See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

DUKES OF See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• DUKES OF NEWCASTLE

NEWCASTLE  . Within the space of a See also:

• CENTURY (from Lat. centuria, a division of a hundred men)

century there were no less than four successive creations of See also:

• DUKES
• DUKES, LEOPOLD (1810-1891)

dukes of See also:

• NEWCASTLE
• NEWCASTLE, DUKES OF

Newcastle in the See also:

• BRITISH

British See also:

• PEERAGE
• PEERAGE (Fr. pairage, med. Lat. paragium; M.E. Pere, 0. Fr. per, peer, later pair; Lat. Paris, " equal ")

peerage . See also:

• WILLIAM
• WILLIAM (1143-1214)
• WILLIAM (1227-1256)
• WILLIAM (1J33-1584)
• WILLIAM (A.S. Wilhelm, O. Norse Vilhidlmr; O. H. Ger. Willahelm, Willahalm, M. H. Ger. Willehelm, Willehalm, Mod.Ger. Wilhelm; Du. Willem; O. Fr. Villalme, Mod. Fr. Guillaume; from " will," Goth. vilja, and " helm," Goth. hilms, Old Norse hidlmr, meaning
• WILLIAM (c. 1130-C. 1190)
• WILLIAM, 13TH

William See also:

• CAVENDISH
• CAVENDISH, GEORGE (1500-1562?)
• CAVENDISH, HENRY (1731-1810)
• CAVENDISH, SIR WILLIAM (c. 1505-1557)

Cavendish (see below), See also:

• NEPHEW

nephew of the 1st See also:

• EARL

earl of See also:

• DEVONSHIRE (DEvoN)
• DEVONSHIRE, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Devonshire, was raised to the dignity of See also:

• DUKE (corresponding to Fr. duc, Ital. duca, Ger. Herzog)

duke of Newcastle-upon-See also:

• TYNE

Tyne in 1665 . His son and successor See also:

• HENRY
• HENRY (1129-1195)
• HENRY (c. 1108-1139)
• HENRY (c. 1174–1216)
• HENRY (Fr. Henri; Span. Enrique; Ger. Heinrich; Mid. H. Ger. Heinrich and Heimrich; O.H.G. Haimi- or Heimirih, i.e. " prince, or chief of the house," from O.H.G. heim, the Eng. home, and rih, Goth. reiks; compare Lat. rex " king "—" rich," therefore " mig
• HENRY, EDWARD LAMSON (1841– )
• HENRY, JAMES (1798-1876)
• HENRY, JOSEPH (1797-1878)
• HENRY, MATTHEW (1662-1714)
• HENRY, PATRICK (1736–1799)
• HENRY, PRINCE OF BATTENBERG (1858-1896)
• HENRY, ROBERT (1718-1790)
• HENRY, VICTOR (1850– )
• HENRY, WILLIAM (1795-1836)

Henry (163o—1691) died leaving daughters only, and one of these married See also:

• JOHN
• JOHN (1167–1216)
• JOHN (1290-c. 1320)
• JOHN (1296-1346)
• JOHN (1371–1419)
• JOHN (1468-1532)
• JOHN (1801-1873)
• JOHN (Heb. llni')
• JOHN (ZAPOLYA) (1487-1540)
• JOHN, 4TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (c. 1695-1762)
• JOHN, DON (1545-1578)
• JOHN, DON (1629–1679)
• JOHN, GOSPEL OF ST
• JOHN, or HAYS (1513–1571)
• JOHN, THE APOSTLE
• JOHN, THE EPISTLES OF

John See also:

• HOLLES, DENZIL HOLLES, BARON (1599-1680)

Holles (1662—1711), earl of See also:

• CLARE
• CLARE, JOHN (1793-1864)
• CLARE, JOHN FITZGIBBON, 1ST EARL OF (1749-1802)

Clare, who was created duke in 1694 . This duke died also without male issue, leaving his estates to his See also:

• SISTER

sister's son, See also:

• THOMAS
• THOMAS (c. 1654-1720)
• THOMAS (d. 110o)
• THOMAS, ARTHUR GORING (1850-1892)
• THOMAS, CHARLES LOUIS AMBROISE (1811-1896)
• THOMAS, GEORGE (c. 1756-1802)
• THOMAS, GEORGE HENRY (1816-187o)
• THOMAS, ISAIAH (1749-1831)
• THOMAS, PIERRE (1634-1698)
• THOMAS, SIDNEY GILCHRIST (1850-1885)
• THOMAS, ST
• THOMAS, THEODORE (1835-1905)
• THOMAS, WILLIAM (d. 1554)

Thomas See also:

• PELHAM
• PELHAM, HENRY (1696-1754)
• PELHAM, HENRY FRANCIS (1846-1907)

Pelham (see below), who, with other dignities, had the See also:

• TITLE (0. Fr. title, mod. titre, from Lat. titulus)

title of duke of Newcastle-upon-Tyne conferred on him in 1715, and a second and similar ducal title (that of Newcastle-under-Lyme) in 1756 . The first dukedom became See also:

• EXTINCT

extinct at his See also:

• DEATH

death, but the second title was granted him with See also:

• REMAINDER, REVERSION

remainder to Henry See also:

• FIENNES, NATHANIEL (c. 1608-1669)

Fiennes See also:

• CLINTON
• CLINTON, DE WITT (1769-1828)
• CLINTON, GEORGE (1739-1812)
• CLINTON, HENRY FYNES (1781-1852)
• CLINTON, SIR HENRY (c. 1738-1795)

Clinton, earl of See also:

• LINCOLN
• LINCOLN, ABRAHAM (1809-1865)
• LINCOLN, EARLS OF

Lincoln, at once his nephew and nephew-in-See also:

• LAW
• LAW (0. Eng. lagu, M. Eng. lawe; from an old Teutonic root lag, " lie," what lies fixed or evenly; cf. Lat. lex, Fr. loi)
• LAW, JOHN (1671—1729)
• LAW, WILLIAM (1686-1761)

law . From his See also:

• HEIR (Lat. heres, from a root meaning to grasp, seen in heres or erus, master of a house, Gr. xeip, hand, Sans. hat ana, hand)

heir, who ranks as the 2nd duke, Henry Fiennes Clinton (172o—1794), the dukedom passed through See also:

