK
• NORTHUMBERLAND, JOHN NEVILLE, EARL OF (c. 1430-1471)

Northumberland, England, 272 M . N. by W. of See also:

• LONDON

London, on the North-Eastern railway . Pop . (1891) 186,300;- (1901) 215,328 . It stands on the N. See also:

• BANK

bank of the Tyne, which is here high and steeply inclined above the river . The mouth of the river into the -North See also:

• SEA (in O. Eng. sae, a common Teutonic word; cf. Ger. See, Dutch Zee, &c.; the ultimate source is uncertain)
• SEA, COMMAND OF THE

Sea is 8 m. below Newcastle and its See also:

• BANKS, GEORGE LINNAEUS (1821-1881)
• BANKS, NATHANIEL PRENTISS (1816–1894)
• BANKS, SIR JOSEPH
• BANKS, THOMAS (1735-1805)

banks are lined with docks and See also:

• INDUSTRIAL

industrial towns, while its narrow See also:

• WATERS, TERRITORIAL

waters are crowded with See also:

• TRAFFIC

traffic . Though Newcastle owes its origin to a See also:

• ROMAN

Roman station at a See also:

• BRIDGE

bridge over the river, its See also:

• MODERN

modern growth has largely destroyed traces of antiquity . Of the old walls which, according to Leland, "for strength and magnificence far surpassed all the'walls of the cities of England and of most of the towns of See also:

• EUROPE

Europe," and the See also:

• CIRCUIT (Lat. circuitus, from circum, round, and ire, to go)

circuit of which was 2 M . 239 yds., there are slight remains, although the fortifications were allowed to go into disrepair after the See also:

• UNION
• UNION (known locally as Union Hill and officially as Town of Union)

union of See also:

• SCOTLAND
• SCOTLAND, CHURCH OF
• SCOTLAND, EPISCOPAL CHURCH OF

Scotland and England . The castle, from which the town takes its name, stood on a slight See also:

• ELEVATION

elevation rising abruptly from the river, and was erected by Henry II. between 1172 and 1177 on the site of an older structure built in 1o8o by See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert, eldest son of the Conqueror . It was originally the strongest fortress in the north of England, and its keep is now one of the finest specimens of the See also:

• NORMAN
• NORMAN, SIR HENRY WYLIE (1826-1904)

Norman stronghold remaining in the country .

While it was still incomplete, See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William the See also:

• LION
• LION (Lat, leo, leonis; Gr. Mew)

Lion was led within its walls after his See also:

• CAPTURE (from Lat. capere, to take; Fr. prise maritime; Ger. Wegnahme)

capture at See also:

• ALNWICK

Alnwick; and within its great See also:

• HALL
• HALL (generally known as SCHWABISCH-HALL, tc distinguish it from the small town of Hall in Tirol and Bad-Hall, a health resort in Upper Austria)
• HALL (O.E. heall, a common Teutonic word, cf. Ger. Halle)
• HALL, BASIL (1788-1844)
• HALL, CARL CHRISTIAN (1812–1888)
• HALL, CHARLES FRANCIS (1821-1871)
• HALL, CHRISTOPHER NEWMAN (1816—19oz)
• HALL, EDWARD (c. 1498-1547)
• HALL, FITZEDWARD (1825-1901)
• HALL, ISAAC HOLLISTER (1837-1896)
• HALL, JAMES (1793–1868)
• HALL, JAMES (1811–1898)
• HALL, JOSEPH (1574-1656)
• HALL, MARSHALL (1790-1857)
• HALL, ROBERT (1764-1831)
• HALL, SAMUEL CARTER (5800-5889)
• HALL, SIR JAMES (1761-1832)
• HALL, WILLIAM EDWARD (1835-1894)

hall See also:

• BALIOL
• BALIOL, JOHN DE (1249–1315)

Baliol, on the 26th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1292, did See also:

• HOMAGE (from homo, through the Low Lat. hominaticum, which occurs in a document of 1035)

homage for the crown of Scotland to Edward I . The area of the castle within its See also:

• OUTER

outer walls and See also:

• FOSSE (or Foss) WAY

fosse was 3 acres . Fragments of these walls, with the See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal entrance or See also:

• BLACK
• BLACK, ADAM (1784-1874)
• BLACK, JEREMIAH SULLIVAN (1810–1883)
• BLACK, WILLIAM (1841-1898)

Black See also:

• GATE

Gate (portions of which are, however, of later construction) and the Watergate or See also:

• SOUTHERN

southern See also:

• POSTERN (from 0. Fr. posterne, posterle, Late Lat. posterula, small back-door, posterus, behind)

postern remain, but the inner See also:

• WALL (O. Eng. weal, weall, Mid. Eng. wal, wane, adapted from Lat. vallum, rampart; the original O. Eng. word for a wall was wag or tenth)
• WALL, RICHARD (1694-1778)

wall surrounding the keep has been entirely removed . The massive keep, with walls 14 ft. thick, is in a state of good preservation, as is also the See also:

• CHAPEL

chapel, a beautiful specimen of See also:

• LATE

late Norman See also:

• STYLE
• STYLE (from Gr. a-6'1ms, a column; a different word from that used in literature, see below)

style . The castle was See also:

• PURCHASED

purchased by the corporation in 1809, and is under the See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of the Newcastle Society of Antiquaries, which uses a portion of it as an antiquarian museum . Near the castle is St See also:

• NICHOLAS
• NICHOLAS (1841– )
• NICHOLAS (or NICLAES), HENRY (or HENDRIK) (c. 1501-C. 158o)
• NICHOLAS, SIR EDWARD (1593-1669)
• NICHOLAS, ST

Nicholas church, forming the See also:

• CATHEDRAL

cathedral of the See also:

• DIOCESE (formed on Fr. diocese, in place of the Eng. form diocess—current until the 19th century—from Lat. dioecesis, med. Lat. variant diocesis, from Gr. Swucio•tc, " house-keeping," " administration," &miceas, " to keep house," " to govern ")

diocese of New-castle, instituted in 1882 . The diocese covers practically the whole of Northumberland, with a very small portion of Cumber-See also:

• LAND

land . The church, which is principally Decorated, consists of See also:

• NAVE

nave, aisles, See also:

• CHANCEL (through O. Fr. from Lat. plur. cancelli, dim. of cancer, grating, lattice, probably connected with an Indo-European root Kar-, to bend; cf. circus, curve, &c.)

chancel and transepts, the See also:

• TOTAL

total length of the interior from See also:

• EAST
• EAST, ALFRED (1849- )

east to See also:

• WEST
• WEST, BENJAMIN (1738-1820)
• WEST, NICHOLAS (1461-1533)

west being 245 ft., and the width at the transepts 128 ft . The principal feature of the church is the See also:

• LANTERN (an adaptation of the Fr. lanterne from Lat. lanterna or laterna, supposed to be from Gr. Aa urritp, a torch or lamp, Aaµaew, to shine, cf. " lamp "; the 16th- and 17th-century form " lanthorn " is due to a mistaken derivation from " horn," as a m

lantern tower, a later addition and a very fine specimen of early Perpendicular . Among other interesting old churches is St See also:

• ANDREW (Gr. 'AvBp4as, manly)
• ANDREW, JOHN ALBION (1818-1867)

Andrew's church, erected in the 11th century, and retaining Norman characteristics, with a See also:

• LOW, SETH (1850- )
• LOW, WILL HICOK (1853- )

low square tower and a peal of six bells . During the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege by the Parliamentary army in 1644 it was greatly damaged . St John's church is a See also:

• BUILDING

building of the 14th century with an See also:

• ANCIENT
• ANCIENT (also spelt ANTIENT; derived, through the Fr. ancien, old, from the late Lat. antianum, from ante, before)

ancient front .