• FATHER

father and son from Thomas Pelham Clinton (d . 1795), Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton (1785—1851), Henry Pelham Fiennes Pelham Clinton (1811—1864), Henry Pelham See also:

• ALEXANDER
• ALEXANDER (1461-1506)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OF BATTENBERG) (1857-1893)
• ALEXANDER (ALEXANDER OsxENOVici) (1876-1903)
• ALEXANDER, ARCHIBALD (1772—1851)
• ALEXANDER, FRANCIS (1800—1881)
• ALEXANDER, GEORGE (1858— )
• ALEXANDER, JOHN WHITE (1856- )
• ALEXANDER, JOSEPH ADDISON (18o9—186o)
• ALEXANDER, SIR JAMES EDWARD (1803—1885)
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM (1824— )
• ALEXANDER, WILLIAM LINDSAY (1808—1884)

Alexander (1834—1879), to the 7th duke, Henry Pelham See also:

• ARCHIBALD, 5TH EARL OF DOUGLAS (c. 1391–1439)

Archibald See also:

• DOUGLAS
• DOUGLAS, GAVIN (1474?-1522)
• DOUGLAS, JOHN (1721—1807.)
• DOUGLAS, SIR CHARLES
• DOUGLAS, SIR HOWARD
• DOUGLAS, STEPHEN ARNOLD (18,3–1861)

Douglas Pelham Clinton (b . 1864) . The three See also:

• PRINCIPAL

principal dukes are more fully noticed below . I . WILLIAM CAVENDISH, duke of Newcastle (1592-1676), eldest surviving son of See also:

• SIR

Sir See also:

• CHARLES
• CHARLES (1270-1325)
• CHARLES (1421-1461)
• CHARLES (1525-1574)
• CHARLES (c. 1319-1364)
• CHARLES (Fr. Charles; Span. Carlos; Ital. Carlo; Ger. Karl; derived from O.H.G. Charal,latinized as Carolus, meaning originally " man ": cf. Mod.Ger., Kerl," fellow," A.S. ceorl, Mod. Eng. " churl ")
• CHARLES (KARL EITEL ZEPHYRIN LUDWIG; in Rum. CAROL)
• CHARLES [KARL ALEXANDER] (1712-1780)
• CHARLES, ELIZABETH (1828-1896)
• CHARLES, JACQUES ALEXANDRE CESAR (1746-1823)
• CHARLES, THOMAS (1755-1814)

Charles Cavendish and of See also:

• CATHERINE
• CATHERINE, SAINT

Catherine, daughter of See also:

• CUTHBERT, SAINT (d. 687)

Cuthbert, See also:

• LORD
• LORD (O. Eng. hldford, i.e. hldfweard, the warder or keeper of bread, hlIf, loaf; the word is not represented in any other Teutonic language)
• LORD, JOHN (1810-1894)

Lord Ogle, and See also:

• GRANDSON (Ger. Grandsee)

grandson of Sir William Cavendish and " Bess of Hardwick," was See also:

• BORN, IGNAZ, EDLER VON (1742–1791)

born in 1592 and educated at St John's See also:

• COLLEGE (Collegium)

College, See also:

• CAMBRIDGE
• CAMBRIDGE, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• CAMBRIDGE, RICHARD OWEN (1717-1802)

Cambridge .

On the occasion of the creation of See also:

• PRINCE
• PRINCE (Lat. princeps, from primus capio, " I am the first to take "; Ital. principe, Fr. prince)

Prince Henry as prince of See also:

• WALES (Cymru, Gwalia, Cambria)

Wales in 1610 he was made a See also:

• KNIGHT, CHARLES (1791-1873)
• KNIGHT, DANIEL RIDGWAY (1845– )
• KNIGHT, JOHN BUXTON (1843–1908)

knight of the See also:

• BATH
• BATH, THOMAS THYNNE
• BATH, WILLIAM

Bath, subsequently travelled with Sir Henry See also:

• WOTTON, NICHOLAS (c. 1497–1567)
• WOTTON, SIR HENRY (1568–1639)
• WOTTON, WILLIAM (1666-1727)

Wotton, then See also:

• AMBASSADOR (also EMBASSADOR, the form sometimes still used in America; from the Fr. ambassadeur, with which compare Ital. ambasciatore and Span. embajador, all variants of the Med. Lat. ambassiator, ambassiator, ambasator, &c., derived from Med. Lat. amba

ambassador to the duke of See also:

• SAVOY, HOUSE
• SAVOY, HOUSE OF

Savoy, and on his return married his first wife, See also:

• ELIZABETH
• ELIZABETH (1533-1603)
• ELIZABETH (1596-1662)
• ELIZABETH (1635–1650)
• ELIZABETH [ AMELIE EUGENIE ] (1837—1898)
• ELIZABETH [1lisabeth Philippine Marie Helene of France] (1764—1794)
• ELIZABETH [PAULINE ELIZABETH OTTILIE LOUISE] (1843– )
• ELIZABETH [PETROVNA] (1709-1762), EMPRESS
• ELIZABETH, SAINT (1207-1231)

Elizabeth, daughter of William See also:

• BASSET, or BASSETTE

Basset of Blore, See also:

• STAFFORDSHIRE

Staffordshire, and widow of Henry See also:

• HOWARD (FAMILY)
• HOWARD, CATHERINE (d. 1542)
• HOWARD, JOHN (1726-1790)
• HOWARD, LORD WILLIAM (1563–1640)
• HOWARD, OLIVER OTIS (1830-19o9)
• HOWARD, SIR ROBERT (1626–1698)

Howard, 3rd son of the earl of See also:

• SUFFOLK
• SUFFOLK, CHARLES BRANDON, 1ST DUKE OF (c. 1484–'545)
• SUFFOLK, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• SUFFOLK, THOMAS HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF (1561-1626)
• SUFFOLK, WILLIAM DE LA POLE

Suffolk . His See also:

• FORTUNE, ROBERT (1813-188o)

fortune was immense, and he several times entertained See also:

• JAMES
• JAMES (Gr. 'IlrKw,l3or, the Heb. Ya`akob or Jacob)
• JAMES (JAMES FRANCIS EDWARD STUART) (1688-1766)
• JAMES, 2ND EARL OF DOUGLAS AND MAR(c. 1358–1388)
• JAMES, DAVID (1839-1893)
• JAMES, EPISTLE OF
• JAMES, GEORGE PAYNE RAINSFOP
• JAMES, HENRY (1843— )
• JAMES, JOHN ANGELL (1785-1859)
• JAMES, THOMAS (c. 1573–1629)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (1842–1910)
• JAMES, WILLIAM (d. 1827)

James I. and Charles I. with See also:

• GREAT

great magnificence at Welbeck and See also:

• BOLSOVER

Bolsover . On the 3rd of See also:

• NOVEMBER (Lat. novem, nine)

November 1620 he was created See also:

• VISCOUNT (through O. Fr. viscomte, mod. vicomte, from Low Lat. vice-comes, cf. Portug. visconde, Ital. visconte)

Viscount See also:

• MANSFIELD
• MANSFIELD, RICHARD (1857-1907)
• MANSFIELD, WILLIAM MURRAY, 1ST EARL

Mansfield, on the 7th of See also:

• MARCH
• MARCH (1) (from Fr. marcher, to walk; the earliest sense in French appears to be " to trample," and the origin has usually been found in the Lat. marcus, hammer; Low Lat. marcare, to hammer; hence to beat the road with the regular tread of a soldier: cf.
• MARCH, AUZIAS (c. "1395-1458)
• MARCH, EARLS OF
• MARCH, FRANCIS ANDREW (1825– )

March 1628 earl of Newcastle, and in 1629 the See also:

• BARONY

barony of Ogle was restored to his See also:

• MOTHER

mother, this title, together with an See also:

• ESTATE (through O. Fr. estat, mod. flat, from Lat. status, state, condition, position, stare, to stand)

estate of £3000 per annum, descending to him . In 1638 he was made See also:

• GOVERNOR (from the Fr. gouverneur, from gouverner, O. Fr. governer, Lat. gubernare, to steer a ship, to direct, guide)

governor of the prince of Wales, and in 1639 a privy councillor . When the Scottish See also:

• WAR
• WAR (O. Eng. werre, Fr. guerre, of Teutonic origin; cf. O.H.G. werran, to confound)

war See also:

• BROKE, or BROOKE, ARTHUR (d. 1563)
• BROKE, SIR PHILIP BOWES VERE, BART

broke out he assisted the See also:

• KING
• KING (O. Eng. cyning, abbreviated into cyng, cing; cf. O. H. G. chun- kuning, chun- kunig, M.H.G. kiinic, kiinec, kiinc, Mod. Ger. Konig, O. Norse konungr, kongr, Swed. konung, kung)
• KING [OF OCKHAM], PETER KING, 1ST BARON (1669-1734)
• KING, CHARLES WILLIAM (1818-1888)
• KING, CLARENCE (1842–1901)
• KING, EDWARD (1612–1637)
• KING, EDWARD (1829–1910)
• KING, HENRY (1591-1669)
• KING, RUFUS (1755–1827)
• KING, THOMAS (1730–1805)
• KING, WILLIAM (1650-1729)
• KING, WILLIAM (1663–1712)

king with a See also:

• LOAN (adapted from the Scandinavian form of a word common to Teutonic languages, cf. Swed. Mn, Icel. lan, Dut. leen; the O.E. laen appears in " lend," the ultimate source is seen in the root of Gr. Xeiaecv and Lat. linquere, to leave)

loan of £1o,000 and a See also:

• TROOP (an adaptation of Fr. troupe, O. Fr. trope; cf. Ital. troppa, troppa; Med. Lat. truppus; the origin is doubtful; suggestions have been made that it represents a German conception of Latin turba, crowd, or is an adaptation of Norw. tarp, flock)

troop of volunteer See also:

• HORSE (a word common to Teutonic languages in such forms as hors, hros, ros; cf. the Ger. ross)

horse, consisting of 120 knights and gentlemen . In 1641 he was implicated in the See also:

• ARMY
• ARMY (from Fr. armee, Lat. armata)

Army See also:

• PLOT
• PLOT, ROBERT (164o-1696)

Plot, and in consequence withdrew for a See also:

• TIME (0. Eng. Lima, cf. Icel. timi, Swed. timme, hour, Dan. time; from the root also seen in " tide," properly the time of between the flow and ebb of the sea, cf. O. Eng. getidan, to happen, " even-tide," &c.; it is not directly related to Lat. tempus)
• TIME, MEASUREMENT OF
• TIME, STANDARD

time from the See also:

• COURT
• COURT (from the O. Fr. court, Late Lat. cortis, curtis, a popular form of class. Lat. cohors, gen. cohortis; the mod. Fr. form tour is due to the influence of the Lat. curia, the word used in medieval documents to translate " court " in the feudal sense)
• COURT, ANTOINE (1696-176o)

court . He was sent by Charles on the 11th of See also:

• JANUARY

January 1642 to seize See also:

• HULL
• HULL (in O.Eng. hulu, from helan, to cover, cf. Ger. Hiille, covering)
• HULL (officially KINGSTON-UPON-HULL)
• HULL, ISAAC (1775-1843)

Hull, but was refused admittance . When the king declared open war, Newcastle was given the command of the four See also:

• NORTHERN

northern counties, and had the See also:

• POWER [WILLIAM GRATTAN] TYRONE (1797-1841)

power conferred on him of making knights . He maintained troops at his own expense, and having occupied Newcastle kept open communications with the See also:

• QUEEN
• QUEEN (O.E. cwen, wife, related to "quean," O.E. cwene, a hussy; cf. Gr. yvvi7: from root gan-, to produce; cf. genus, " kin," &c.)

queen, and despatched to the king his See also:

• FOREIGN

foreign supplies . In November 1642 he advanced into See also:

• YORKSHIRE

Yorkshire, raised the See also:

• SIEGE (0. Fr. sege, siege, mod. siege, seat, ultimately from sedere, to sit, cf. Class. Lat. obsidium, a siege)

siege of See also:

• YORK
• YORK (HOUSE OF)
• YORK, EDMUND OF LANGLEY, DUKE OF (1341-1402)
• YORK, EDWARD
• YORK, FREDERICK AUGUSTUS, DUKE OF (1763-1827)
• YORK, RICHARD, DUKE

York, and compelled See also:

• FAIRFAX, EDWARD (c. 1580-1635)

Fairfax to retire after attacking him at Tadcaster . Subsequently his plans were checked by the latter's recapture of See also:

• LEEDS
• LEEDS, THOMAS OSBORNE

Leeds in January 1643, and he retired to York . He escorted the queen, who returned from abroad in See also:

• FEBRUARY

February, to York, and subsequently captured See also:

• WAKEFIELD
• WAKEFIELD, GILBERT (1756-1801)

Wakefield, See also:

• ROTHERHAM
• ROTHERHAM, THOMAS (1423-1500)

Rotherham and See also:

• SHEFFIELD
• SHEFFIELD, JOHN BAKER HOLROYD, 1ST EARL

Sheffield, though failing at Leeds, but his successes were once more ravished from him by Fairfax .

In See also:

• JUNE

June he advanced again, defeated the Fairfaxes to Adwalton See also:

• MOOR

Moor on the 3oth of June, and obtained See also:

• POSSESSION
• POSSESSION (Lat. possessio, possidere, to possess)

possession of all Yorkshire except Hull and Wressel See also:

• CASTLE
• CASTLE (Lat. castellum, a fort, diminutive of castra, a camp; Fr. chateau and chdtel)

Castle . He might now have joined the king against See also:

• ESSEX
• ESSEX, ARTHUR CAPEL
• ESSEX, EARLS OF
• ESSEX, KINGDOM OF
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX
• ESSEX, ROBERT DEVEREUX, 2ND2 EARL OF (1566-1601)
• ESSEX, WALTER DEVEREUX, IST2 EARL OF (1541–1576)

Essex, but continued his See also:

• CAMPAIGN

campaign in the See also:

• NORTH
• NORTH, BARONS
• NORTH, MARIANNE (1830—1890)
• NORTH, ROGER (1653-1734)
• NORTH, SIR THOMAS (1535?-16o1?)

north, advancing into See also:

• LINCOLNSHIRE

Lincolnshire to attack the eastern association, and taking See also:

• GAINSBOROUGH
• GAINSBOROUGH, THOMAS (1727-1788)

Gainsborough and Lincoln . Thence he returned to besiege Hull, and in his absencethe force which he had See also:

• LEFT

left in Lincolnshire was defeated at Winceby by See also:

• CROMWELL, HENRY (1628-1674)
• CROMWELL, OLIVER (1599-1658)
• CROMWELL, RICHARD (1626–1712)
• CROMWELL, THOMAS, EARL OF

Cromwell on the r Ith of See also:

• OCTOBER

October 1643, which caused the loss of the whole See also:

• COUNTY (through Norm. Fr. comae, cf. O. Fr. cunte, conk', Mod. Fr. comae, from Lat. comitatus, cf. Ital. comitato, Prov. comtat; see COUNT)

county . On the 27th of October 1643 he was created a See also:

• MARQUIS

marquis . Next See also:

• YEAR

year his position was further threatened by the advance of the Scots . Against prevailing See also:

• NUMBERS, BOOK OF
• NUMBERS, PARTITION OF

numbers he could do little but harass and cut off supplies . He retreated to York, where the three armies of the Scots, Fairfax and See also:

• MANCHESTER
• MANCHESTER (popularly Manchester-by-the-Sea)
• MANCHESTER, EARLS AND DUKES OF

Manchester surrounded him . On the 1st of See also:

• JULY

July See also:

• RUPERT (1352—1410)
• RUPERT (HRODBERT), ST
• RUPERT, PRINCE, COUNT PALATINE OF THE RHINE AND DUKE OF BAVARIA (1619—1682)

Rupert raised the siege, but on the next See also:

• DAY (O. Eng. dreg, Ger. Tag; according to the New English Dictionary, " in no way related to the Lat. dies")
• DAY, JOHN (1574-1640?)
• DAY, THOMAS (1748-1789)

day threw away his success by engaging the three armies in See also:

• BATTLE

battle, contrary to Newcastle's See also:

• DESIRE

desire, at See also:

• MARSTON, JOHN (c. 1575-1634)
• MARSTON, PHILIP BOURKE (1850-1887)

Marston Moor . After this disaster, notwithstanding the entreaties of the king and the remonstrances of Rupert, Newcastle immediately announced his intention of abandoning the cause and of quitting See also:

• ENGLAND
• ENGLAND, THE CHURCH OF

England . He sailed from See also:

• SCARBOROUGH

Scarborough accompanied by a considerable following, including his two sons and his See also:

• BROTHER

brother, resided at See also:

• HAMBURG

Hamburg from July 1644 to February 1645, and removed in See also:

• APRIL

April to See also:

• PARIS
• PARIS (also called ALEXANDROS)
• PARIS, ALEXIS PAULIN (1800-x881)
• PARIS, BRUNO PAULIN GASTON (1839-1903)
• PARIS, FRANCOIS DE (169o-1727)
• PARIS, LOUIS PHILIPPE ALBERT
• PARIS, TREATIES OF (1814-1815)

Paris, where he lived for three years . There he married as his second wife See also:

• MARGARET
• MARGARET (1283–1290)
• MARGARET (1353-1412)
• MARGARET (1489–1541)
• MARGARET, ST (c. 1045–1093)
• MARGARET, ST (SANCTA MARGARITA)

Margaret (see below), daughter of Sir Thomas See also:

• LUCAS, CHARLES (1713–1771)
• LUCAS, JOHN SEYMOUR (1849– )
• LUCAS, SIR CHARLES (d. 1648)

Lucas of St John's, See also:

• COLCHESTER
• COLCHESTER, CHARLES ABBOT, 1ST BARON (1757-1829)

Colchester . He left in 1648 for See also:

• ROTTERDAM

Rotterdam with the intention of joining the prince of Wales in command of the revolted See also:

• NAVY

navy, and finally took up his See also:

• ABODE (from " abide," to dwell, properly " to wait for ," to bide)

abode at See also:

• ANTWERP
• ANTWERP (Fr. Anvers)

Antwerp, where he remained till the Restoration .

In April 165o he was appointed a member of Charles II.'s privy See also:

• COUNCIL (Lat. concilium, from cum, together, and the root cal, to call)

council, and in opposition to See also:

• HYDE
• HYDE, THOMAS (1636-1703)

Hyde advocated the agreement with the Scots . In Antwerp he established his famous See also:

• RIDING

riding-school, exercised " the See also:

• ART

art of See also:

• MANAGE

manage," and published his first See also:

• WORK

work on See also:

• HORSEMANSHIP

horsemanship, Methode et invention nouvelle de See also:

• DRESSER

dresser See also:

• LES

les chevaux (1658, 2nd ed., 1747; translated as A See also:

• GENERAL
• GENERAL (Lat. generalis, of or relating to a genus, kind or class)

General See also:

• SYSTEM

System of Horsemanship, 1743) . At the Restoration Newcastle returned to England, and succeeded in regaining the greater See also:

• PART

part of his estates, though burdened with debts, his wife estimating his See also:

• TOTAL

total losses in the war at the enormous sum of £941,303 . He was reinstated in the offices he had filled under Charles I.; was invested in 166, with the Garter which had been bestowed upon him in 165o, and was advanced to a dukedom on the 16th of March 1665 . He retired, however, from public See also:

• LIFE

life and occupied himself with his estate and with his favourite pursuit of training horses . He established a racecourse near Welbeck, and published another work on horsemanship, A New Method and Extraordinary Invention to See also:

• DRESS (from the Fr. dresser, to set out, arrange, formed from Lat. directus, arranged, dirigere, to direct, arrange)

Dress Horses and Work them according to Nature . . . (1667) . He wrote also several comedies, The See also:

• COUNTRY (from the Mid. Eng. contre or contrie, and O. Fr. cuntree; Late Lat. contrata, showing the derivation from contra, opposite, over against, thus the tract of land which fronts the sight, cf. Ger. Gegend, neighbourhood)

Country See also:

• CAPTAIN (derived from Lat. ca put, head, through the Low Lat. capitanus)

Captain and TheVarietie (1649), The Humorous Lovers and The Triumphant Widow (1697) . With See also:

• DRYDEN, JOHN (1631-1700)

Dryden's assistance he translated See also:

• MOLIERE (1622-1673)

Moliere's L'Etourdi as Sir See also:

• MARTIN (Martinus)
• MARTIN, BON LOUIS HENRI (1810-1883)
• MARTIN, CLAUD (1735-1800)
• MARTIN, FRANCOIS XAVIER (1762-1846)
• MARTIN, HOMER DODGE (1836-1897)
• MARTIN, JOHN (1789-1854)
• MARTIN, LUTHER (1748-1826)
• MARTIN, SIR THEODORE (1816-1909)
• MARTIN, SIR WILLIAM FANSHAWE (1801–1895)
• MARTIN, ST (c. 316-400)
• MARTIN, WILLIAM (1767-1810)

Martin See also:

• MAR, EARLDOM OF
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 1ST OR 6TH EARL OF (d. 1572)
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 2ND OR 7TH EARL
• MAR, JOHN ERSKINE, 6TH OR 11TH EARL OF (1675-1732)

Mar-All (1688) . He contributed scenes to his wife's plays, and poems of his See also:

• COMPOSITION
• COMPOSITION (Lat. compositio, from componere, to put together)

composition are to be found among her See also:

• WORKS

works; and he was the See also:

• PATRON

patron of See also:

• JONSON

Jonson, See also:

• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), JAMES (1596-1666)
• SHIRLEY (or SHERLEY), SIR ANTHONY (1565-c. 1635)
• SHIRLEY, WILLIAM (1694-1771)

Shirley, See also:

• DAVENANT (or D'AVENANT), SIR WILLIAM (1606-1668)
• DAVENANT, CHARLES (1656-1714)

Davenant, Dryden, See also:

• SHADWELL, THOMAS (c. 1642-1692)

Shadwell and See also:

• FLECKNOE, RICHARD (c. 1600-1678?)

Flecknoe, and of See also:

• HOBBES, THOMAS (1588–1679)

Hobbes, Gassendi and See also:

• DESCARTES, RENE (1596-1650)

Descartes . He died on the 25th of See also:

• DECEMBER (Lat. decent, ten)

December 1676, and was buried in See also:

• WESTMINSTER
• WESTMINSTER, MARQUESSES AND DUKES OF
• WESTMINSTER, STATUTES OF
• WESTMINSTER, SYNODS OF

Westminster See also:

• ABBEY (Lat. abbatia; from Syr. abba, father)
• ABBEY, EDWIN AUSTIN (1852– )

Abbey .

By his first wife he had ten See also:

• CHILDREN, LAW RELATING TO

children, of whom one son, Henry, survived him and became 2nd duke of Newcastle, dying in 1691 without male issue; the title then became extinct and the estates passed to his third daughter Margaret, wife of John Holies, earl of Clare, created duke of Newcastle in 1694 . As a See also:

• COMMANDER

commander in the See also:

• FIELD (a word common to many West German languages, cf. Ger. Feld, Dutch veld, possibly cognate with O.E. f olde, the earth, and ultimately with root of the Gr. irAaror, broad)
• FIELD, CYRUS WEST (1819-1892)
• FIELD, DAVID DUDLEY (18o5-1894)
• FIELD, EUGENE (1850-1895)
• FIELD, FREDERICK (18o1—1885)
• FIELD, HENRY MARTYN (1822-1907)
• FIELD, JOHN (1782—1837)
• FIELD, MARSHALL (183 1906)
• FIELD, NATHAN (1587—1633)
• FIELD, STEPHEN JOHNSON (1816-1899)
• FIELD, WILLIAM VENTRIS FIELD, BARON (1813-1907)

field See also:

• CLARENDON, CONSTITUTIONS OF
• CLARENDON, EDWARD HYDE, 1ST EARL OF (1609-1674)
• CLARENDON, GEORGE WILLIAM FREDERICK VILLIERS, 4TH EARL OF (in the Villiers line) (1800-r87o)
• CLARENDON, HENRY HYDE

Clarendon spoke contemptuously of Newcastle as " a very lamentable See also:

• MAN
• MAN, ISLE OF (anc. Mona)

man, and as See also:

• FIT

fit to be a general as a See also:

• BISHOP (A.S. bisceop, from Lat. episcopus, Gr. irio-Korros, " overlooker " or " overseer ")
• BISHOP, ISABELLA (1832-1904)
• BISHOP, SIR HENRY ROWLEY (1786-1855)

bishop."' It can hardly be denied, however, that his achievements in the north were of great military value to the king's cause . For politics he had no See also:

• TASTE (from Lat. taxare, to touch sharply; tangere, to touch)

taste, and adhered to the king's cause merely from motives of See also:

• PERSONAL

personal See also:

• LOYALTY

loyalty, from hatred of "whatsoever was like to disturb the public See also:

• PEACE
• PEACE, BREACH OF THE

peace," and because the See also:

• MONARCHY (Fr. monarchic, from Lat. monarchia, Gr. uovapXia, rule of one, µbvos, alone, apXi7, rule)

monarchy " was the See also:

• FOUNDATION (Lat. fundatio, from fundare, to found)

foundation and support of his own greatness." Even Clarendon concedes that he was " a very See also:

• FINE

fine See also:

• GENTLEMAN (from Lat. gentilis, " belonging to a race or gens," and " man "; Fr. gentilhomme, Span. gentil hombre, Ital. gentil huomo, in its original and strict signification, a term denoting a man of good family, the Lat. generosus (its invariable transl

gentleman," which is perhaps the best See also:

• SUMMARY

summary of his See also:

• CHARACTER (Gr. xapareri7p, from xap&crew, to scratch)

character . His second wife, Margaret, duchess of Newcastle (c . 1625-1673), had been maid of See also:

• HONOUR (Lat. honos or lwnor, honoris; in English the word was spelled with or without the u indifferently until the 17th century, but during the 18th century it became fashion-able to spell the word " honor "; Johnson's and Webster's Dictionaries stereoty

honour to Henrietta Maria, and after she married the duke in 1645 they continued to cherish a mutual admiration of a very exaggerated character, each regarding the other as endowed with transcendent merits both of See also:

• PERSON, OFFENCES AGAINST THE

person 1 See also:

• CALENDAR

Calendar of Clarendon Papers, ii . 63 . and mind . The duchess cultivated See also:

• LITERARY

literary composition with exuberant fervour, and kept a bevy of maids of honour obliged to be ready at all See also:

• HOURS, CANONICAL

hours " to See also:

• REGISTER

register her See also:

• GRACE (Fr. grace, Lat. gratia, from grates, beloved, pleasing; formed from the root cra-, Gr. xav-, cf. xaipw, x6p,ua, Xapts)
• GRACE, WILLIAM GILBERT (1848– )

Grace's conceptions." See also:

• WALPOLE, HORATIO
• WALPOLE, SIR SPENCER (1839-1907)

Walpole speaks of her as a " fertile See also:

• PEDANT

pedant " with an " unbounded See also:

• PASSION (post-classical Lat. passio, formed from pati, passus, to suffer, endure)

passion for scribbling "; and, although giving See also:

• EVIDENCE (Lat. evidentia, evideri, to appear clearly)

evidence of learning, ingenuity and See also:

• IMAGINATION

imagination, her writings are fatally marred by a deficiency in See also:

• JUDGMENT

judgment and self-See also:

• RESTRAINT (from " to restrain," Lat. restringere, to hold back, prevent)

restraint . She is best known by the Life she wrote of her See also:

• HUSBAND

husband, originally printed by A . See also:

• MAXWELL
• MAXWELL, JAMES CLERK (1831–1879)

Maxwell at See also:

• LONDON

London in 1667 . She also published Philosophical Fancies (1653); Poems and Fancies (1653); The See also:

• WORLD

World's Olio (1655); Nature's Picture See also:

• DRAWN

drawn by Fancie's See also:

• PENCIL (Lat. penicillus, brush, literally little tail)

Pencil to the Life, which includes an autobiography (1656); Philosophical and See also:

• PHYSICAL

Physical Opinions (1655); Orations (1662); Plays (1662); Sociable Letters (1664); Observations upon Experimental See also:

• PHILOSOPHY (Gr. gthos, fond of, and vo4 (a, wisdom)

Philosophy (1666); Letters and Poems (1676) . The Life of William Cavendish, Duke of Newcastle, by Margaret, duchess of Newcastle, has been edited by C .

H . See also:

• FIRTH, CHARLES HARDING (1857– )
• FIRTH, MARK (1819-1880)

Firth (1886); it was criticized by See also:

• PEPYS, SAMUEL (1633-1703)

Pepys as " the ridiculous See also:

• HISTORY

history of my Lord Newcastle See also:

• WRIT (O. Eng. gewrit, writ, from writan, to write)

writ by his wife, which shows her to be a mad, conceited, ridiculous woman, and he an See also:

• ASS (O.E. assa; Lat. asinus)
• ASS, FEAST OF THE

ass to suffer her to write what she writes to him and of him," but on the other See also:

• HAND
• HAND (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Hand, Goth. handus)
• HAND, FERDINAND GOTTHELF (1786-185r)

hand eulogized by Charles See also:

• LAMB (a word common to Teutonic languages; cf. Ger. Lamm)
• LAMB, CHARLES (1775–1834)

Lamb as a work for which " no See also:

• CASKET

casket is See also:

• RICH, BARNABE (c. 1540-1617)
• RICH, CLAUDIUS JAMES (1787-1821)
• RICH, JOHN (1692-1761)
• RICH, PENELOPE, LADY (c. 1562–1607)
• RICH, RICHARD, 1ST BARON RICH (1490?-1567)

rich enough, no See also:

• CASE
• CASE, JOHN (d. 1600)

case sufficiently durable to honour and keep soft such a See also:

• JEWEL, JOHN (1522-1571)

jewel.' See also La Duchesse et le Duc de Newcastle, by Emile See also:

• MONTEGUT, JEAN BAPTISTE JOSEPH EMILE (1825–1895)

Montegut (1895) . The duchess's Select Poems were edited by See also:

• BRYDGES, SIR SAMUEL EGERTON (1762-1837)