Of the nine conventual buildings at one time existing in Newcastle or its immediate neighbourhood, a few fragments of the monastery of the Black Friars remain, and the chapel of the See also:

• HOSPITAL (Lat. haspitalis, the adjective of hospes, host or guest)

hospital of St See also:

• MARY
• MARY (1457-1482)
• MARY (1496-1533)
• MARY, QUEEN OF SCOTS

Mary at Jesmond forms a picturesque ruin . There are a number of See also:

• QUAINT (O. Fr. cointe, from Lat. cognitus, known, probably influenced by association with Lat. corn plus, neat)

quaint Elizabethan houses in the steep See also:

• STREET
• STREET, GEORGE EDMUND (1824-1881)

street called the See also:

• SIDE
• SIDE (mod. Eski Adalia)

Side, and in the Sandhill at its See also:

• FOOT

foot . Some of the modern streets of Newcastle are spacious and handsome . The most noteworthy are See also:

• GREY, CHARLES GREY, 2ND EARL (1764-1845)
• GREY, HENRY GREY, 3RD EARL (1802-1894)
• GREY, LADY JANE (1537-1554)
• GREY, SIR EDWARD
• GREY, SIR GEORGE (1812–1898)

Grey Street, in which a See also:

• COMPLETE

complete See also:

• SCHEME (Lat. schema, Gr. oxfjya, figure, form, from the root axe, seen in exeiv, to have, hold, to be of such shape, form, &c.)

scheme of Grecian See also:

• ARCHITECTURE (Lat. architectura, from the Gr. ap)(LTEKrwv, a master-builder)

architecture is followed, and Grainger Street . This thoroughfare is named after See also:

• RICHARD
• RICHARD (d. 1184)
• RICHARD, FRANCOIS MARIE BENJAMIN (18,9-1908)
• RICHARD, HENRY (1812-1888)
• RICHARD, ST

Richard Grainger (1798-1861), a wealthy See also:

• LOCAL

local architect who devoted himself to the beautifying of his city with remarkable See also:

• ENERGY (from the Gr. ivipyela; iv, in, ipyov, work)

energy . Of numerous modern churches may be noted that of St See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George, Jesmond, a landmark for a great distance and finely decorated within, and the Roman See also:

• CATHOLIC (Gr. KcaBoXuK6s, general, universal)

Catholic cathedral of the diocese of Hex-See also:

• HAM

ham and Newcastle . The most important public buildings are the corporation buildings, including a large public hall, and a See also:

• CORN (a common Teutonic word; cf. Lat. granum, seed, grain)
• CORN (fromm Lat. corms, horn)

corn See also:

• EXCHANGE

exchange; the See also:

• GUILDHALL

guildhall, originally a hospital called the Maison de Dieu, and afterwards used as " the stately See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court of merchant adventurers," re-erected in 1658; the See also:

• MOOT

moot-hall (181o) for the meetings of assizes and sessions and the transaction of county business; the exchange (186o); the central newsroom and art See also:

• GALLERY (through Ital. galleria, from Med. Lat. galeria, of which the origin is unknown)

gallery (1838); the See also:

• WOOD, ANTHONY A2 (1632-1695)
• WOOD, JOHN GEORGE (1827—1889)
• WOOD, MRS HENRY [ELLEN] (1814—1887)
• WOOD, SEARLES VALENTINE (1798—188o)

Wood memorial hall (187o), used for the meetings of the North of England See also:

• INSTITUTE (from Lat. instituere, to establish or set up)

Institute of See also:

• ENGINEERS, MILITARY

Engineers; and the See also:

• CUSTOM (from O. Fr. costume, costume or coustume; Low Lat. costuma, a shortened form of consuetudo)

custom-See also:

• HOUSE
• HOUSE (O. Eng. hiss, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Dut. huis, Ger. Haus; in Gothic it is only found in gudhiss, a temple; it may be ultimately connected with the root of " hide," conceal)

house . The Grey See also:

• MONUMENT (Lat. monumentum or monumentum; from monere, to advise, bring to mind, remind; the German equivalent is Denkmal)

monument in Grey Street, an Ionic See also:

• COLUMN (Lat. columna)

column surmounted by a statue of See also:

• EARL

Earl Grey, was erected in 1836 to commemorate the passing of the Reform See also:

• BILL

Bill; the See also:

• STEPHENSON, GEORGE (1781–1848)
• STEPHENSON, O
• STEPHENSON, ROBERT (1803-1859)

Stephenson monument near the railway station was erected in 1862; a See also:

• MARBLE (from Lat. marmor, Gr. pApµapos, shining stone)

marble statue of See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

Queen Victoria in front of the Royal Victoria Infirmary was unveiled in 1906, and a See also:

• BRONZE

bronze statue of the queen in 1903 in the cathedral square . Among educational establishments the See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief are the colleges of See also:

• MEDICINE

medicine and of See also:

• PHYSICAL

physical See also:

• SCIENCE (Lat. scientia, from scire; to learn, know)

science of the university of See also:

• DURHAM
• DURHAM, JOHN GEORGE LAMBTON, 1ST EARL OF (1792–1840)

Durham; the first granting degrees in medicine and See also:

• SURGERY
• SURGERY (Fr. chirurgie, from Gr. Xetpoupyfa, i.e. hand-work)

surgery; the second, with which the school of art is incorporated, degrees in science and literature . The See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

college of science, or See also:

• ARMSTRONG, ARCHIBALD (d. 1672)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1709-1779)
• ARMSTRONG, JOHN (1758—1843)
• ARMSTRONG, SAMUEL CHAPMAN (1839—1893)
• ARMSTRONG, WILLIAM GEORGE ARMSTRONG, BARON (1810—1900)

Armstrong College as it is called in See also:

• COMMEMORATION

commemoration of the first See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Armstrong, was founded in 1871; the north-east wing was opened in 1888;further parts of the building in 1894, and the west wing by See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

King Edward in 1906 . The royal free grammar school, founded in 1525, occupies modern buildings in Jesmond . There should be mentioned also See also:

• ALLAN, DAVID (1744–1796)
• ALLAN, SIR HUGH (1810–1882)
• ALLAN, SIR WILLIAM (1782–1850)

Allan's endowed schools, founded in 1705, and reorganized by the charity commissioners in 1877; and See also:

• RUTHERFORD, MARK
• RUTHERFORD, WILLIAM GUNION (1853–1907)

Rutherford College and the Commercial Institute, providing technical and commercial See also:

• EDUCATION

education .

The See also:

• LAING, ALEXANDER GORDON (1793–1826)
• LAING, DAVID (1793–1878)
• LAING, MALCOLM (1762-1818)
• LAING, SAMUEL (1810-1897)

Laing Art Gallery was erected and presented to the city by See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander Laing, and opened in 1904 . Among clubs and similar institutions are the See also:

• LITERARY

Literary and Philosophical Society, founded in 1793, the Society of Antiquaries, founded in 1813, with a museum in the castle; the Natural History Society and museum; the Tyneside See also:

• GEOGRAPHICAL

Geographical Society; the Tyneside Naturalists' See also:

• CLUB (connected with " clump ")

Club, established in 1846; the See also:

• MECHANICS

Mechanics' Institution, 1824; the North of England Institute of Mining Engineers, 1852; the Fine Arts Society; the Farmers' Club; the See also:

• NORTHERN

Northern Counties' Club; the Union Club; and the University Club . Several clubs for working men See also:

• FORM (Lat. forma)

form a See also:

• NOTE
• NOTE (Lat. nota, mark, sign, from noscere, to know)

note-worthy social feature . There is a public library and newsroom . The Royal Victoria Infirmary on the Castle Leazes is a memorial of the See also:

• DIAMOND

Diamond See also:

• JUBILEE (or JUBILE), YEAR OF

Jubilee of Queen Victoria, and was opened in rgo6 . The benevolent institutions also include the dispensary (1777), See also:

• FEVER (Lat. febris, connected with fervere, to burn)

fever house (1803), lying-in hospital (,76o), See also:

• EYE
• EYE (O. Eng. edge, Ger. Auge; derived from an Indo-European root also seen in Lat. oc-ulus, the organ of vision (q.v.)

eye infirmary (1822), See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children's hospital, Trinity almshouses (1492), hospital of the See also:

• HOLY

Holy Jesus (1682), hospital (1701) for keelmen, i.e. coal-bargemen; and institutions for the See also:

• BLIND, MATHILDE (1841—1896)

blind, dumb and orphans . Newcastle is well supplied with public parks and recreation grounds . To the N. of the city is the Castle Leazes ornamental park of 35 acres, and beyond this the Town See also:

• MOOR

Moor and racecourse, an extensive See also:

• COMMON

common, the survival of the pasture land of the township . Eastward from Town Moor is Brandling Park, and westward See also:

• NUN (O. Eng. nunne, from Lat. nonnus, nonna, familiar terms for an old man or woman)

Nun's Moor . The picturesque grounds of Armstrong Park N.E. of the city extend to about 50 acres, the larger See also:

• HALF

half of which was presented by Sir W . G . Armstrong, who also presented the beautifully wooded grounds of Jesmond Dene .

See also:

• ELSWICK

Elswick Park in the See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

south-west of the city, extending to 84 acres, includes Elswick Hall . There are several others . Jesmond, N.E. of the city, is the chief residential suburb . It takes name from " Jesus See also:

• MOUNT, WILLIAM SIDNEY (1807-1868)

Mount," and was formerly a place of See also:

• PILGRIMAGE (Fr. pelerinage, Lat. peregrinatio)

pilgrimage, possessing a hospital dedicated to St Mary the Virgin . Both the Northumberland and Durham banks of the river are lined with manufacturing towns or suburbs . Of these the most important is See also:

• GATESHEAD

Gateshead (q.v.) immediately opposite New-castle; while those adjacent to Newcastle on the same bank are Benwell and Fenham (pop. in 1901, 18,316) on the west, and See also:

• WALKER, FRANCIS AMASA (1840-1897)
• WALKER, FREDERICK (184o--1875)
• WALKER, GEORGE (c. 1618-169o)
• WALKER, HENRY OLIVER (1843— )
• WALKER, HORATIO (1858– )
• WALKER, JOHN (1732—1807)
• WALKER, OBADIAH (1616-1699)
• WALKER, ROBERT (d. c. 1658)
• WALKER, ROBERT JAMES (1801-1869)
• WALKER, SEARS COOK (1805—1853)
• WALKER, THOMAS (1784—1836)
• WALKER, WILLIAM (1824-1860)

Walker (13,336) on the east . The last-named two (formerly See also:

• URBAN
• URBAN (Urbanus)

urban districts), together with See also:

• PART

part of See also:

• KENTON

Kenton, were incorporated with Newcastle in 1904 . Newcastle is connected with the south bank of the Tyne by four See also:

• BRIDGES
• BRIDGES, ROBERT (1844– )

bridges—two high-level bridges, an See also:

• HYDRAULIC

hydraulic See also:

• SWING, DAVID (1830-1894)

swing bridge and a suspension bridge . The old high-level bridge carries the North-Eastern railway, with a road and footway beneath it . It was opened by Queen Victoria in 1849 . The new high-level bridge, carrying the railway only, was opened by King Edward VII. in 1906; it consists of four steel spans on See also:

• GRANITE (adapted from the Ital. granite, grained; Lat. granum, grain)

granite piers . The hydraulic swing bridge, on the low level, was built to replace a See also:

• STONE
• STONE (0. Eng. shin; the word is common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Stein, Du. steen, Dan. and Swed. sten; the root is also seen in Gr. aria, pebble)
• STONE, CHARLES POMEROY (1824-1887)
• STONE, EDWARD JAMES (1831-1897)
• STONE, FRANK (1800-1859)
• STONE, GEORGE (1708—1764)
• STONE, LUCY [BLACKWELL] (1818-1893)
• STONE, MARCUS (184o— )
• STONE, NICHOLAS (1586-1647)

stone structure erected in 1781 on the site of a bridge dating from 1250, and destroyed by a See also:

• FLOOD (in O. Eng. flod, a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Ger. Flut, Dutch vloed, from the same root as is seen in " flow," " float ")
• FLOOD, HENRY (1732-1791)

flood in 1771 .