Brydges in 1813, and her Autobiography in 1814 . The latter, edited by See also:

• LOWER

Lower, was published along with her Life of the Duke of Newcastle in 1872 . 2 . THOMAS PELHAM HOLLES, duke of Newcastle (1693-1768), whose See also:

• OFFICIAL (Late Lat. QJicialis, for class. Lat. apparitor, from officium, office, duty)

official life extended throughout the Whig supremacy of the 18th century, was the See also:

• ELDER (0. Eng. ellarn; Ger. Holunder; Fr. sureau)
• ELDER (Gr. 1rpev(3iTepos)

elder son of Thomas, first Lord Pelham, by his second wife See also:

• LADY (0. Eng. hlaefdige, Mid. Eng. ldfdi, lavedi; the first part of the word is hldf, loaf, bread, as in the corresponding hldford, lord; the second part is usually taken to be from the root dig-, to knead, seen also in " dough "; the sense development fr

Lady Grace Holles, younger sister of John Holles, duke of Newcastle-on-Tyne, who died in 1711, and left the whole of his vast estates to him . In 1712 he also succeeded his father in his peerage and estates, and in 1714, when he came of See also:

• AGE (Fr. age, through late Lat. aetaticum, from aetas)

age, was one of the greatest landowners in the See also:

• KINGDOM

kingdom . He vigorously sustained the Whig party at Queen See also:

• ANNE (1665-1714)
• ANNE (1693-1740)

Anne's death, and had much See also:

• INFLUENCE (Late Lat. influentia, from influere, to flow in)

influence in making the Londoners accept King See also:

• GEORGE
• GEORGE, 8TH MARQUESS OF TWEEDDALE (1787-1876)
• GEORGE, HENRY (1839—1897)
• GEORGE, LAKE
• GEORGE, SAINT (d. 303)

George . His services were too great to be neglected, and in 1714 he was created earl of Clare, and in 1715 duke of Newcastle-on-Tyne . He also became lord-See also:

• LIEUTENANT

lieutenant of the counties of See also:

• MIDDLESEX
• MIDDLESEX, LIONEL CRANFIELD, 1ST EARL OF (1575-1645)

Middlesex and See also:

• NOTTINGHAM
• NOTTINGHAM, CHARLES HOWARD, 1ST EARL OF1 (1536-1624)
• NOTTINGHAM, EARLS OF

Nottingham and a knight of the Garter in 1718, in which year he increased his Whig connexion by marrying Lady Henrietta See also:

• GODOLPHIN, SIDNEY GODOLPHIN, EARL

Godolphin, granddaughter of the great duke of See also:

• MARLBOROUGH
• MARLBOROUGH, EARLS AND DUKES OF
• MARLBOROUGH, JOHN CHURCHILL, 1ST DUKE OF (1650-1722)

Marlborough . In 1717 he first held See also:

• POLITICAL

political See also:

• OFFICE (from Lat. officium, " duty," " service," a shortened form of opifacium, from facere, " to do," and either the stem of opes, " wealth," " aid," or opus, " work ")

office as lord See also:

• CHAMBERLAIN (0. Fr. chamberlain, chamberlenc, Mod. Fr. chambellan, from O. H. Ger. Chamarling, Chamarlinc, whence also the Med. Lat. cambellanus, camerlingus, camerlengus; Ital. camerlingo; Span. camerlengo, compounded of 0. H. Ger. Chamara, Kamara [Lat.
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSEPH (1836— )
• CHAMBERLAIN, JOSHUA LAWRENCE (1828– )
• CHAMBERLAIN, SIR NEVILLE BOWLES (1820-1902)

chamberlain of the See also:

• HOUSEHOLD, ROYAL

household, and in 1724 was chosen by Sir See also:

• ROBERT
• ROBERT (1275—1343)
• ROBERT, HUBERT (1753-1808)
• ROBERT, LOUIS LEOPOLD (1794-1835)

Robert Walpole to be secretary of See also:

• STATE
• STATE, GREAT OFFICERS OF

state in See also:

• PLACE (through Fr. from Lat. platea, street; Gr. IrAar6s, wide)

place of Lord See also:

• CARTERET, SIR GEORGE (c. 1610-1680)

Carteret . This office he held continuously for See also:

• THIRTY

thirty years (1724-1754), and only changed it for the premiership on his brother's death .

His See also:

• LONG, GEORGE (1800-1879)
• LONG, JOHN DAVIS (1838– )

long See also:

• TENURE (Fr. tenure, from Lat. tenere, to hold)

tenure of office has been attributed to his great Whig connexions and his See also:

• WEALTH

wealth, but some praise must be given to his inexhaustible activity and great See also:

• POWERS, HIRAM (1805-1873)

powers of debate . He was a peculiarly muddle-headed man, and unhappy if he had not more to do than he could possibly manage, but at the same time he was a consummate See also:

• MASTER (Lat. magister, related to tnagis, more, as the corresponding minister is to minus, less; the English form is due partly to the O. Eng. maegister, and partly to O. Fr. maistre, mod. maitre; cf. Du. meester, Ger. Meister, Ital. maestro)

master of See also:

• PARLIAMENTARY

parliamentary See also:

• TACTICS (Gr. TaeTOc*, sc. TEXvnI, from TavQecv, to arrange in order of battle)

tactics, and knew how to manage the Houses of Lords and See also:

• COMMONS

Commons alike . Lord See also:

• HERVEY, JAMES (1714–1758)

Hervey (See also:

• MEMOIRS

Memoirs) compares him with Walpole in 1735, and says: " We have one See also:

• MINISTER (Lat. minister, servant)

minister that does everything with the same seeming ease and tranquillity as if he were doing nothing; we have another that does nothing in the same See also:

• HURRY (or URRV), SIR JOHN (d. 165o)

hurry and agitation as if he did everything." He continued in office on Walpole's fall in 1742, and became more powerful on his younger brother Henry becoming See also:

• PRIME, PRIMER AND PRIMING

prime minister in 1743 . On Henry Pelham's death in March 1754, Newcastle succeeded him as premier; but See also:

• PEOPLE

people who had been accustomed to him as secretary of state would not stand him as premier, and in November 1756 he gave place to the duke of Devonshire . For his long services he was created duke of Newcastle-under-Lyme, with remainder to Henry Fiennes Clinton, 9th earl of Lincoln, who had married his niece Catherine Pelham . In July 1757 he again became prime minister—for See also:

• PITT, THOMAS (1653-1726)
• PITT, WILLIAM (1759-1806)

Pitt, though a great statesman, was a See also:

• BAD, BCD

bad party See also:

• LEADER, BENJAMIN WILLIAMS (1831– )

leader—on the understanding, according to See also:

• HORACE [QuINTus HORATIUS FLACCUS] (65-8 B.C.)

Horace Walpole, that " Mr Pitt does everything, the duke gives everything." Under this See also:

• MINISTRY

ministry England became famous abroad, but it gradually See also:

• FELL
• FELL, JOHN (1625-1686)

fell before the See also:

• YOUNG
• YOUNG, A
• YOUNG, ARTHUR (1741-1820)
• YOUNG, BRIGHAM (1801-1877)
• YOUNG, CHARLES MAYNE (1777–1856)
• YOUNG, EDWARD (1683–1765)
• YOUNG, JAMES (1811-1883)
• YOUNG, THOMAS (1773-1829)

young king's See also:

• AFFECTION (Lat. ad, and facere, to do something to, sc. a person)

affection for Lord See also:

• BUTE
• BUTE, JOHN STUART, 3RD EARL OF (1713-1792)

Bute,who, after supplanting Pitt, became prime minister in the See also:

• ROOM

room of Newcastle in May 1762 . The duke went into strong opposition, and lost his two lord-lieutenancies for opposing the peace of 1763 . In 1765 he became lord privy See also:

• SEAL
• SEAL, FUR
• SEAL, HAIR

seal for a few months, but his See also:

• HEALTH

health was fast giving way, and he died in November 1768 . The duke was certainly not a great man, but he was industrious and energetic, and to his See also:

• CREDIT (Lat. credere, to believe)

credit be it said that the statesman who almost monopolized the patronage of office for See also:

• HALF

half a century twice refused a See also:

• PENSION (Lat. pensio, a payment, from pendere, to weigh, to pay)

pension, and finally left office £300,000 poorer than he.entered it . See Memoirs of the See also:

• ADMINISTRATION (Lat. administrare, to serve)

Administration of the Right Hon . H . Pelham, by W .

See also:

• COXE, HENRY OCTAVIUS (1811–1881)
• COXE, WILLIAM (1747-1828)

Coxe (1829) . 3 . HENRY PELHAM FIENNES PELHAM CLINTON, 5th duke of Newcastle (1811-1864), the eldest son of Henry, the 4th duke, was educated at See also:

• ETON

Eton and at See also:

• CHRIST (Gr. X pLQTOS, Anointed)
• CHRIST, WILHELM VON (1831-1906)

Christ See also:

• CHURCH
• CHURCH (according to most authorities derived from the Gr. Kvpcaxov [&wµa], " the Lord's [house]," and common to many Teutonic, Slavonic and other languages under various forms—Scottish kirk, Ger. Kirche, Swed. kirka, Dan. kirke, Russ. tserkov, Buig. cerk
• CHURCH, FREDERICK EDWIN (1826-1900)
• CHURCH, GEORGE EARL (1835–1910)
• CHURCH, RICHARD WILLIAM (1815–189o)
• CHURCH, SIR RICHARD (1784–1873)

Church, See also:

• OXFORD
• OXFORD, EARLS OF
• OXFORD, EDWARD DE VERE, 17TH EARL
• OXFORD, JOHN DE VERE, 13TH EARL OF (1443-1513)
• OXFORD, PROVISIONS OF
• OXFORD, ROBERT DE VERE, 9TH EARL OF (1362-1392)
• OXFORD, ROBERT HARLEY, 1ST

Oxford, where he graduated in 1832 . He was member of See also:

• PARLIAMENT (Anglo-Lat. parliamentum, Fr. parlement, from parler, to speak)

parliament for See also:

• SOUTH
• SOUTH, ROBERT (1634–1716)

South See also:

• NOTTINGHAMSHIRE, or NOTTS

Nottinghamshire from 1832 to 1846, when he became member for the See also:

• FALKIRK

Falkirk Burghs, retaining this seat until he became duke of Newcastle in January 1851 . As earl of Lincoln he was first See also:

• COMMISSIONER

commissioner of See also:

• WOODS, LEONARD (1774-1854)
• WOODS, SIR ALBERT (1816-1904)

woods and forests from 1841 to February 1846, when he was appointed See also:

• CHIEF (from Fr. chef, head, Lat. caput)

chief secretary to the lord-lieutenant of See also:

• IRELAND
• IRELAND, CHURCH
• IRELAND, CHURCH OF
• IRELAND, JOHN (1761-1842)
• IRELAND, JOHN (1838- )
• IRELAND, WILLIAM HENRY (1777-1835)

Ireland, but the ministry fell in June of the same year . In 1852 Newcastle became secretary for war and the colonies under the earl of See also:

• ABERDEEN
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE GORDON, 1ST EARL O (1637-1720)
• ABERDEEN, GEORGE HAMILTON GORDON, 4TH EARL

Aberdeen, and when, after the outbreak of the See also:

• CRIMEAN

Crimean War; a See also:

• SEPARATE

separate war See also:

• DEPARTMENT (Fr. departement, from departir, to separate into parts)

department was constituted, he was placed in See also:

• CHARGE
• CHARGE (through the Fr. from the Late Lat. carricare, to load in a carrus or wagon; cf. " cargo ")

charge of it . As secretary for war he was regarded as being largely responsible for the terrible hardships which befell the British troops in the See also:

• CRIMEA (ancient Tauris or Tauric Chersonese, called by the Russians by the Tatar name Krym or Crim)

Crimea in the See also:

• WINTER, JOHN STRANGE
• WINTER, PETER (c. 1755-1825)

winter of 1854, and as the result of a See also:

• VOTE

vote of censure he left office with his colleagues in January 1855 . He was secretary for the colonies from 1859 to 1864, and died on the 18th of October 1864, being succeeded as 6th duke by his eldest son, Henry Pelham Alexander . See J .