The Roman bridge, the Pons Aelii, is said to have spanned the river at the same point . The hydraulic bridge (1876) consists of one large centre See also:

• PIER (older forms per or Pere, from Med. Lat. pera; the word for piers out of water. For river piers, where a firm, watertight is of obscure origin, and the connexion with Fr. Pierre, Lat. stratum is found at a moderate depth below the river-bed, the pctr

pier, two midstream piers and two abutments; and its See also:

• FOUNDATIONS

foundations are iron cylinders resting on the solid See also:

• ROCK
• ROCK (O.Fr. rake, Sp. rota, Ital. rocca; possibly from a Lat. form rupica, from rupes, rock)
• ROCK, DANIEL (1799–187t)

rock, 6o ft. below the See also:

• BED
• BED (a common Teutonic word, cf. German Bett, probably connected with the Indo-European root bhodh, seen in the Lat. fodere, to dig; so " a dug-out place " for safe resting, or in the same sense as a garden " bed ")

bed of the river . Two spans, which open simultaneously by See also:

• MACHINES

machines impelled by See also:

• STEAM
• STEAM (0. Eng. steam, vapour, smoke, cf. Du. steam; the origin is unknown)

steam, allow 103 ft. of waterway for vessels going up and down the river . About half a mile farther up the stream is the Redheugh bridge (1871) . The central station of the North-Eastern railway is an extensive and handsome structure built on a See also:

• SHARP, GRANVILLE (1735-1813)
• SHARP, JAMES (1618-1679)
• SHARP, JOHN (1645-1714)
• SHARP, RICHARD (1759-1835)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1749-1824)
• SHARP, WILLIAM (1856-1905)

sharp See also:

• CURVE (Lat. curvus, bent)

curve . An underground See also:

• LINE

line connects it with the See also:

• BLYTH

Blyth and Tyne station . The suburban line of the North-Eastern See also:

• COMPANY

company from the central station to Jesmond, Gosforth and See also:

• BENTON, THOMAS HART (1782-1858)

Benton was the first See also:

• STANDARD
• STANDARD, BATTLE OF THE

standard line to carry passengers by electric See also:

• TRACTION (Lat. trahere, to draw)

traction (1904) . Newcastle owes its prosperity to its convenient situation on additional aldermen, while the charter of See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. in 1604 a tidal river, and to the immense stores of coal in the See also:

• NEIGHBOUR (O. Eng. neahgebiir, from Walt, " nigh," " near ")

neighbour- See also:

• HOOD,
• HOOD, JOHN BELL (1831–1879)
• HOOD, SAMUEL HOOD, VISCOUNT (1724–1816)
• HOOD, SIR SAMUEL (1762-1814)
• HOOD, THOMAS (1799-1845)
• HOOD, TOM (1835–1874)

hood, which, besides being largely exported, stimulate a great variety of See also:

• INDUSTRIES

industries which are dependent on their use . It began to export coal about the end of the 13th century, but the trade received a severe check by the act of Edward I. which made the burning of coal in London a See also:

• CAPITAL (i.e. capital stock or fund)
• CAPITAL (Lat. caput, head)

capital offence . In the reign of Edward III. See also:

• LICENCE (through the French from Lat. licentia, licere, to be lawful)

licence was granted to the inhabitants " to dig coals and stones in the common See also:

• SOIL

soil of the town without the walls thereof in the place called the Castle See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

Field and the Forth." The See also:

• QUAY
• QUAY, MATTHEW STANLEY (1833-1904)

quay in front of the town, extending from the hydraulic bridge to the Ouseburn, forms a fine thoroughfare of about a mile in length; and by means of dredging a See also:

• DEPTH

depth of See also:

• WATER

water has been obtained at the See also:

• SHORE

shore permitting vessels of large See also:

• TONNAGE

tonnage to approach, although the berths of the ocean steamers are a little farther down the river . The quay is supplied with the most improved See also:

• MECHANICAL

mechanical appliances, and has See also:

• DIRECT

direct communication with the North-Eastern railway . There is a large See also:

• GRAIN (derived through the French from Lat. granum, seed, from an Aryan root meaning " to wear down," which also appears in the common Teutonic word " corn ")

grain warehouse at the E. end of the quay .

Exports include coal, chemicals, See also:

• PIG
• PIG (a word of obscure origin, connected with the Low Ger. and Dut. word of the same meaning, bigge)

pig-iron, iron-See also:

• WORK

work, steel, iron bars, plates and castings, machinery, fire-clay goods and See also:

• COPPER (symbol Cu, atomic weight 63.1, H=1, or 63.6, O = 16)

copper . The chief imports are fruits, See also:

• WHEAT
• WHEAT (Triticum)

wheat, See also:

• MAIZE, or INDIAN CORN

maize, oats, See also:

• BARLEY (Hordeum sativum)

barley, iron and steel, See also:

• PETROLEUM (Lat. Petra, rock, and oleuin, oil)

petroleum, See also:

• SULPHUR

sulphur ore, See also:

• TIMBER

timber and wood hoops, iron ore and potatoes . Steamers carrying passengers serve the principal See also:

• ENGLISH

English ports, See also:

• CARDIFF

Cardiff, See also:

• LEITH

Leith, &c.; also Baltic ports and New See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York; while Newcastle is one of the chief ports for the extensive See also:

• NORWEGIAN

Norwegian tourist traffic, the See also:

• SHIPS

ships of the combined Bergenske and Nordenfjeldske companies regularly serving See also:

• STAVANGER

Stavanger, See also:

• BERGEN

Bergen, See also:

• TRONDHJEM, or THRONDHJEM (sometimes written in the German form Drontheim)

Trondhjem and intermediate ports . To the industries of Newcastle indicated by the exports may be added See also:

• GLASS
• GLASS (O.E. glees, cf. Ger. Glas, perhaps derived from an old Teutonic root gla-, a variant of glo-, having the general sense of shining, cf. " glare," " glow ")
• GLASS, STAINED

glass, See also:

• LEAD
• LEAD (pronounced iced)

lead and shot, See also:

• BRICK (derived according to some etymologists from the Teutonic bricke, a disk or plate; but more authoritatively, through the French brique, originally a " broken piece," applied especially to bread, and so to clay, from the Teutonic brikan, to break)

brick and See also:

• TILE (0. Eng. tigel, Fr. tuile, connected with Lat. tegula)

tile, earthenware, See also:

• TOOL (0. Eng. tdl, generally referred to a root seen in the Goth. taujan, to make, or in the English word " taw," to work or dress leather)

tool, rope and ships'-fitting manufactures, and most important of all, See also:

• SHIPBUILDING

shipbuilding . The celebrated Elswick See also:

• WORKS

works, founded by Messrs Armstrong in 1847, and amalgamated with those of See also:

• MITCHELL
• MITCHELL, DONALD GRANT (1822—1908)
• MITCHELL, MARIA (1818—1889)
• MITCHELL, SILAS WEIR (1830-)
• MITCHELL, SIR THOMAS LIVINGSTONE (1792-1855)

Mitchell & Co., are among the most important in the See also:

• WORLD

world . The construction of ships of all sorts, including the largest ironclads with all their See also:

• ARMOUR, PHILIP DANFORTH (1832-1901)

armour and guns, is carried on . Elswick is the name of the western part of the borough of Newcastle . The borough returns two members to parliament . It is the largest undivided parliamentary See also:

• CONSTITUENCY (from " constituent," that which forms a necessary part of a thing; Lat. constituere, to create)

constituency in the See also:

• UNITED

United See also:

• KINGDOM

Kingdom . The city is governed by a lord mayor (the title was conferred in 1906), 19 aldermen and 57 councillors . Area, 8453 acres . History.—Newcastle owes its origin to its position on the great Roman wall and on the See also:

• ESTUARY (from the Lat. aestuarium, a place reached by aestus, the tide)

estuary of the river Tyne .

Its Roman occupation is proved by existing remains, most important among which are the foundations of a bridge, attributed to the See also:

• EMPEROR (Fr. empereur, from the Lat. imperator)

emperor See also:

• HADRIAN (PUBLICS AELIUS HA